The Sakha language/Nouns

Non-possessed forms Plurals Unlike Turkish and other many Turkic languages, Sakha has more irregular plurals than its sisters. For example, English has irregular plural forms man — men, person — people, or child — children. Regular plurals in Sakha are formed by the surface form -ЛАр. These are the assimilated forms of this suffix:Грамматика якутского языка Preceding letters Back Front Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded а, э, и, ы, о, ө, у, ү, л -лар -lar -лор -lor -лэр -ler -лөр -lör й, р -дар -dar -дор -dor -дэр -der -дөр -dör м, н, ҥ -нар -nar -нор -nor -нэр -ner -нөр -nör к, п, с, т, х -тар -tar -тор -tor -тэр -ter -төр -tör In addition, there is also numerous irregular plurals in Sakha: Assimilating nouns Distantly related nouns Suppleted эмээхсин emeexsin — эмээхситтэр emeexsitter "old woman" оҕонньор oğońńor — оҕонньоттор oğońńottor "old man" доҕор doğor — доҕоттор doğottor "friend" хотун xotun — хотуттар xotuttar "respectable woman" тойон toyon — тойоттар toyottar "chief, master" Also including some other kinship terms ending in -н or -р кыыс kııs — кыргыттар kırgıttar "girl, daughter"Do not confuse Кыргыттар Kırgıttar with Кыргыыстар Kırgııstar! уол uol — уолаттар uolattar "son, young man" эр er — эрэттэр eretter "man, husband" киһи kihi — дьоннор connor "person" Accusative The accusative case are used as a direct object (I see the car) of a verb or certain prepositions of verbal origin. While the divisions of the surface form -(н)И -(n)I are somewhat simple, but the treatment of stems of nouns ending in a consonant is rather complex. Preceding letters Back Front Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded а, э, и, ы, о, ө, у, ү -ны -ı -ну -u -ни -i -нү -ü к, л, м, н, ҥ, п, р, с, т, й, х -ы -ı -у -u -и -i -ү -ü Nouns ending in -с and -х usually change to -һ and -ҕ, respectively (nom. бас bas — acc. баһы bahı "head"). However, nouns ending in -CVC (-C- = consonants, -V- = short close vowel) are elided to -CC- (also before other suffixes starting with a consonant) causing -һ and -ҕ devoices to -с and -х before other consonants.The examples found are rare in nouns: таҕыс tağıs "go out" — тахсы axsı "going out". Therefore, this was rather a verb. In addition, there is also an accusative-collective case, used for denoting a completely-affected object (сирэйдэри sireyderi "whole face"). Its formation is completely the same as accusative plural, but this case only exists in singular so there is no such forms like **сирэйдэрдэри **sireyderderi. Samples Non-possessed ат at"horse" дьиэ cie"house" ох ox"arrow" үөр üör"herd" Singular Nominative ат at дьиэ cie ох ox үөр üör Accusative аты atı дьиэни cieni оҕу oğu үөрү üörü CollectiveIt was intended to be the accusative-collective case. However, I chose to shorten this case name to save space. Do not confuse with collective nouns. ;) аттары attarı дьиэлэри cieleri охтары oxtarı үөрдэри üörderi Partitive атта atta дьиэтэ ciete охта oxta үөрдэ üörde Dative акка akka дьиэҕэ cieğe охха oxxa үөргэ üörge Ablative аттан attan дьиэттэн cietten охтон oxton үөртэн üörten Plural Nominative аттар attar дьиэлэр cieler охтор oxtor үөрдэр üörder Accusative аттары attarı дьиэлэри cieleri охтору oxtoru үөрдэри üörderi Partitive аттарда attarda дьиэлэрдэ cielerde охтордо oxtordo үөрдэрдэ üörderde Dative аттарга attarga дьиэлэргэ cielerge охторго oxtorgo үөрдэргэ üörderge Ablative аттартан axtartan дьиэлэртэн cielerten охтортон oxtorton үөрдэртэн üörderten References