False Friends of the Slavist/Macedonian

mk 2 million Словенски лажни пријатели со македонскиот јазик ff66 белина is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 275.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech. belizna The Macedonian meaning ‘whiteness’ is shared by R. белизна, Ukr. білизна, Cr. bjelina, Bo. bjelina, Sb. белина, Bg. белина. The meaning ‘linen, laundry’ (пресвлека) is attested in Blr. бялізна, Ukr. білизна, Pol. bielizna. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff85 брак is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Macedonian meaning ‘marriage’ is shared by R. брак, Cr. brak, Bo. brak, Sb. брак, Bg. брак. The meaning ‘defect, flaw’ (мана) is attested in R. брак, Ukr. брак, Pol. brak. The meaning ‘rejects, refuse, waste’ (шкарт, отфрлена стока) is attested in R. брак, Ukr. брак, Pol. brak, Bg. брак. The meaning ‘lack, want, shortage’ (скудност, недостиг) is attested in Ukr. брак, Pol. brak. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff59 век has additional meanings in the language of about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 17.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Bulgarian. vek The Macedonian meaning ‘age, epoch’ is shared by R. век, Pol. wiek, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Bg. век. The Macedonian meaning ‘century’ is shared by R. век, столетие, Pol. wiek, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Cr. vijek, Bo. vijek, Sb. век, Bg. век. The meaning ‘age (of a person)’ (возраст) is attested in Pol. wiek, Cz. věk. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff32 вешт is a complete false friend for about 312 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Macedonian meaning ‘clever, diligent’ is shared by Sln. vešč, Cr. vješt, Bo. vješt, Sb. вешт. The meaning ‘message’ (вест) is attested in Pol. wieść. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff18 враг is a complete false friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 360.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. vorg The Macedonian meaning ‘enemy’ is shared by R. враг, Blr. вораг, Ukr. ворог, Pol. wróg, Bg. враг. The Macedonian meaning ‘devil, demon’ is shared by Sln. vrag, Cr. vrag, Bo. vrag, Sb. враг. The Macedonian meaning ‘slyboots, smartie’ is unique. The meaning ‘murderer’ (убиец) is attested in Cz. vrah, Slk. vrah. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff22 вреден is a complete false friend for about 307.5 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak. vredny The Macedonian meaning ‘able, clever’ is shared by Bg. вреден. There is also Macedonian meaning ‘worthy’. The meaning ‘harmful’ (штетен) is attested in R. вредный, Bg. вреден. The meaning ‘precious’ (драгоцен) is attested in Sln. vreden, Cr. vrijedan, Bo. vrijedan, Sb. вредан. The meaning ‘nasty, repulsive’ (гаден, одвратен) is attested in Pol. wredny. The meaning ‘insidious, deceitful’ (фалшив, лажан, лукав) is attested in Pol. wredny. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff3 година is a complete false friend for about 349 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 25.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. godina The Macedonian meaning ‘year’ is shared by Cr. godina, Bo. godina, Sb. година, Bg. година. The meaning ‘hour’ (час) is attested in Blr. гадзіна, Ukr. година, Pol. godzina, Cz. hodina, Slk. hodina. The meaning ‘time, hour (poet.)’ (време, час) is attested in R. година, Blr. гадзіна, час, Ukr. година, час, Pol. godzina, czas, Cz. hodina, čas, Slk. hodina, čas. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff25 дворец is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 283.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak. dvorc The Macedonian meaning ‘palace’ is shared by R. дворец, Blr. дварэц, Cr. dvorac, Bo. dvorac, Sb. дворац, Bg. дворец. The meaning ‘railway station’ (железничка станица) is attested in Ukr. двірець, Pol. dworzec. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln.] ff83 диња is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 306.5 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. dynja The Macedonian meaning ‘sweet melon’ is shared by R. дыня, Ukr. диня, Sln. dinja, Cr. dinja, Bo. dinja, Sb. диња. The meaning ‘watermelon’ (лубеница) is attested in Bg. диня. The meaning ‘pumpkin’ (тиква) is attested in Pol. dynia. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk.] ff199 Дунав is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; is a true friend for about 329.5 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. dunaj The Macedonian meaning ‘Danube’ is shared by R. Дунай, Pol. Dunaj, Cz. Dunaj, Slk. Dunaj, Cr. Dunaj, Bo. Dunaj, Sb. Дунај, Bg. Дунав. The meaning ‘Vienna’ (Виена) is attested in Sln. Dunaj. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff1 жена does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 333 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 43.