C++ Language

C++ Language A comprehensive and hierarchical description of the C++ programming language Preface This wiki book describes the C++ programming language. Thank you for reading this wiki book! Table of Contents Overview Preprocessing Macros Tokenization Preprocessing Strings Compile-time Constants Compile-time Assertions Conditional-Compilation Namespace Namespace Shortcuts Nesting Splitting across Files Named and Unnamed Type Hungarian Prefixes Boolean Literals Financial 1000-Markers Binary and Hexadecimal Custom Literals Bitwise Representation Ordering of Bytes Negative Value Bit Shifting Non-char Byte Bit Flags Max Value Overflow INT_MAX Conversion Promoting Small Integers Coercion Casting Enumeration Shortcuts Templated typedef From Another Variable From Initialization From a return Statement Trailing Return Type Variant Any-Variant Templated-Variant Optional-Value RTTI: RunTime Type Information Variables Lifetime and Scope Initialization Uniform Initialization Initialize without Constructor Decomposing-Auto Define at Same Time as Type Indirection Pointers Typed NULL Arrays Reference Variables Rvalue-References Move-Semantics Moving from this Perfect Forwarding Smart Pointers Risk from Raw Pointers Unique Ownership Shared Ownership Ownership Cycle Owning an Array Pointer to Base-Class Returning this Smart Compiler-Temporary Custom Destruction Template-Parameter Expressions Precedence Chain of Assignment Program Flow Loops Basic Loops Looping over a Collection The break Statement A Break in a Nested Loop Fallthrough in a Switch Return Value Parameters Default Parameter Unused Parameter Variable Number of Parameters Function Overloading Discrimination Criteria Across Inheritance Function-Pointer Deprecating a Function Objects Accessibility Unwanted Compiler-Generated Functions Constructors Ordering Initialization by Copy-Constructor Initialization by One-Parameter-Constructor Keeping Default Constructor Delegation within Class Memory Full Placement New Destructors Const Members Const Data Members Const Member Functions Static Members Static Data Members Static Member Functions Inheritance Polymorphism Syntax Qualification Syntax Restricted Overriding Multiple Inheritance Operator Overloading Nested Classes Pointer to Members Low-Level C Structures Union Flexible-Array-Member Bitfield Templates Templated-Functions Templated-Classes Templated-Variables Template-Parameters Default Template-Parameters Deducing Template-Parameters Variable Number of Template-Parameters Traits Unary Predicate Traits Binary Predicate Traits Array Traits Unary Transform Traits Binary Transform Traits S.F.I.N.A.E. Conditional-Compilation Metaprogramming Numeric Template-Parameters Collection of Types Concepts Error Handling Returning an Error Code Assertions C++ Exception Handling Standard Libraries C-Runtime Math Basic Math Trigonometry Rational Numbers Complex Numbers Miscellaneous Math Heap Memory Allocation Memory Manipulation Leaks Time Time as a String Precise Time Timespan as CPU Clockticks Basic Algorithms Search Quick Sort Executing a Shell Command STL: Standard Template Library Collection Classes Sequence Collections Vector Construction Size Equality Indexing Removing Items Inserting Items Assignment Vector of Bool STL-Array Deque List Forward-List Sorted Collections A Pair as one Item Tuple Map Construction Sort-Class Custom Sort-Class Size Equality Indexing Removing Items Inserting Items Assignment Multimap Set Multiset Hash-Table Iterators Basic Iterators Ranges Insert-Iterators Reverse-Iterators Stream-Iterators Custom Iterators Adapters Stack Queue Binary-Heap Callable-Objects A Function Name as a Value Member Function Implicit Getter-Function Functor Lambda Generic Lambda Binding a new Function Algorithms Usage with a C-Array Querying Counting Searching Accumulating Applying Item-by-Item Processing Item-by-Item Ignoring Prior Values Item-by-Item Combination of Two Collections Modifying Copying Removing Reordering Strings Unicode Avoiding Buffer-Overrun Character Categories C-String Manipulation String Class Construction Equality Indexing Inserting Characters Algorithms Casting Numeric Values Number to String String to Number AliasedStrings Regular Expressions Locale IOStreams Stringstream Streaming Custom Types Filesystem Access Moving and Deleting Directories Binary-Files Formatted I/O Newline-Converted-Files Size of a File Redirecting stdout Pipes Console I/O Streamed I/O Multithreading Thread Creation Critical Section Atomic Values Locks Events Return Value Semaphores Resource Management Fragment Ordering Ring Buffer Readers and Writers Monitors and Channels RNG: Random Number Generator Obsolete Features Trigraph Characters An Obsolete Smart Pointer Variadics before ANSI Obsolete Function Binding Boost Feature Graduation Guidelines for Editors C++ programming language C 100%