Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation

3 Introduction In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels. The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words. The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by: The meaning of each letter of the word. The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable. How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language. The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about). The logic of its composition. The mnemonic associations this word suggests. The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below. Base Words Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups: Group 1:  consisting of nouns Group 2:  consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs. Base words of Group 1 Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters: The first, a consonant called the classifier The second, a vowel called the ordinal The third, a consonant called the generic These words can be thought of as noun templates. Examples: + Base Word Composition Classifier Ordinal Generic Meaning t o b man d o t society p o t animal f o b plant Base words of Group 2 Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words | b-....put || p-....go |- | s-....be || x-....do |- | d-....say || t-....know |- | ab....on || ob....off |- |bu....to || bi....from |- |if-....love || uf-....hate |- |fi-....good || fu-....bad |- |va....yes || vo....no |- |vya-*....true || vyo-....false |- | a....one || o....zero |} * As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels". Consonants and Their Meanings The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Consonants and Their Meanings |- ! Consonant !! Group 1 Classifier !! Group 1 Generic !! Group 2 Classifier !! In Numbers |- | b || organ, health || organism || gesture, position || |- | d || society || family || communicating || |- | f || vegetation || textile, clothing || volition, attributes || |- | g || -- || measurement || quantity, attributes || |- | j || time || time || time || |- | k || -- || health || change, risk, attributes || |- | l || -- || element, food, liquid, nature || -- || l = ten |- | m || nature || place, building, furniture || temperature, light || ml = millionmr = billion |- | n || commerce || -- || -- || |- | p || animal, vehicle || motion || movement || |- | r || -- || tool, machine, cosmos || -- || r = thousand |- | s || form, image, furniture || thing || being, form, thing || s = hundred |- | t || human, body || person, animal || intelligence, knowing || |- | v || plant, color || linen || truth, attributes || |- | x || action || -- || action, doing, making || |- | z || -- || precious, art || spatial, attributes || |} The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values: l and r:   Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush; y:   Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm. h:   Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value. w:   Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo. n:   In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave. Vowels and Their Meanings Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types: meronymic hierarchical geo-specific oppositional/polar vectorial directional and positional special Ordinal Vowel Values The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on Vowels. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Numeric Values of Vowels |- ! Ordinal Vowel !! o !! a !! e !! i !! u !! yo !! ya !! ye !! yi !! yu |- !row=1| Cardinal Number | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 |} Meronymic Vowel Gradation Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a blue meronymic series. (This gradation can also be called taxonomic. The top element, or hypernym, has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. Tab (body) is the first meronym of tob (human being), the hypernym or zeroth element. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Meronymic Series |- !colspan=1| Rank !colspan=7| Meronymic or Taxonomic |- ! 0 | tob....human || fob....plant || vob....crop|| mos....floor||som....furniture||tom....building||job....time |- ! 1 | tab....body || fab....tree || vab....grass|| mas....wall||sam....chest of drawers||tam....house||jab....year |- ! 2 | teb....head || feb....fruit || veb....tuft|| mes....door||sem....table||tem....hall||jeb....season |- ! 3 | tib....trunk || fib....trunk || vib....stalk|| mis....window||sim....chair||tim....room||jib....month |- ! 4 | tub....arm || fub....branch || vub....shoot||mus....stairs||sum....bed||tum....closet||jub....day |- ! 