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. zhena The Macedonian meaning ‘woman’ is shared by Ukr. жінка, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, ženska, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Bg. жена. The Macedonian meaning ‘wife’ is shared by R. жена, Blr. жонка, Pol. żona, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Bg. жена. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff7 живот is a complete false friend for about 39 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Slovenian; has additional meanings in the language of about 296 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish; is a true friend for about 41.5 million native speakers of Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. životъ The Macedonian meaning ‘life’ is shared by R. живот (arch.), жизнь, Blr. жывот (arch.), жыццё, Pol. żywot, życie, Ka. żëwot, żëcé, Cz. život, Slk. život, Cr. život, Bo. život, Sb. живот, Bg. живот. The meaning ‘belly, body’ (стомак) is attested in R. живот, Blr. жывот, Ukr. живіт, Pol. brzuch, żywot, Sln. život. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff61 завод is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 287.5 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. zavod The Macedonian meaning ‘factory, works’ is shared by R. завод, Cz. závod, Bg. завод. The Macedonian meaning ‘institute’ is shared by Sln. zavod, Cr. zavod, Bo. zavod, Sb. завод. The meaning ‘contest’ (натпреварување) is attested in Cz. závod. The meaning ‘occupation, profession, trade’ (занимање, струка) is attested in Pol. zawód. The meaning ‘disappointment’ (разочарување) is attested in Pol. zawód. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff86 заод is a complete false friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘sunset’ is shared by R. заход, Pol. zachód, Sln. zahod. The meaning ‘west’ (запад) is attested in Pol. zachód, Sln. zahod. The meaning ‘toilet’ (клозет, нужник) is attested in Cz. záchod, Slk. záchod, Cr. zahod, Bo. zahod, Sb. заход. The meaning ‘trouble, effort’ (труд, мака, напор) is attested in Pol. zachód. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff23 запомни is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; is a true friend for about 268 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Slovenian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. zapomniti The Macedonian meaning ‘to memorize’ is shared by R. запомнить, Blr. запомніць, Sln. zapomniti, Bg. запомня. The meaning ‘to forget’ (заборава) is attested in Pol. zapomnieć, Cz. zapomenout. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff84 збор is a complete false friend for about 252 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian. sbor The Macedonian meaning ‘word’ is unique. The meaning ‘assembly’ (собир, состанок) is attested in R. сбор, Sln. zbor. The meaning ‘collecting, collection’ (збирка) is attested in R. сбор. The meaning ‘choir’ (хор) is attested in Sln. zbor. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Bg.] ff38 зрак is a complete false friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Bulgarian. zork The Macedonian meaning ‘ray, beam’ is shared by Sb. зрак. The meaning ‘air’ (воздух) is attested in Sln. zrak, Cr. zrak, Bo. zrak. The meaning ‘eyesight’ (вид) is attested in Blr. зрок, Cz. zrak, Slk. zrak. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff29 игра has additional meanings in the language of about 351 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 330.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. igrati The Macedonian meaning ‘to play (a game)’ is shared by R. играть, Ukr. грати, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Cr. igrati, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Bg. играя. The Macedonian meaning ‘to play (theatre)’ is shared by R. играть, Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Bg. играя. The Macedonian meaning ‘to dance’ is shared by Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Bg. играя. The meaning ‘to play (music)’ (свири) is attested in R. играть, Blr. іграць, Ukr. грати, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff58 јагода is a complete false friend for about 288 million native speakers of Russian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 25.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘strawberry’ is shared by Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda, Cr. jagoda, Bo. jagoda, Sb. јагода, Bg. ягода. The meaning ‘berry’ (зрно) is attested in R. ягода, Pol. jagoda, Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff36 крај is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 338.