Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Table of contents

Table of Contents for Print Version Chapter 1 Chemicals Page Number 14 Objectives 14 Elements and atoms 15 Compounds and molecules 16 Chemical reactions 16 Ionisation 16 Organic and inorganic compounds 17 Carbohydrates 18 Fats 19 Proteins 20 Summary 21 Test Yourself 21 Websites 22 Answers Chapter 2 Classification 23 Objectives 24 Naming and classifying animals 24 Naming animals 24 Classification of living organisms 25 The animal kingdom 26 The classification of vertebrates 27 Summary 28 Test yourself 28 Websites 29 Answers Chapter 3 The Cell 30 Objectives 30 The cell 32 The plasma membrane 32 How substances move across the plasma membrane 32 The cytoplasm 32 Diffusion 33 Osmosis 35 Active transport 37 Golgi apparatus 38 Lysosomes 38 Microfilaments and microtubules 38 The nucleus 38 Chromosomes 39 Cell division 40 Summary 41 Test yourself 42 Websites 43 Answers Chapter 4 Body Organisation 44 Objectives 44 The organisation of animal bodies 45 Epithelial tissues 47 Connective tissues 49 Muscle tissues 50 Nervous tissues 50 Vertebrate bodies 50 Body cavities 51 Organs 51 Generalised plan of the mammalian body 52 Body systems 53 Homeostasis 53 Directional terms 54 Summary 55 Test yourself 56 Websites 57 Answers Chapter 5 The Skin 58 Objectives 59 The skin 60 Skin structures made of keratin 60 laws and nails 60 Horns and antlers 61 Hair 62 Feathers 63 Skin glands 64 The skin and sun 64 The skin and temperature regulation 66 Summary 66 Test yourself 67 Websites 67 Answers Chapter 6 The Skeleton 69 Objectives 70 The vertebral column 71 The skull 71 The ribs 72 The forelimb 73 The hindlimb 74 The girdles 74 Categories of bones 74 Bird skeletons 75 The structure of long bones 76 Compact bone 77 Spongy bone 77 Bone growth 77 Broken bones 78 Joints 78 Common names of joints 79 Locomotion 79 Summary 80 Test yourself 81 Websites 82 Answers Chapter 7 Muscles 83 Objectives 83 Muscles 83 Smooth muscle 84 Cardiac muscle 84 Skeletal muscle 84 Structure of a muscle 85 Summary 85 Test yourself 86 Websites 87 Answers Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System Blood 89 Objectives 89 Plasma 90 Red blood cells 91 White blood cells 92 Platelets 92 Transport of oxygen 92 Carbon monoxide poisoning 92 Transport of carbon dioxide 92 Transport of other substances 93 Blood clotting 93 Serum and plasma 93 Anticoagulants 93 Haemolysis 94 Blood groups 94 Blood volume 94 Summary 95 Test Yourself 95 Websites 96 Answers The Heart 96 Objectives 97 The heart 97 Valves 98 The heartbeat 98 Cardiac muscle 99 Control of the heartbeat 99 The coronary vessels Blood circulation Objectives 102 Blood circulation 103 Arteries 103 The pulse 103 Capillaries 104 The formation of tissue fluid and lymph 104 Veins 105 Regulation of blood flow 105 Oedema and fluid loss 105 The spleen 106 Important blood vessels 106 Blood pressure 107 Summary 107 Test yourself 108 Websites 108 Answers Chapter 9 Respiratory System 109 Objectives 109 Respiratory system 110 Diffusion and transportation of oxygen 111 Diffusion and transportation of carbon dioxide 111 The air passages 111 The lungs and pleural cavities 112 Collapsed lung 112 Breathing 112 Inspiration 112 Expiration 113 Lung volumes 113 Composition of air 113 The acidity of the blood and breathing 114 Breathing in birds 114 Summary 114 Test yourself 115 Websites 116 Answers Chapter 10 Lymphatic System 117 Objectives 117 Lymph and the lymphatic system 119 Other organs of the lymphatic system 119 Summary 120 Test yourself 121 Websites 121 Answers Chapter 11 The Gut and Digestion 122 Objectives 122 The gut and digestion 122 Herbivores 122 Carnivores 122 mnivores 122 Treatment of food 124 The gut 125 Mouth 125 Teeth 126 Types of teeth 126 Dental formula 127 Oesophagus 128 Stomach 128 Small intestine 129 The rumen 129 Large intestine 130 Functional caecum 130 Gut of birds 131 Digestion 131 The liver 133 Summary 134 Test yourself 134 Websites 135 Answers Chapter 12 Urinary system 137 Objectives 137 Haemostasis 138 Water in the body 138 Maintaining water balance 139 Excretion 139 The kidneys and urinary system 140 Kidney tubules or nephrons 140 Processes occurring in the nephron 141 The production of concentrated urine 142 Diabetes and the kidney 143 Other functions of the kidney 143 Normal urine 143 Abnormal ingredients of urine 144 Excretion in birds 144 Summary 144 Test yourself 146 Websites 146 Answers Chapter 13 Reproductive System 148 Objectives 148 Reproductive system 149 Fertilisation 149 Sexual reproduction mammals 149 The male reproductive organs 150 The testes 151 Semen 151 Accessory glands 151 The penis 151 Sperm 152 The female reproductive organs 153 Ovaries 153 The ovarian cycle 153 The ovum 154 The oestrous cycle 154 Signs of oestrous or heat 155 Breeding seasons or breeding cycles 155 Fertilisation 156 Development of the morula and blastocyst 156 Implantation 156 Pregnancy 157 Hormones during pregnancy 157 Pregnancy testing 157 Gestation period 158 Signs of imminent birth 158 Labour 158 Adaptations of the foetus 158 Milk production 159 Summary 160 Test Yourself 161 Websites 162 Answers Chapter 14 Nervous System 164 Objectives 165 Coordination 165 The nervous system 165 The neuron 166 Connections between neurons 167 Reflexes 167 Conditioned reflexes 167 Parts of the nervous system 168 The central nervous system 168 The brain 169 The forebrain 170 The cerebellum 170 The spinal cord 170 The peripheral nervous system 171 Spinal nerves 171 The autonomic nervous system 172 Summary 173 Test Yourself 174 Websites 174 Answers Chapter 15 The Senses 176 Objectives 176 The sense organs 177 Touch and pressure 177 Pain 177 Temperature 177 Awareness of limb position 177 Smell 178 Taste 178 Sight 179 The structure of the eye 180 How the eye sees 181 Colour vision in animals 181 Binocular vision 182 Hearing 183 How the ear hears 183 Balance 184 Summary 185 Test Yourself 185 Websites 186 Answers Chapter 16 Endocrine System 188 Objectives 188 The endocrine system 189 Endocrine organs and hormones 189 The pituitary gland and hypothalamus 190 The pineal gland 190 The thyroid gland 191 The parathyroid gland 191 The adrenal gland 192 The pancreas 192 The ovaries 192 The testes 192 Summary 194 Test Yourself 194 Websites 194 Answers Homeostasis and Feedback Control 194 Summary of homeostatic mechanisms 194 Temperature control 194 Water balance 195 Maintenance of blood volume after blood loss 196 Acid/base balance 197 Summary Glossary