5 | tyob....leg || fyob....root || vyob....tuber|| || || ||jwob*....hour |- ! 6 | || || || || || ||jwab*....minute |- ! 7 | || || || || || ||jweb*....second |} The letter w replaces the letter y following a j, for ease of pronunciation. The words that descend from the base word are called meronyms. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale. Hierarchical Vowel Gradation Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a blue hierarchical series where the top element has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element. + Hierarchical Vowel Gradation Rank Hierarchy 0 dob....state dot....society tod....familyxob....organization 1 dab....government dat....friend tad....spousexab....staff 2 deb....leader det....associate ted....parentxeb....boss 3 dib....ministry dit....citizen tid....siblingxib....department 4 dub....minister dut....gentleman tud....childxub....branch Geo-specific Vowel Gradation Ordinals can have blue geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground. + Geo-specific Vowel Values Ordinal Geo-sphere Examples o outer space, top level mop....orbit mom....outer space mol....naturedop....militarypop....voyagemol....naturepot....wild animal a air, gas, sky map....wind mam....sky mal....airdap....air forcepap....flightmal....windpat....bird e ground, soil, solid mep....road mem....land mel....soildep....armypep....ridemel....soilpet....domestic land animal i liquid, water, sea mip....river mim....sea mil....waterdip....marines pip....navigation/sailmil....waterpit....fish u underground, mineral, substance mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....mineral pup....tunnelingmul....matter Spectral Vowel Gradation The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels: + Spectral Vowel Gradation Order Mirad English 0 olza1 blank, of no color 1 alza red 2 elza orange 3 ilza yellow 4 ulza green 5 yolza blue 6 yalza purple 7 yelza indigo 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. The colors black and white are: malza....white molza....black Some colors are hybrids of two colors: + Hybrid Colors Mirad English aolza pink (a blend of blank and red) youlza blue-green maolza gray (a blend of black and white) The word for brown is based on the word for soil: melza....brown (< mel....soil) Two other colors are based on metals: agelkza....silver (based on agelk....silver metal aulkza....gold (based on aulk....gold metal Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values In Group 2 stems: + Oppositional Vowel Values a  ⇔  ya intermediate i  ⇔  yi ⇑ positive⇓negative e  ⇔  ye ⇑ positive⇓negative o  ⇔  yo value u  ⇔  yu positive a contrasts with negative o    (av....for vs. ov....against) positive ya contrasts with negative yo    (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty) positive i contrasts with negative u    (fia....good vs. fua....bad) positive yi contrasts with negative yu    (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound) e and ye are in-between values    (eva....neutral, yeva....fair) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em" |+ Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation |- ! positive !! intermediate !! negative |- | aga....big || ega....normal || oga....small |- | yava....innocent || yeva....just|| yova....guilty |- | ava....for || eva....neutral || ova....against |- | aker....to win || eker....to risk || oker....to lose |- | yak....expectation || yek....attempt || yok....surprise |- | fia....good || || fua....bad |- | ifer....love || || ufer....hate |- | yifa....brave || || yufa....afraid |} Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values: The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em" |+ Group 1 base word with oppositional values |- ! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative |- style="vertical-align:top;" |bak....health||bek....treatment||bok....illness |- |byak....hygiene||byek....cure||byok....painbyoyk....acheblok....sufferingbrok....agony |- |baak....sanitation|| ||book....fatigue |- |bik....care|| ||buk....woundbuyk....sore |} Vectorial Vowel Values These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.    