411 REFERENCE · Wikibooks
A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP3
Reference material by Wikibooks contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.
Series and limits
Two important limits:
for any real number k
for all k > 0
The basic series expansions
Improper intergrals
The integral : is said to be improper if
the interval of integration is infinite, or;
f(x) is not defined at one or both of the end points x=a and x=b, or;
f(x) is not defined at one or more interior points of the interval .
Polar coordinates
right|thumb|250px|A diagram illustrating the relationship between polar and Cartesian coordinates.
The area bounded by a polar curve
For the curve
r must be defined and be non-negative throughout the interval
Numerical methods for the solution of first order differential equations
Euler's formula
The mid-point formula
The improved Euler formula
where
and
Second order differential equations
Further reading
The AQA's free textbook
deep