Persian/Lesson 12

خ ميخ – talk, speak1 تخته – hout ميز – tafel كمد – kast خانه – house خريد – hij koopt خريدن – kopen,(werkwoord voor kopen) فروختن – verkopen, (werkwoord voor verkopen) ساختن – maken, (werkwoord voor maken) ساخت – hij maakt كمك – help كمك كردن - help, (werkwoord voor helpen) بازار – markt فعل) تخته خريدن) – hout kopen من تخته خريدم - ik koop hout تو تخته خريدي – jij koopt hout اوتخته خريد – hij koopt hout ما تخته خريديم – wij kopen hout شما تخته خريديد – jullie kopen hout ايشان تخته خريدند – zij kopen hout امين با پدرش از بازارآمد – Amin komt van de markt met zijn vader انها تخته و ميخ خريدند – Zij kopen hout en spijkers پدرش با تخته وميخ ميزساخت – Zijn vader maakt van hout en spijkers een tafel امين با پدرش در ساختن ميز كمك كرد – Amin helpt zijn vader met het maken van een tafel تكليف شب – jullie's homework فعل بسازيد – werkwoord vervoegen خريدن – buy فروختن – verkopen ساختن – do, make كمك كردن – help جمله بسازيد – zin maken پدر . تخته. ميز . بازار. ميخ جمله هاي زير را كامل كنيد- invullen خورشيد – zon خود – zelf نوك – bek آسمان – lucht, hemel. firmament خوردن – eat نوشتن – write رفتن go . خروس......... دارد خروس به زمين نوك مي زند ودانه .......... ............. را در آسمان مي بينيم امين به دوست ........... نامه مي نويسد. سارا.......... روز بيمار بود . Simple present tense هر روز کر می‌کنم. I work everyday. هر har every روز ruz day کار kar work می‌کنم mikonam I do The simple present tense is used to describe an event or to comment about the state of something without regard to a particular time, as shown in the example on the right. گرفتن gereftan to get Simple present tense Present stem: گیر gir Number Singular Plural First person(من) می‌گیرم(ما) می‌گیریم (‹man›) ‹migiram› (‹mâ›) ‹migirim› “(I) get” “(we) get” Second person(تو) می‌گیری(شما) می‌گیرید (‹to›) ‹migiri› (‹šomâ›) ‹migirin›Note: The Persian script here uses formal spelling, but the transcriptions in angle brackets shows typical colloquial pronunciation. In colloquial speech, for example, the ending ‍ید -id is often pronounced as ‹-in›. Other differences between spoken and written Persian will be given in the lessons that follow. “(you) get” “(you) get” Third person(او) می‌گیرد(آنها) می‌گیرند (‹u›) ‹migirad› (‹ânhâ›) ‹migiran› “(he/she/it) gets” “(they) get” The table on the right shows the simple present tense forms of گرفتن gereftan to get, consisting of the present/imperfectPersian used to have a truly simple present tense with no prefix, distinct from the present imperfect tense with the prefix می mi. In modern Persian, though, the present imperfect tense has replaced the simple present tense for all verbs but داشتن dâštan to have and بودن budan to be. prefix می mi, the present stem گیر gir and suffixes to indicate the person and number. To make a simple present tense form of a Persian verb, begin with the prefix می mi. Then add the present tense stem (which can be looked up in most dictionaries), e.g. گیر gir. Finally, add the appropriate present tense personal suffix from the table below to make the simple present tense verb form: Simple present tense Present stem + personal suffix Number Singular Plural First person... + م... + یم present stem + ‹am› present stem + ‹im› “I [do...]” “we [do...]” Second person... + ی... + ید present stem + ‹i› present stem + ‹in› “you [do...]” “you [do...]” Third person... + د... + ند present stem + ‹ad› present stem + ‹an› “he/she/it [does...]” “they [do...]” As you can see, the present tense personal suffixes are the same as the past tense ones, except for the third person singular, which is د ad in the present tense and nothing in the past. Every Persian verb has two stems: the imperative/present stem and the past stem. In general, both stems of each verb must be learned because neither is not completely predictable from the other. There are some common patterns, though. For example, verbs whose infinitives end with تن tan, دن dan, or یدن idan often form the present stem by dropping those endings: Verb   Present stem کشتن koštan to kill کش koš آوردن âvardan to bring آور âvar رسیدن residan to arrive رس res فردا کر می‌کنم. I work tomorrow. فردا fardâ tomorrow کار kar work می‌کنم mikonam I do The simple present tense is also used to talk about a future event, as shown on the right. The simple present tense can also be used to express that an event is occurring at the very moment that the speaker is speaking, but the present continuous tense is used more often for that purpose in both English and Persian. The present continuous tense will be discussed in a later chapter. Review References