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 274 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak. kraj The Macedonian meaning ‘end’ is shared by Ukr. край, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край. The Macedonian meaning ‘region’ is shared by R. край, Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край. The meaning ‘country’ (земја) is attested in Ukr. край, Pol. kraj. The meaning ‘edge’ (раб, ивица) is attested in R. край, Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff50 лето is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; has additional meanings in the language of about 304 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 70.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. leto The Macedonian meaning ‘summer’ is shared by R. лето, Blr. лета, Ukr. літо, Pol. lato, Cz. léto, Slk. leto, Cr. ljeto, Bo. ljeto, Sb. лето, Bg. лято. The meaning ‘year (in the sg.)’ (година) is attested in Sln. leto. The meaning ‘year (in the plural), e.g. 30 years’ (година (30 години)) is attested in R. лето (30 лет), Pol. lato (30 lat), Cz. léto (30 lét), Slk. leto (30 let), Sln. leto (30 let). [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff43 лист is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 51.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Slovak; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 50,000 speakers of Kashubian; is a true friend for about 287.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. list The Macedonian meaning ‘sheet of paper’ is shared by R. лист, Blr. ліст, аркуш, Ukr. лист, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Bg. лист. The Macedonian meaning ‘leaf’ is shared by R. лист, Blr. ліст, Ukr. лист, Ka. lëst, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Bg. лист. The meaning ‘letter’ (писмо) is attested in Blr. ліст, пісьмо, Ukr. лист, Pol. list, Ka. lëst, Slk. list. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff8 листопад is a complete false friend for about 55,000 native speakers of Upper Sorbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 101 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian; is a true friend for about 275.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovak, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. listopad The Macedonian meaning ‘falling of leaves’ is shared by R. листопад, Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Pol. listopad, Cz. listopad, Slk. listopad, Sln. listopad, Cr. listopad, Bo. listopad, Sb. листопад, Bg. листопад. The meaning ‘October’ (also октомври) is attested in Cr. listopad. The meaning ‘November’ (ноември) is attested in Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Pol. listopad, USo. listopad, Cz. listopad, Sln. listopad. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo.] ff63 луле has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Macedonian meaning ‘tobacco pipe’ is shared by R. люлька (редко), трубка, Blr. люлька, Cr. lula, Bo. lula, Sb. лула, Bg. лула. The meaning ‘cradle’ (лулка) is attested in R. люлька. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff2 маж does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 313.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 63 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bulgarian. muzh The Macedonian meaning ‘man’ is shared by Ukr. муж, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, moški, Bg. мъж. The Macedonian meaning ‘husband’ is shared by R. муж, Blr. муж, Ukr. муж, чоловік, Pol. mąż, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, Cr. muž, Bo. muž, Sb. муж, Bg. мъж. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff27 мајка is a complete false friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 17.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Polish, Slovenian. majka The Macedonian meaning ‘mother’ is shared by Cr. majka, Bo. majka, Sb. мајка, Bg. майка. The Macedonian meaning ‘dam, female animal’ is shared by Bg. майка. The meaning ‘gym shirt’ (кошула) is attested in R. майка, Blr. майка. The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (мутер, заврток) is attested in Bg. майка. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk.] ff56 маса does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 368.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. masa The Macedonian meaning ‘table’ is shared by Bg. маса. The Macedonian meaning ‘mass’ is shared by R. масса, Blr. маса, Ukr. маса, Pol. masa, Cz. masa, Slk. masa, Sln. masa, Cr. masa, Bo. masa, Sb. маса, Bg. маса. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff28 матка is a complete false friend for about 54 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak; has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. matka The Macedonian meaning ‘womb, uterus’ is shared by R. матка, Blr. матка, Ukr. матка, Bg. матка. The meaning ‘mother’ (мајка) is attested in Blr. матка, Pol. matka, Cz. matka, Slk. matka. The meaning ‘dam, female animal’ (мајка, женско) is attested in R. матка, Blr. матка, Pol. matka. The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (мутер, заврток) is attested in Cz. matka. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff79 меч does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 368.