a ↑ u  ←        e     →  i ↓ o a....on, above, north (ab....on, zamer....north) e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center) o....off, below, south (ob....off, zomer....south) i....right, east (zi....right, zimer....east) u....left, west (zu....left, zumer....west) Directional and Positional Vowel Values + Directional and Positional Vowel Values A U a↓ ↓a ↑ya ya↑ I u → eye → i → u e ye i → → yu E yi → yu → → yi ↑o o↑ yo↓ ↓yo O Explanation of the above chart: If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values. If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words. + Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart A position on, above, north zamer....north a movement (free) on baer....lean a movement (contact) ontoaber....put on ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise O position under, lower, south zomer....south yo movement (free) off byoer....hang o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise U position left, west zumer....west u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch I position right, east zimer....east i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate E position center, equator zemer....equator e rest between eb....between e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter ye (contact) contain byeer....contain Special value of certain letters The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular. aot....person anot....individual Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart. yanber....to compose yonber....to separate The letter y is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural: at....I, me as opposed to yat....we, us et....you as opposed to yet....you (pl.), you all it....he, she, him, her as opposed to yit....they, them is....it as opposed to yis....they, them The letter y is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine: it....he, she, him, her as opposed to iyt....she, her tob....person, human being as opposed to toyb....woman The letter w is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine: it....he, she, him, her as opposed to wit....he, him tob....person, human being as opposed to twob....man The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants. The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values. The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity: + Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants Base Word Classifier Consonant Generic Consonant Scalarity Type tob....person t = human b = organism meronymic tof....clothing " " " f = fabric meronymic tod....family " " " d = society meronymic tom....building " " " m = place meronymic tov....lingerie " " " v = linen meronymic tol....nourishment " " " l = food oppositional top....soul, spirit " " " p = motion meronymic dob....state d = society b = organismhierarchical dop....military " " " p = movement geo-specific dot....society " " " t = human hierarchical dom....city " " " m = place geo-specific job....time j = time b....organism hierarchical fob....vegetation f = vegetable b = organism meronymic vob....crop v = plant b = organism meronymic vos....flower " " " s = thing meronymic volz....color " " " lz = color, art spectral som....furniture s = thing m = place meronymic mos....floor m = place, nature s = thing meronymic mor....universe " " " r = machine, system geo-specific mom....outer space " " " m = place geo-specific mol....nature " " " l = substance geo-specific mop....orbit " " " p = movement geo-specific pot....animal p = movement t = human, animal geo-specific bok....illness b = organ k = condition oppositional nom....place n = commercial m = place special nog....degree " " " g = measurement special nof....cloth " " " f = cloth special nov....linen " " " v = linen special nod....point " " " d = communication special xob....organization x = action b = organism hierarchical Special Arrangement Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart. + Other Group 1 Base Words d- communication dazdance dyazballet dyezcinema drezpoetry deztheater dizcomedy dinstory dunword duzmusic dyunname dyansentence dyesbook deuprhythm dr- write drofboard drafcard drefpaper drovcardboard dravnotebook drevpage drezpoetry drarpencil drirtypewriter drurprinter m- nature magfire makelectricity mogash megstone mefbrick mugmetal mukmineral mezcrystal mekdust myekpowder mavflame movsmoke mafcloud majdaytime mojnight manlight mazshine monshade mozdark n- commerce nazvalue nasmoney naxprice nyazwealth nyanstack noxexpense nyoxwaste nexsaving nyexstoring nixearning nyixorder nuxpay nyuxsupply nunmerchandise nyunproduct nuzjewel nemlocation nyemplace nyebbox nabrow naporder nadline nodpoint nedplane nyedgrid nyadchain nidvolume nagmeasure nakmetric value nogdegree nigspace j- time jagage juddate jodinstance jopsequence jepprocess jwapmoment jwepinstant s- thing sagnumber sazsculpture sanform saunkind sonmatter (abstract) sinimage sizpainting sunthing (concrete) syanclass syenstyle syinsubject syunobject sarinstrument sirmachine sorengine surmotor t- human / knowledge tazstatue tapphysique