Canadian LGBT History/Pre-colonial/Overview

Paleo-Indians and Archaic periods right|thumb|Paleo-Indians hunting a glyptodont, by Heinrich Harder, c. 1920 According to North American archeological and Aboriginal genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation.Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project National Geographic Society. 1996-2008 https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?era=e003 2009-10-06http://archaeology.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=archaeology&cdn=education&tm=25&f=00&tt=13&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.jstor.org/stable/279189 Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America American Antiquity, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), p2 2009-10-06 During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50,000-17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge (Beringia) that joined Siberia to north west North America, the area now known as Alaska.https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step7 An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens Cambridge DNA Services 2007 2011-06-01The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas Ted Goebel, et al http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf Verbal tutorial possible The Center for the Study of First Americans PDF 2008 10.1126/science.1153569 2010-02-05 18339930 319 5869 Science 1497–502 At that point, they were blocked by the Laurentide ice sheet that covered most of Canada, which confined them to Alaska for thousands of years.New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop Ker Than http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080214-america-layover.html National Geographic Society 2008 2010-01-23 Around 16,000 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada.David K Jordan Prehistoric Beringia http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/beringia.html University of California-San Diego 2009 2010-04-15 The exact dates and routes of the peopling of the Americas are the subject of an ongoing debate.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-3VW7XG3-8&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=997406958&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=35352485ac241d4d8759c83f01e4aa74 Vertebrate paleontology and the alleged ice-free corridor: The meat of the matter 2010-06-20Renée Hetherington Robert G. B. Reid The Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution http://books.google.com/books?id=AAja8FTPF6QC&pg=PA126 30 April 2010 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14723-1 126Introduction Government of Canada Parks Canada http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/pfa-fap/sec1.aspx 2009 2010-01-09 Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago as at U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago The Queen Charlotte Islands, Old Crow Flats, and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest archaeological sites of Paleo-Indians in Canada.http://books.google.ca/books?id=KT4A5dHuiSgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Haida%20Gwaii%3A%20Human%20History%20and%20Environment%20from%20the%20Time%20of%20the%20Loon%20to%20the%20Time&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=true Early human occupation in British Columbia Roy L Carlson Luke Robert Dalla Bona University of British Columbia Press 1996 149–152 0774805366 2010-04-29Old Crow Flats http://books.google.ca/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&lpg=PA682&dq=archaeology%20of%20the%20Old%20Crow%20Flats&pg=PA682#v=onepage&q&f=true Guy E Gibbon Kenneth M Ames Routledge 1998 682 081530725X 2010-04-11 Ice Age hunter-gatherers left lithic flake fluted stone tools and the remains of large butchered mammals. The North American climate stabilized around 8000 (BCE), or 10,000 years ago. Climatic conditions were similar to modern patterns; however, the receding glacial ice sheets still covered large portions of the land, creating lakes of meltwater.Imbrie J K.P.Imbrie Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery 1979 Enslow Publishers Short Hills NJ 0226668118 Most population groups during the Archaic periods were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. However, individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally; thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization (i.e.: Paleo-Arctic, Plano and Maritime Archaic traditions).Prehistory of the Americas http://books.google.ca/books?id=Yrhp8H0_l6MC&lpg=PA151&dq=Paleo-Indians%20tradition&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q&f=true Stuart J Fiedel Cambridge University Press 1992 84 2010-06-20 Post-Archaic periods thumbnail|300px|left|Great Lakes area of the Hopewell Interaction Area, Point Peninsula Complex, Saugeen Complex, Laurel Complex The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2,000 BCE to 1,000 (CE) and includes the Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime regions.C. Prehistoric Periods (Eras of Adaptation) The University of Calgary (The Applied History Research Group) 2000 http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/periods.html 2010-04-15 The introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the previous Archaic-stage inhabitants. The Laurentian-related people of Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada.Fagan Brian M University of California People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory 1992 Harper Collins 032101457X The Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE to 500 CE. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell Exchange System connected cultures and societies to the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula, Saugeen, and Laurel complexes. A History of the Native People of Canada Dr. James V. Wright Canadian Museum of Civilization 2009 http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/hnpc/npvol25e.shtml 2009-10-09Ohio Historical Society http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1283 Hopewell Culture-Ohio History Central-A product of the Ohio Historical Society Hopewell-Ohio History Central 2009 2009-09-18Douglas T. Price, and Gary M. Feinman 2008 Images of the Past, 5th edition 274–277 New York McGraw-Hill 978-0 07-3405209 The eastern woodland areas of what became Canada were home to the Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples. The Algonquian language is believed to have originated in the western plateau of Idaho or the plains of Montana and moved eastward,Ives Goddard, 1994. "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." In Actes du Vingt-Cinquième Congrès des Algonquinistes, ed. William Cowan: 187–211. Ottawa: Carleton University eventually extending all the way from Hudson Bay to what is today Nova Scotia in the east and as far south as the Tidewater region of Virginia. thumb|right|upright|Pre-Columbian distribution of Algonquian languages in North America. Speakers of eastern Algonquian languages included the Mi'kmaq and Abenaki of the Maritime region of Canada, and likely the extinct Beothuk of Newfoundland.http://books.google.ca/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&lpg=PA437&dq=Beothuk%20eastern%20Algonquian%20languages&pg=PA437#v=onepage&q&f=true Encyclopædia Britannica A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk Ingeborg Marshall 2009 McGill-Queen's University Press 1998 237 077351774X 2011-01-16Maliseet and Mi'kmaq Languages http://www.gnb.ca/0016/wolastoqiyik/languages-e.asp Government of New Brunswick – Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat 1995 2010-04-15 The Ojibwa and other Anishinaabe speakers of the central Algonquian languages retain an oral tradition of having moved to their lands around the western and central Great Lakes from the sea, likely the east coast. According to oral tradition the Ojibwa formed the Council of Three Fires in 796 CE with the Odawa and the Potawatomi.Background 1: Ojibwa history http://csdt.rpi.edu/na/arcs/background1.html Department of Science and Technology Studies · The Center for Cultural Design 2003 2010-04-15 The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) were centered from at least 1000 CE in northern New York, but their influence extended into what is now southern Ontario and the Montreal area of modern Quebec.http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC877040 The Canadian Encyclopedia Iroquois 2008 2010-04-11 The Iroquois Confederacy, according to oral tradition, was formed in 1142 CE.Johansen Bruce 1995 Dating the Iroquois Confederacy Akwesasne Notes New Series 1 3 62–63 http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/DatingIC.html 2010-08-36Bruce Elliott Johansen, Barbara Alice Mann Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) Greenwood Press 2001 Intro – xiv 0313308802 http://books.google.ca/books?id=zibNDBchPkMC&lpg=PP1&dq=the%20Iroquois%20Confederacy&pg=PR14#v=onepage&q&f=true 2010-04-15 On the Great Plains the Cree or Nēhilawē (who spoke a closely related Central Algonquian language, the plains Cree language) depended on the vast herds of bison to supply food and many of their other needs.The bison economy of the southern Alberta Plains University of Calgary (The Applied History Research Group) http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/bisoneconomy.html 2007 2010-08-36 To the north west were the peoples of the Na-Dene languages, which include the Athapaskan-speaking peoples and the Tlingit, who lived on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. The Na-Dene language group is believed to be linked to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia. The Dene of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America.BENGTSON J.D 2008 http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/dene_gr.pdf PDF Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages – In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics v. 3, 45–118 Moscow- RSUH 2010-04-11 thumb|left|upright|Pre-Columbian distribution of Na-Dene languages in North America The Interior of British Columbia was home to the Salishan language groups such as the Shuswap (Secwepemc) and Okanagan and southern Athabaskan language groups, primarily the Dakelh (Carrier) and the Tsilhqot'in. The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia Coast sheltered large, distinctive populations, such as the Haida, Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth, sustained by the region's abundant salmon and shellfish. These peoples developed complex cultures dependent on the western red cedar that included wooden houses, seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved potlatch items and totem poles.http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach/galler07/frames/wc_peop.htm B.C. Archives First Nations – People of the Northwest Coast 1999 2010-04-11 Defensive Salish trenchwork defences from the 16th century suggest a need for the southern Salish to take measures to protect themselves against their northern neighbours, who were known to mount raids into the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound in historic times.Eric McLay Rediscovering the Coast Salish Cultural Landscape on Salt Spring Island http://saltspringarchives.com/multicultural/firstnations/rediscovering.htm Salt Spring Island Archives 2004 2010-04-11 In the Arctic archipelago, the distinctive Paleo-Eskimos known as Dorset peoples, whose culture has been traced back to around 500 CE, were replaced by the ancestors of today's Inuit by 1500 CE.http://anthropology.uwaterloo.ca/ArcticArchStuff/dorset.html Archaeology in North America, Dorset Culture Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo 2005 2010-04-10 This transition is supported by archaeological records and Inuit mythology that tells of having driven off the Tuniit or 'first inhabitants'.http://www.nunavut.com/nunavut99/english/early.html Nunavut – Ancient History 1999 Robert McGhee Museum of Civilization 2010-04-10 Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law. Customary law was non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system.http://nac.nu.ca/OnlineBookSite/vol2/introduction.html Tirigusuusiit, Piqujait and Maligait: Inuit Perspectives on Traditional Law Nunavut Arctic College 1999 2010-08-28 References