Mirad Grammar/Interjections

100% Assertive Interjections Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions yes, no and maybe: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common Assertive Interjections |- | Va! || Yes! |- | Ve! || Maybe!, Perhaps! |- | Vo!* || No! |} * Not to be confused with voy, which translates the English adverb not, as in Vo, wit voy se tadxwa.....No, he is not married. Examples: Va. At se otadxwa.....Yes. I am unmarried. Va. At se vay otadxwa.....Yes. I am indeed/really unmarried. Va, vay.....Yes, indeed. Va ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.....Yes and no. That may be true. Va ey vo?....Yes or no? Ve. At te voy valay.....Maybe. I don't know for sure. Vo. At voy vatexe et.....No. I don't believe you. Vo! Dilwe von xu hus.....No! Please don't do that. Et se Amerikama, vao?....You're American, yes or no? Ven va, (van et) xu has.....If so, (let you) do it. Ven vo, von (et) xu has.....If not, don't (you) do it. There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Interjections |- | Vao? || Yes or no? |- | Vea! || Maybe so! |- | Veo!* || Maybe not! |} H interjections There is a group of common interjections or exclamations called the H interjections, because they all begin with the letter h. By adding the verbal ending -der, we get corresponding verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Greetings |- !row=1| Initial Greeting | hay!....Hello!, Hi!||hayder....to greet |- !row=1| Vocative (calling) | hey!....Hey there!, O!, Oh!||heyder....to address |- !row=1| Terminal Greeting | hoy!....Goodbye!, Bye!, so long!, farewell!||hoyder....to say goodbye |- !row=1| Proximal Presentational | hiy!....Voici!, Here's..., ecce|| |- !row=1| Distal Presentational | huy!....Voila!, There's...|| |- !row=1| Positive Exclamation | hyay!....Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!, Congrats!||hyayder....to congratulate |- !row=1| Surprise Exclamation | hyey!....What a...!, Oh!, Well!|| |- !row=1| Negative Exclamation | hyoy!....What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!||hyoyder....to boo, to heckle |- !row=1| Expression of Thanks | hway!1....Thanks!, Thank-you!, Obliged!||hwayder....to thank |- !row=1| Expression of Welcome | hwey!.... You're welcome!, Please||hweyder....to acknowledge |- !row=1| Expression of Sorrow | hwoy!....Sorry!, Excuse me!||hwoyder....to apologize |- !row=1| Expression of Joy | hwiy!....Whee!, yay!, yippee||hwiyder....to express joy |- !row=1| Expression of Pain | hwuy!....Ouch!, Ow!, Argh!, Oy||hwuyder....to express pain, to moan |- !row=1| Laughter | hihi!....Ha ha!, Hee hee!||hihider....to laugh |- !row=1| Lamentation | huhu!....Boo hoo!, Woe is me!, Oy veh!, Alas!, Oh dear!||huhuder....to cry |- !row=1| Admiration | hwaw!2....Wow!, What a show!, Super!||hwawder....to praise |- !row=1| Disgust | hwow!3....Yuck!, Ew!, ugh!||hwowder....to express disgust |} 1Pronounced like English why. Mirad hw is pronounced like English wh. 2Pronounced like English wh+aw. 3Pronounced like English wh+oh. Examples of H Interjections Hay! Ata dyun se Johan.....Hi! My name is John. Hey, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?....Hey, John, how are you doing? Hey, Tot!....O, God! Hoy. At teato et zajub.....Bye. I will see you tomorrow. Hiy ha dyen ho et dila.....Here's the book you requested. Hiy Tob.....Behold Man. (Ecce Homo). Hiy ata dyundraf.....Here's my caling card. Huy! Se xwa.....Voilà! It's done. Huy hos at yaka.....There's what I expected. Hyay et!....Good for you! Hyay! Et utnaze his......Bravo! You deserve this. Hway! Et sa gla fitipa......Thanks.! You were very kind. At fu hwayder et.....I'd like to congratulate you. Hwey!....You're welcome! Et efe hwoyder at.....You need to apologize to me. Fi. Hwoy.....Ok. I'm sorry. Hyey via imaj! ....Oh, what a beautiful morning! Hyey At ta voy van et upo.....Oh! I didn't know you were coming. Hyoy at.....Woe is me. Hyoy! Ga fia fikyen jonay.....Pity!. Better luck next time. Hwoy. At yefe hyoder et.....Sorry. I must take leave of you. Hihi! Hus sa gla diza.....Ha ha! That was very funny. Von hihidu.....Don't laugh. Huhu!.....Oy! Ha tudet voy poxo huhuder.....The baby won't stop crying. Expletives Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech. Ways to Say Please The English expression Please can be expressed in various ways: Hwey! Yepu.....Please! Come in. (Hwey can also mean you're welcome in answer to thank-you. Diwe von et tyopu ab ha vab.....Please (= it is requested lest you) don't walk on the grass. Diwe van et yanupu yat.....Please (= it is asked that you) join us. Diwe!....Please! Xu (at) (ha) fis bi yubeler at hua tyoyafi.....Please (= do (me) (the) favor of) bring me those shoes. A stronger form of please is dilwe....it is requested. Yepu, dilwe!....Come in, please!. Verb Forms of Exclamations Many of the interjections in this section can be made into exclamatory verbs with the addition of -der (to utter), eg.: hayder....to greet, to say hi heyder....to address, to call out to, to wave down hoyder....to say goodbye to hyayder....to congratulate hyoyder....to boo, to heckle, to hiss hwayder....to thank hweyder....to say please, to say you're welcome hwoyder....to apologize, to express sorrow, to excuse oneself hihider....laugh huhuder....boo, cry huhider....to mock, to tease, to satirize Some can be made into other types of verbs, eg.: hwiyxer....to have fun huhiduder....to quip huhifuder....to sneer at, to scorn Some examples using the above verbs: Be Eniged, yat hayde hyuti bay "Hi!".....In English, we greet others with "Hi!". Heydu at bay ha dyun Pedro.....Address me with the name Pedro. Yat ifu hyayder yet av yeta ujak.....We would like to congratulate you on your success. Hwaydwu av eta bun.....Thank-you (=Be thanked) for your gift. Hia vyok voy se hihidyefwa.....This mistake is not something to be laughed at (=laugh-worthy). Von huhudu ayv ilokwa bil.....Don't cry over spilt milk. Conjunctions Hybrids TOC mini