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘sword’ is shared by R. меч, Blr. меч, Ukr. меч, Cz. meč, Bg. меч. The Macedonian meaning ‘match, game’ is shared by Pol. mecz, Cr. meč, Bo. meč, Sb. меч. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff21 нагло is a complete false friend for about 351 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 25.5 million native speakers of Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. nagl The Macedonian meaning ‘vehement, hasty’ is shared by Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао. The meaning ‘sudden’ (одненадеж, наеднаш) is attested in Blr. наглы (reg.), раптоўны, Ukr. наглий, Pol. nagły, Cz. náhlý, Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао. The meaning ‘naughty’ (дрзок, безобразен) is attested in R. наглый, Ukr. нахабний, наглий, Bg. нагъл. The meaning ‘fast, quick’ (брз, пргав) is attested in Sln. nagel. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff45 недела does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 355 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 21.5 million native speakers of Czech, Bosnian, Serbian. nedelja The Macedonian meaning ‘week’ is shared by R. неделя, Cz. týden, neděle, Bo. nedjelja, sedmica, Sb. недеља, седмица. The Macedonian meaning ‘Sunday’ is shared by Blr. нядзеля, Ukr. неділя, Pol. niedziela, Cz. neděle, Slk. nedeľa, Sln. nedelja, Cr. nedjelja, Bo. nedjelja, Sb. недеља, Bg. неделя. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff80 пара is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 43.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘steam’ is shared by Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. para, Cz. pára, Slk. para, Sln. para, Cr. para, Bo. para, Sb. пара, Bg. пара. The meaning ‘pair’ (чифт, двајца) is attested in R. пара, Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. para. The meaning ‘a couple of, some’ (неколку) is attested in R. пара, Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. parę. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff54 пладне is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; has additional meanings in the language of about 46.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Kashubian; is a true friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. poldn The Macedonian meaning ‘noon’ is shared by R. полдень, Blr. поўдзень, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié, Cz. poledne, Slk. poludnie, Sln. poldan, Cr. podne, Bo. podne, Sb. подне, Bg. пладне. The meaning ‘south’ (југ) is attested in Blr. поўдзень, Ukr. південь, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff60 плот does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 325.5 million speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘body, flesh’ is shared by R. плоть, Bg. плът. The Macedonian meaning ‘fence’ is shared by Pol. płot, Cz. plot, Sln. plot, Cr. plot, Bo. plot, Sb. плот. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff26 повест is a complete false friend for about 100.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian; is a true friend for about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Serbian. povest The Macedonian meaning ‘novelette’ is shared by R. повесть, Blr. аповесць, Bg. повест. The meaning ‘novel’ (роман) is attested in Ukr. повість, Pol. powieść. The meaning ‘history’ (историја) is attested in Cr. povijest, Bo. povijest. The meaning ‘fame, reputation’ (глас) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť. The meaning ‘legend’ (приказна, предание) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť, Sln. povest. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff44 покој is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 266.0 million native speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 20 million native speakers of Slovenian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Croatian. pokoj The Macedonian meaning ‘quiet’ is shared by R. покой, Ka. pòkùj, Cz. pokoj, Slk. pokoj, Sln. pokoj, Sb. покој, Bg. покой. The meaning ‘room’ (соба) is attested in R. покой (arch.), комната, Blr. пакой, Pol. pokój, Cz. pokoj. The meaning ‘peace’ (мир) is attested in Pol. pokój, Ka. pòkùj, Slk. pokoj. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo., Bo.] ff53 полноќ has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. polnokt The Macedonian meaning ‘midnight’ is shared by R. полночь, Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ, Pol. północ, Cz. půlnoc, Slk. polnoc, Sln. polnoč, Cr. ponoć, Bo. ponoć, Sb. поноћ, Bg. полунощ. The meaning ‘north’ (север) is attested in Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ, Pol. północ. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff108 проба does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 258 million speakers of Russian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘probe’ is shared by R. проба, Bg. проба. The Macedonian meaning ‘to test’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb.] ff19 (на)право is a complete false friend for about 349.