Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Conclusion

Cosmology of retarded interaction Table with computed results Conclusion The considerations described above show that retarded gravitational potentials can contribute to the explanation of the accelerated expansion of the visible part of the universe, if the outer spherical black shell of the universe would consist of expanding matter with a huge mass. This would also hold in a steady state universe and even if the black shell would not move at all. In the latter case any moving masses within the black shell would reach the black shell in finite time. It can also be considered that the effect of the retarded gravitational potentials will accelerate moving objects the more, the faster they move and the closer they are to the black shell. Furthermore, also objects within smaller spherical shells that not only are surrounded by the black shell, but also by other visible objects, will experience the retarded gravitational potentials of these objects, and therefore, they will experience an additional acceleration which is directed outwards. This all leads to an inhomogeneous evolution of the mass density in particular during the early development stages of an inflating universe: As a result, the universe has become increasingly inhomogeneous, the cosmological principle no longer applies, the conditions for the Friedmann-Lemaître equations are not met, and the Lambda-CDM model is not applicable. thumb|upright=3|centre|A cosmological model of our isotropic and inhomogeneous universe at the centre, enveloped by an opaque and massive black shell. Viewed from the outer region, our universe is a gigantic black hole. No exchange of information is possible between the inner and outer regions of the black shell. Any matter entering the black shell from the inside or the outside is no longer visible. Therefore, the inner as well as the outer border of the black shell are event horizons. Computing the corresponding and permanently increasing Schwarzschild distances of the black shell of the universe gives three remarkable points: Today we can observe the cosmic microwave background at a cosmic age of 380,000 years, where the Schwarzschild distance was increasing much faster than the mass of the black shell. The very distant primordial galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has a cosmic age of 290 million years, where the increase of the Schwarzschild distance and the increase of the mass of the black shell became much smaller. The Schwarzschild distance for the equality of the masses of the visible universe and the black shell is 860 million light-years. This value is rather close to the distances that are computed by the standard ΛCDM model between the particle horizon that expands with speed of light and the visible horizon that can be observed as the cosmic microwave background. Cosmologists call the period in between the creation of the cosmic microwave background and the first stars as the dark ages, where dark matter is supposed to be transformed into dark energy. So far, the nature of dark matter, dark energy, dark fluid or negative mass is completely unclear, but the increase of the mass of an invisible black shell behind the visible universe could help to find physical explanations for all these concepts and ideas. According to the definition of dark matter, there is no interaction between this matter and light. The baryonic matter in the black shell causes gravity and also interacts with photons. However, it cannot be observed from the inner region of the universe, which could be misinterpreted as a lack of interaction. The high velocity of visible objects in the vincity of the black shell as well as the huge mass of the matter in front of them seem to be the reasons for the extreme redshift of their light that can be observed by us. The observation that this redshift is greater than expected for distant objects led to the assumption that the further away these objects are, the more they are accelerated. Another reason for this could be found in the effects of the retarded gravitational potentials of a massive black shell. Furthermore, the additional gravitational redshift leads to a higher value than expected only by the relativistic Doppler effect. This is in accordance with the observations of very far and young galaxies such as JADES-GS-z14-0 or of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The agglomeration of mass in the outer areas of our universe not only leads to a shell with increased mass density, but the high mass density could also be the seed for primordial black holes, which could be a reason for the formation of very early galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).Niranjana Rajalakshmi James Webb Space Telescope reveals unexpected complex chemistry in primordial galaxy University of Arizona News https://news.arizona.edu/news/james-webb-space-telescope-reveals-unexpected-complex-chemistry-primordial-galaxy 2025-03-01 2025-06-15 news.arizona.edu en Furthermore, the earliest stars in this region may have already produced heavyier chemical elements, which is not possible according to the ΛCDM model, but can be observed at primordial supernovae as well as in spectrosopic data of primordial galaxies.information@eso.org Oxygen discovered in most distant known galaxy https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2507/ 2025-11-20 www.eso.org en Cosmic Voids It appears that the gravitational potential of the Shapley Supercluster is not strong enough to attract our Local Group at the observed rate. It is hypothesised that a supergiant void – the so-called Dipole Repeller – on the opposite side of the Local Group causes a gravitational repulsion that imparts additional acceleration to all masses between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller.Hoffman Yehuda Pomarède Daniel Tully R. Brent Courtois Hélène M. 2017-01-30 The dipole repeller https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-016-0036 Nature Astronomy en 1 2 1–5 10.1038/s41550-016-0036 2397-3366 However, we know of no negative masses that could cause such a repulsion. Moreover, the situation resembles an outer black shell of the universe which gives all moving masses an acceleration that is always directed towards the outer regions. Therefore, for