Proto-Turkic/Pronouns and numbers

Welcome to your first Proto-Turkic lesson! Pronouns I - *bẹ /be/, *ben- /bɛn-/Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ben”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 346Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*bẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 341Erdal, Marcel (1991). Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, page: 192-198, ISBN:978-3-447-03084-7. (Erdal has a footnote in page 196: “The Proto-Turkic nominatives of 'I' and 'you' might have been *bä and *sä; the vowel of Bolgar-Chuvash *bi and *si apparently comes from a different analogy with the oblique stems.”) we - *biŕ /birʲ/Clauson, Gerard (1972), “biz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 388 you (singular) - *sẹ /se/, *sen- /sɛn-/Clauson, Gerard (1972), “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 831Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*sẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1237 you (plural) - *siŕ /sirʲ/Clauson, Gerard (1972), “si:z”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 860Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*bẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1238 he/she/it - *ol /ol/, *an- /än-/Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ol, an-, olar”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 123Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*o(-l)”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1040 they - *olar /olär/ (unclear) Whether the Chuvash эпӗ derives from *ben or *bẹ is a matter of debate. However, the word п becomes м when it is suffixed in Chuvash and this phonetic change is not seen in эпӗ (epĕ), indicating that it is more likely to derive from *bẹ. The pronoun *olar is unclear since it was derived from *ol with a plural ending, Common Turkic has the reflexes of it, but Chuvash has вӗсем (vĕsem) instead (many plural endings of Proto-Turkic are disputed, see also the Plurality section of the third lesson). The fact that the word has not experienced m-n affinity in Tonyukuk inscription, Old Anatolian Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, and Turkish is proof that this is a sound development that developed later. Therefore, the letter b does not turn into m when we add a suffix starting with n to the pronoun that starts with b. Also, pronouns ending in a vowel always take the n consonant when adding suffixes. my - *bẹ- > *beniŋ /beniŋ/ our - *biŕ- > *biŕniŋ /birʲniŋ/ your - *sẹ- > *seniŋ /seniŋ/ your (plural) - *siŕ- > *siŕniŋ /sirʲniŋ/ him/her/its - *an- > *anïŋ /änɨŋ/ their - *olar- > *olarnïŋ /olärnɨŋ/ (unclear) And unlike many other languages, there is no grammatical gender in Proto-Turkic. So there is no distinction between he, she and it. There's only ol. And unlike modern Turkic languages, there are no words like "am/is/are". Numbers Numbers in Proto-Turkic are in decimal basis, so the components for tens are often less clear, like suppletion between *ẹki "two" and *yẹgirmi "twenty", or adding suffixes which unclear in meaning like *altï "six" and *altmïĺ "sixty". To make teens, simply add numbers after tens (*ōn bīr "eleven", *ōn ẹki "twelve", *ōn üč "thirteen", ...). one - *bīr /biːr/ two - *ẹki /eki/ three - *üč /ytʃ/ four - *tȫrt /tøːrt/ five - *bẹ̄ĺ /beːlʲ/ six - *altï /ältɨ/ seven - *yẹti /jeti/ eight - *sekiŕ /sɛkirʲ/ nine - *tokuŕ /tokurʲ/ ten - *ōn /oːn/ twenty - *yẹgirmi thirty - *otuŕ forty - *kïrk fifty - *ellig sixty - *altmïĺ seventy - *yẹtmiĺ eighty - *sẹkiŕ ōn ninety - *tokuŕ ōn hundred - *yǖŕ thousand - *bïŋ In Proto-Turkic we provide questions with *ka- and *nē-. In this case, the words *kanča and *nēnče are used to ask how much something is. A: How much barley is there? - *Kanča/*nēnče *arpa *bār? References Next Lesson: Basics