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 25.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. pravo The Macedonian meaning ‘straight on’ is shared by Cr. pravo, Bo. pravo, Sb. право, Bg. (на) право. The meaning ‘to the right’ ((на) десно) is attested in R. направо, Blr. направа, Ukr. направо, Pol. na prawo, Ka. w prawo, w prawą, Cz. napravo, Slk. napravo. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff20 просто has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. prosto The Macedonian meaning ‘simple, simply’ is shared by R. просто, Blr. проста, Ukr. просто, Pol. prosto, Ka. prosto, Cz. prostě, Slk. proste, Sln. prosto, Cr. prosto, Bo. prosto, Sb. просто, Bg. просто. The meaning ‘straight on’ (направо) is attested in Blr. проста, прамо, наўпрост, Ukr. просто, Pol. prosto. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff17 реч is a complete false friend for about 102.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 274 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian. rech The Macedonian meaning ‘speech’ is shared by R. речь, Cz. řeč, Slk. reč, Bg. реч. The meaning ‘word’ (збор) is attested in Cr. riječ, Bo. riječ, Sb. реч. The meaning ‘matter’ (работа) is attested in Blr. рэч, Ukr. річ, Pol. rzecz, Sln. reč. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff39 родбина is a complete false friend for about 357 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. rodbina The Macedonian meaning ‘relations’ is shared by Sln. rodbina, Cr. rodbina, Bo. rodbina, Sb. родбина. The meaning ‘family’ (семејство) is attested in Ukr. родина, Pol. rodzina, Cz. rodina, Slk. rodina. The meaning ‘motherland, home region’ (роден крај, татковина) is attested in R. родина, Blr. радзіна, Bg. родина. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff62 рок is a complete false friend for about 298 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. rok The Macedonian meaning ‘fixed time, set term, deadline’ is shared by Sln. rok, Cr. rok, Bo. rok, Sb. рок. The meaning ‘year’ (година) is attested in Pol. rok, Cz. rok. The meaning ‘destiny, fate’ (судбина) is attested in R. рок. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff5 словенски is a complete false friend for about 366.6 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Serbian. slovensk- The Macedonian meaning ‘Slavonic’ is shared by Sb. словенски. The meaning ‘Slovak’ (словачки) is attested in Cz. slovenský, Slk. slovenský. The meaning ‘Slovenian’ (словенечки) is attested in R. словенский, Blr. славенскі, Ukr. словінський, Pol. słoweński, Ka. słowensczi, LSo. słowjeński, USo. słowjenski, Sln. slovenski, Cr. slovenski, Bo. slovenski, Bg. словенски. [NB: Information complete.] ff47 сто has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 359 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bulgarian. The Macedonian meaning ‘a hundred’ is shared by R. сто, Blr. сто, Ukr. сто, Pol. sto, Cz. sto, Slk. sto, Sln. sto, Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто, Bg. сто. The meaning ‘table’ (маса) is attested in Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff46 стол is a complete false friend for about 366.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian. stol The Macedonian meaning ‘chair’ is shared by Sln. stol, Bg. стол. The meaning ‘table’ (маса) is attested in R. стол, Blr. стол, Ukr. стіл, Pol. stół, Cz. stůl, Slk. stôl, Cr. stol, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. The meaning ‘canteen’ (кантина, менза, трпезарија) is attested in Bg. стол. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff48 столица is a complete false friend for about 343.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Slovenian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. stolica The Macedonian meaning ‘chair’ is shared by Cz. stolice, Slk. stolica, Cr. stolica, Bo. stolica, Sb. столица. The meaning ‘capital’ (престолница) is attested in R. столица, Blr. сталіца, Ukr. столиця, Pol. stolica, Ka. stolëca, Bg. столица. The meaning ‘professorship’ (катедра) is attested in Sln. stolica. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff35 страна is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; has additional meanings in the language of about 24 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have all its Macedonian meanings in the mother tongue of about 83.0 million speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian. storna The Macedonian meaning ‘side’ is shared by Ukr. сторона, Pol. strona, Ka. strona, Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Bg. страна. The Macedonian meaning ‘page’ is shared by Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна. The meaning ‘country’ (земја) is attested in R. страна, Bg. страна. The meaning ‘cheek’ (образ) is attested in Bg. страна. The meaning ‘political party’ (партија) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff147 тиква is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 277.