our local group, it would be more obvious to assume a superposition of the gravitational forces of the black shell with the gravitational forces of the supergiant Shapley Attractor than the gravitational forces of a virtual gravitational dipole between the Shapley Attractor and a void. The effect of the retarded gravitational potentials could be seen as a "pump of the void", as the inner volume of a large expanding shell becomes thinner and thinner over time. This could be interpreted as a virtual pressure in the voids that is pumping all mass particles towards the outer regions. This effect has also been observed in the largest known structures in the universe, the galaxy filaments. These huge and massive structures form boundaries between cosmic voids.Myers James 2024-03-30 Evolution of the Universe: Why Measuring Voids of Nothing Tells Us Something https://thequantumrecord.com/science-news/evolution-of-the-universe-measuring-voids-of-nothing/ 2025-02-05 The Quantum Record en-CA Indeed retarded gravitational potentials can also help to explain the behaviour and the growth of these voids. Galaxies Even in much smaller structures, the galaxies themselves, retarded gravitational potentials can be applied for successfully explain the anomalies in their rotation curves. The Spitzer Space Telescope recorded a large amount of observation data which was compiled in the project “SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves) Galaxy collection”. If retarded gravitational potentials are applied to these data and the time-varying distribution of baryonic matter in and around these galaxies is taken into account, neither the assumption of dark matter nor a modification of the general theory of relativity is necessary to explain the observations within their uncertainties. Yahalom Asher The Effect of Retardation on Galactic Rotation Curves Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1239 1 2019-05-01 1742-6588 10.1088/1742-6596/1239/1/012006 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1239/1/012006 2025-06-07 Yahalom Asher Tully–Fisher relations and retardation theory for galaxies International Journal of Modern Physics D 30 14 2021-09-17 0218-2718 10.1142/S0218271821420086 https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271821420086 2025-06-07 Glass Yuval Zimmerman Tomer Yahalom Asher Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 Symmetry en 16 4 2024-03-26 10.3390/sym16040387 free 2024Symm...16..387G 2073-8994 2025-02-05 Wagman Michal Lawrence Paul Horwitz Asher Yahalom Retardation theory of eleven galaxies Physica Scripta en 99 10 2024-09-01 1402-4896 10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d 2025-06-07 Further implications Due to Newton's third law (actio = reactio) the black shell experiences the same retarded gravitational forces as the moving masses within the shell. These forces will cause a deceleration of the shell which is the stronger the closer the masses within the visible universe are to it. Provided that the angular momentum of all visible galaxies does not add up to zeroLior Shamir, 2025-02-28 The distribution of galaxy rotation in JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/538/1/76/8019798 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society en 538 1 10.1093/mnra 0035-8711, the angular momentum of the entire universe could be enhanced, weakened, compensated to zero or even overcompensated by the angular momentum of the invisible black shell. The moment of inertia of a thin shell with the mass and the radius is about 67 percent higher than the moment of inertia of a solid sphere with the same mass and radius. This can be computed by the ratio of the two moments of inertia: If matter and antimatter were created in equal parts during the Big Bang, it would be conceivable that the visible universe consists of the remaining matter and the black shell of the remaining antimatter. This could be a reason for the observed baryon asymmetry. Since we cannot obtain any information from the black shell, antimatter would not be observable for us. Furthermore, any electromagnetic radiation that leaves the visible universe by passing the limit of the Schwarzschild distance into the black shell cannot return to us or be observed by us. If the total mass of the universe , including the visible universe and the invisible black shell, were constant, and the size of the expanding universe were always determined by its Schwarzschild radius, the gravitational constant would be a variable that increases very slowly and linearly with time : However, the computation of the equations of motion based on retarded gravitational forces becomes very expensive, if the black shell is neither homogeneous, nor spherical or symmetrical, or if the concept of spacetime has a structure based on a non-Euclidean geometry. Furthermore, relativistic effects (including the transverse Doppler effect) could cause time dilatation or mass increase that would have to be considered, too. Finally, is would be necessary to consider the loss of mass in the visible universe over the time, since a significant amount of visible matter may have traversed the event horizon that is caused by the huge mass in the black shell of the universe. It is even conceivable that our universe is becoming heavier due to the accretion of matter from outer regions: Viewed from the outside, this matter would disappear into the black shell. Since this matter would remain within the black shell. Therefore, it cannot be seen from the inside, but its gravitational forces would affect all matter inside. An expanding black shell will emit gravitational waves to the centre of the universe. Since these waves will come from all directions, and as the result, they will interfere everywhere within the observable universe. It is obvious that in regions of constructive interference there will be stronger gravitational forces than in regions of destructive interference. Depending on the degree of coherence of these waves as well as on the homogeneity of the mass distribution in the black shell, the interference pattern could match the geometry of the filaments that are observed in space. This can lead to the formation of condensation points, which act as gravitational attractors for the baryonic matter in their vicinity. References