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USMLE Step 1 Review/Renal
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Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
M U D P I L E S
Methanol poisoning
Uremia
Diabetic Keto-acidosis
Para-aldehyde ingestion
Ischemia
Lactic Acidosis
Ethanol poisoning
Salicylate ingestion
Causes of Hyper-Calcemia
PAM SCHMIDT OR MISHAP
Paget's Disease Malignancy
Amyloid Intoxication (hypervitaminosis)
Multiple Myeloma Sarcoidosis
Sarcoid Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer Alkalai ( Milk ) syndrome
Hormomal (para-thyroid) Paget's Disease bone
Milk-alkali Syndrome
Immobilization
D-vitamin overdose
Thyrotoxicosis
also consider Addison's Disease, thiazide diuretics and simple lab error
Potassium Metabolism
Presentation of HYPO-kalemia:
ECG S-T wave depression (sometimes with T and U waves)
Arrythmias
Heart block
Muscle weakness
Hypo-reflexia
Mental confusion
Ileus
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
Presentation of HYPER-kalemia:
Widened QRS interval
Ventricular tachycardia
Asystole
Muscle weakness (paralysis)
Hypo-reflexia
Mental confusion
Irritability