Exercise as it relates to Disease/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma

This wiki page is a critical appraisal of a published research article relating to exercise-induced asthma and nasal breathing versus oral breathing. This appraisal is part of an assignment with the University of Canberra, Unit; Health Disease & Exercise. Mangala PK, Menon MPS. (1981) Effect of nasal and oral breathing on exercise-induced asthma. Clinical Allergy. Vol 2 pp 433-439 What is the background to this research? alt=This image depicts the narrowing of the airways that occurs in EIA|thumb|290x290px|Blausen.com staff (2014). Medical gallery of Blausen medical. Wiki journal of medicine 1 (2) Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways involving bronchoconstriction (a tightening of the smooth muscle around the bronchiole and narrowing of the airway),Bacsi, A., Pan, L., Ba, X., & Boldogh, I. (2016). Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction: role of oxidatively damaged DNA repair. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. Vol 16 (1) pp 59–67. mucous secretion and airway remodelling. American Physiological society (2009). Immunobiology of Asthma. Annual Review of physiology. Vol 71 pp 489-507 Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is characterised as the above symptoms when brought on by exercise as the increased volume of air irritates the airway. National Asthma Council Australia. (2019) Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.0. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne. Nasal breathing throughout exercise is one suggested method of alleviating exercise induced asthma and the basis of this study. Research in to whether nasal breathing can in fact reduce EIA is critical as it is a deterrent to many people undertaking physical activity through fear of triggering their EIA symptoms. J Scullion. (2012) Supporting asthma patients to exercise. Practice nursing journal This study compares nasal breathing to mouth breathing during vigorous exercise to record how each style of respiration affects the airways. EIA in this study is defined as a 20% or greater decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) from baseline measures. Despite the associated benefits, nasal breathing is not commonly practiced throughout vigorous physical activity due to a lack of awareness of the benefits coupled with a reduced capacity to dump carbon dioxide.Recinto, C., Efthemeou, T., Boffelli, P. T., & Navalta, J. W. (2017). Effects of Nasal or Oral Breathing on Anaerobic Power Output and Metabolic Responses. International journal of exercise science. Vol 10 (4) pp 506–514. This results in a phenomenon described as air hunger and causes a switch to oral breathing. P. McKeown; M. Macaluso. (2017) Mouth Breathing: Physical, mental and emotional consequences. Oral Health. March 9 Where is the research from? This research by P.K. Mangala and M.P.S. Menon comes form the University of Delhi, India. Mangala PK, Menon MPS. (1981) Effect of nasal and oral breathing on exercise induced asthma. Clinical Allergy. Vol 2 pp 433-439 This is important information to consider due to the air temperature and humidity at the time of the study of between 32-35°C and 50-70% humidity. This air temperature is ideal for people with EIA in reducing bronchoconstriction whilst lower or higher temperatures can negatively effect EIA.M Nisar,D PSSpence,D West,J Haycock,Y Jones,M JWalshaw,JE Earis, P M A Calverley, M G Pearson. (1992) A mask to modify inspired air temperature and humidity and its effect on exercise induced asthma. Thorax. Vol 47 pp 446-450Mohammadizadeh, M. A., Ghanbarzadeh, M., Habibi, A., Shakeryan, S., & Nikbakht, M. (2013)The Effect of High Intensity Interval Exercise in High / Low Temperatures on Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) in Trained Adolescent Males. Tanaffos. Vol 12 (3) pp 29–43.Similarly the humidity of 50-70% at the time of the study has been shown to be ideal for EIA as opposed to dry air. Oded Bar-Or MD, Ittai Neuman MD, Raphael Dotan M.Sc. (1977) Effects of dry and humid climates on exercise-induced asthma in children and adults. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Vol 60 (3) pp 163-168Mangala has done limited research relating to exercise induced asthma with just one other study on EIA and Aspirin. MANGLA, P.K. (1980) Prevalence of E.xercise-Induced Asthma and Effect of Aspirin Upon It. MD thesis. University of Delhi Menon has been involved in several published studies relating to asthma. Shivpuri DN, Menon MP, Prakash D. (1969) A crossover double-blind study onTylophora indica in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy. Vol 43 (3) pp 145-50.Menon MP, Das AK. (1977) Tetracycline asthma—a case report. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. Vol 7(3) pp 285-90.Menon MP, Das AK. (1977) Delayed asthmatic response to inhalant allergen: cantharidine beetle, case report. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. Vol 7(4) pp 365-8It is worth mentioning that one of the referenced articles in this study was Mangalas’ own thesis and is not available online for review. What kind of research was this? This research was a case control experimental study. Designed to replicate two breathing phenomenon in a controlled environment to discover the effects of each on both asthma sufferers with and without EIA and non asthma sufferers. The variable, method of respiration was manipulated to determine its effect on other variables like FEV post exercise in all groups. +Advantages Disadvantages Good for studying disease Less time needed to conduct the study as the condition has already occurred Useful in establishing associations Requires multiple control groups Potential bias issues in control group selection Risk cannot be exactly predicted What did the research involve? An initial study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of EIA that enabled participants to be selected and placed in one of three groups Non asthmatics, asthmatics with EIA, asthmatics with no EIA FEV, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure baseline readings were recorded A 6 minute maximum intensity run was completed by each individual. Once with a clipped nose and once with a taped mouth in a randomised sequence. FEV was tested at the end of the run and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes post run. A greater than 20% decrease in FEV post exercise was recorded as EIA The results of FEV, HR and blood pressure post oral breathing and nasal breathing exercise were compared What were the basic results? The important findings of this study were the improvement of EIA symptoms in asthmatics with EIA when they performed nasal breathing instead of mouth breathing during exercise. This was also the case for the non-asthmatic group. The researchers optimistically interpreted that in all three groups, mouth breathing caused a greater decrease in FEV however then went on to say that in asthmatics with no EIA there was not significant changes in FEV. The second statement is supported by Table 2 and Fig 2. What conclusions can we take from this research? The observation of wheezing that was present after mouth breathing and not present after nasal breathing in the asthmatic EIA group is a subjective observation that can also be altered. The wheeze also wasn’t recorded for any of the other groups and therefor has little relevance to the results of the study. The researchers could have been more transparent about the insignificant changes for the asthmatics with no EIA and perhaps mentioned that more study could be done on this group in cooler or dryer conditions to observe if nasal breathing becomes more relevant in less ideal conditions. The findings in HR and blood pressure differ to some more recent research that also measures HR, blood pressure and FEV during both nasal and oral breathing exercise. The more recent research found that HR did in-fact differ during maximum effort exercise bouts of nasal breathing and oral breathing. Hostetter K, McClaran SR, Cox DG, & Dallam G. (2016) Triathlete Adapts to Breathing Restricted to the Nasal Passage Without loss in VO2max or vVO2max. J Sport Human Perf. Vol 4(1) pp 1-7 It’s worth noting that HR and respiration rate both stayed lower when nasal breathing whilst performance was the same. This may be advantageous information to those affected by EIA. The study by Mangala and Menon doesn’t mention how HR was recorded. It also refers to HR recordings in table 2 however table 2 only reports on FEV. The observation about HR not differing between nasal breathing and mouth breathing may be unreliable. Practical advice Complexity and unpredictability of real world implications include, pollen or pollution affecting air quality, emotional state of the individual, fitness level, temperature and humidity; other factors that contribute as EIA triggers. Asthma sufferers at risk of EIA should always seek medical advice before attempting any form of vigorous activity that could trigger EIA and if medication has been prescribed by a medical professional it should be administered as instructed. The research considered, suggests that nasal breathing throughout exercise should be investigated as an aid to those who experience EIA. A good base of aerobic fitness is also beneficial in reducing EIA symptoms. Exercise should be monitored, intensity should be gradually increased over time and always undertaken with supervision for asthma sufferers with EIA. Nasal breathing as a means to improve performance should be considered by athletes who experience EIA. Further information The National Asthma Council of Australia have a very informative and up to date handbook available online for anyone wanting more information on asthma and EIA as well as links to medical support, action plans and support groups. References