Polish/Adjectives

The adjective (przymiotnik) is a significant part of speech in Polish. It declines very regularly depending on case, number and gender. It can also be used as a noun. For example Polish adjectives "bogaty" (rich) and "czarny" (black) are often used as "nouns" (taking forms "bogata" and "czarna" in feminine gender). While there is only one pattern, the final consonant group takes different endings. The vocative always has the same form as the nominative. Case Singular Plural Feminine Person-masculine and animate-masculine Inanimate-masculine Neuter Masculine personal (virile) Other genders (nonvirile) Nominative -a/-ia -y/-i -e/-ie -i/-y -e/-ie Genitive -ej/-iej -ego/-iego -ych/-ich Dative -ej/-iej -emu/-iemu -ym/-im Accusative -ą/-ią -ego/-iego -y/-i -e/-ie -ych/-ich -e/-ie Instrumental -ą/-ią -ym/-im -ymi/-imi Locative -ej/-iej -ym/-im -ych/-ich Fields, by colour: White - basic form (feminine singular nominative) Green – second form (with "i") in the case of adjectives ending in "ka", "ga" or "ia" in the base form, first form (without "i") otherwise Purple – second form (with "i") in the case of adjectives ending in "ia" in the basic form, first form (without "i") otherwise Red – final consonant group must be palatized (or "softened"), and "i" or "y" must be added, depending on result Some softening rules are (compared to the singular masculine nominative): "y" changes to "i" by bi my mi ny ni wy wi Change of consonant, "y" stays "y" ry rzy Change of consonant, "y" changes to "i" ły li szy si Change of consonant, "i" changes to "y" ki cy gi dzy No changes, with "i" pi pi si si wi wi No changes, with "y" rzy rzy See polski for sample "-ki" declension. Adjective forms can also get comparative and superlative forms. Examples true English Polish He is clever. On jest mądry. On jest sprytny. She is clever. Ona jest mądra. Ona jest sprytna. The child is clever. Dziecko jest mądre. Dziecko jest sprytne. They are clever. Oni są mądrzy. One są mądre.;Oni są sprytni.;One są sprytne. A red house Czerwony dom A red box Czerwone pudełko A red shirt Czerwona koszula true Red clothes Czerwone ubrania