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Macedonian meaning ‘pumpkin’ is shared by R. тыква, Sln. tikva, Cr. tikva, Bo. tikva, Sb. тиква, Bg. тиква. The meaning ‘sweet melon’ (диња) is attested in Cz. tykev. [NB: No information yet for Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff4 час is a complete false friend for about 101 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 269.5 million native speakers of Russian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian. chas The Macedonian meaning ‘hour’ is shared by R. час, Bo. čas, Sb. час, Bg. час. The meaning ‘time’ (време) is attested in Blr. час, Ukr. час, Pol. czas, Cz. čas, Slk. čas, Sln. čas. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff6 шина is a complete false friend for about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Kashubian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak, Slovenian. schiene The Macedonian meaning ‘rail’ is shared by Ukr. шина, Pol. szyna, Ka. szina, Cr. šina, Bo. šina, Sb. шина. The meaning ‘tyre’ (гума) is attested in R. шина, Blr. шына, Ukr. шина, Bg. шина. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff41 шума has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian. shuma The Macedonian meaning ‘forest’ is shared by Cr. šuma, Bo. šuma, Sb. шума, Bg. шума. The meaning ‘foliage, leaves’ (лисје) is attested in Bg. шума. The meaning ‘bush’ (грмушка) is attested in Bg. шума. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] There is no Macedonian word like Blr. ліпень, Ukr. липень, Pol. lipiec, Cr. lipanj. lipn црвен is the Macedonian word for Blr. чэрвень, Ukr. червень, Pol. czerwiec, Cz. červenec. chrvn There is no Macedonian word like Ka. rujan, Cz. říjen, Cr. rujan. rujn There is no Macedonian word like R. студень, Blr. студзень, Cr. studeni. studn There is no Macedonian word like R. слово, Blr. слова, Ukr. слово, Pol. słowo, Cz. slovo, Slk. slovo, Sln. slovo, Cr. slovo, Bo. slovo, Sb. слово, Bg. слово. slovo There is no Macedonian word like R. арбуз, Blr. гарбуз, Ukr. гарбуз, Pol. arbuz. There is no Macedonian word like R. вещь, Pol. wiec, Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Sln. več, Cr. već, Bo. već, Sb. већ, Bg. вещ. There is no Macedonian word like R. стул, Pol. stół, Cz. stůl. споменик is the Macedonian word for R. памятник, Ukr. пам’ятник, Pol. pamiętnik, Ka. pamiãtnik, Slk. pamätník, Bg. паметник. pamjatnik There is no Macedonian word like R. дума, Blr. дума, Ukr. дума, Pol. duma, Bg. дума. duma There is no Macedonian word like R. диван, Blr. дыван, Pol. dywan, Cz. divan, Slk. diván, Sln. divan, Cr. divan, Bo. divan, Sb. диван. divan There is no Macedonian word like R. кресло, Blr. крэсла, Ukr. крісло, Pol. krzesło, Cz. křeslo, Slk. kreslo, Bg. кресло. krslo There is no Macedonian word like R. выход, Blr. выхад, Ukr. вихід, Cz. východ, Slk. východ. vychod ff40 гора has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak and Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 352.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; gora The Serbian meaning ‘mountain’ is shared by R. гора, Blr. гара, Ukr. гора, Pol. góra, Cz. hora, Slk. hora, Sln. gora, Cr. gora, Bo. gora, Sr. gora. The meaning ‘forest’ (шума) is attested in Slk. hora, Bg. гора. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff42 овошје is a complete false friend for about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 61.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovenian, Bulgarian. ovokti The Macedonian meaning ‘fruits’ is shared by Pol. owoce, Cz. ovoce, Slk. ovocie, Cr. voće, Bo. voće. The meaning ‘vegetables’ (зеленчук) is attested in R. овощи, Ukr. овочі. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff41 мрак is a complete false friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 257.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Bulgarian. mork The Macedonian meaning ‘darkness’ is shared by S.  мрак, R. мрак, Cr. mrak, Bo. mrak. The meaning ‘cloud’ (облак) is attested in Cz. mrak, Slk. mrak. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln.] There is no Macedonian word like R. охотник, Ukr. охочий, Pol. ochotnik. There is no Macedonian word like R. прозвище, Ukr. прізвище, Bg. прозвище. There is no Macedonian word like R. краска, Blr. краска, Bg. краска. kraska There is no Macedonian word like R. сливки, Pol. śliwki. There is no Macedonian word like R. цветень, Ukr. квітень, Pol. kwiecień, Cz. květen. kvetn There is no Macedonian word like Ukr. травень, Sln. traven (mali, veliki), Cr. travanj. travn There is no Macedonian word like Ukr. серпень, Pol. sierpień, Cz. srpen, Sln. srpen (mali, veliki), Cr. srpanj. srpn There is no Macedonian word like Ukr. лікарня, Cz. lékárna, Slk. lekáreň, Sln. lekarna. lekarna