tepmind topspirit tuzart tozskin color tezculture tyezmagic tindoctrine tunscience tyanclass tyenskill tyunidea tossensation tesmeaning totgod tatangel The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem. The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative. Examples: + Stems of Group 2 Base Words ClassifierConsonant Positive Intermediate Negative Positive Negativej (time) jabefore jeduring joafterjisince juuntil ajpast ejpresent ojfuture ijerbeginning/begin uj/erend/end tajerbirth/to be born tejerlife/to live tojerdeath/to die tijerawake state/to be awake tujersleep/to sleep jwaearly jweon time jwolate yijaopening/open yujaclosing/closed g(measurement) gamore geequal goless ginpoint gunangle agabig eganormal ogasmall igafast ugaslow yagalong yeganormal yogashort yigahard yugasoft gyaathick gyeaenough gyo-thin gyiasolid gyuafragile k(randomness) kaxerfind kexerseek koxerhide kiaoblique kualateral akerwin ekerplay okerlose ikafull ukaempty yakerexpect yekertry yokersuprise yikadifficult yukaeasy kyaamobile kyeahaphazard kyoafixed kyiaheavy kyualight m(nature) amahot -- omacold imawet umadryfer(want, qualities) fiagood fuabad fyaaholy fyeamythical fyoaprofane fyiauseful fyuaharmful yaferbe able yefermust yofercannot yiferdare yuferfear afermay eferneed oferbe prohibited iferlove uferhate v(truth, qualities ) vayes vemaybe vono viabeautiful vuaugly vayreallyveymayvoynot avfor evaneutral ovagainst ivahappy uvasad vyaatrue vyearelative vyoafalse vyiaclean vyuadirty yavainnocent yevafair yovaguilty yivafree yuvacaptive vanthat venif vonlest z(spatial) zain front of zein the middle of zoin back of ziaright zualeft zayahead zeyacross zoyback, re- zyaawide zyethrough zyoanarrowzyiaflat zyuaround azastrong ezamoderate ozaweak izastraight uzacurved yazaconvex yezalong yozaconcave yizbeyond yuzaroundb-er(put) bay/(xer)with, (agitate) bey/((xer))at/by, (hold) boy(xer)without/(calm) bi(er/xer)from, (take/pull) bu(er/xer)to, (give/push) ab(er)on,(put on) eb(er)between,(block) ob(er)off,(take off) ib(er)away,(receive) ub(er)toward,(send) byaser/xerstand/erect byexertap byoser/xerhang/hang byi(ser)since,(originate) byu(ser/xer)up to,(contact/touch) yab(er)up,(raise) yeb(er)in,(put in)oyeb(er)out,(take out) yob(er)down,(lower) yib(er)far,(remove) yub(er)near,(bring)per(go) paser/xermove/move peser/xerwait/trap poser/xerstop/stop pier/ser/xerleave/withdraw/catch puer/ser/xerarrive/jump/throw pyaer/ser/xerhover/jump up/launch pyeser/xerencounter/strike pyoser/xerfall/drop pyiser/xeremanate/derive pyuser/xerreach/impact yaperrise yeperenter yoperdescend yipergo far yuperapproach aperget on eperintervene operget off ipergo away upercome ser(be) san/s/xershape/evolve/make sexerbuild son/xermatter/destroy sin/ynimage/sign sun/er/xerthing/provide/realize aserbecome eserexist osercease to be xer(do ) xalerexecute xelerpractice xolerfail xilerundertake xulerprovokeaxleract exerfunction oxlerabstain ixereffect uxercause yaxerbe busy yexerwork yoxerbe idle yixeruse yuxerhelp ter/rer/yer(know/recognize/know how) taxerremember texerthink toxerforget tier/xerlearn/studytrierget to knowtyierlearn how tuer/xer/uxerinform/teach/raisetruerfamiliarizetyuertrain der/rer(say/write) dalertalk delerstatedyeerread dolerbe silentdroererase dier/ler/rerask/beg/require duer/ler/rersuggest/insist/demanddyuercallh-(determiners) ha(a)the heasome hoawhich hiathis huathat hya(a)all hyeaany hyoano hyiasame hyuaother (conjunctions) ayand eyor oybut yantogether yonapart (numbers) aone etwo ozero ithree ufour yasix yeseven yofive yieight yunine (privatives) lo- (dis-/un-)lyo- (dis-)oy- (-less) * Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive. Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense. Derived Word Formation Rules Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building: These consist of the following rules: Compounding Affixation Ordinal Vowel Scaling Overlapping Adding Ordinal Vowels Swapping Generic Consonants Marking Words for Gender Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically Reduplication Rule #1: Compounding thumb| Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations. Examples: + Compounding Component 1 Component 2 Compound mor....cosmos tun....science, -ology mortun....cosmology mag....fire memyaz....mountain magmemyaz....volcano dob....state mem....land dobmem....territory tul....dish dras....something written tuldras....menu sin....picture dras....something written sindras....description tam....house kyoxer....to fix (in place) tamkyoxer....to settle tax....memory drer....to write taxdrer....to record kyo-....fixed tep-....mind kyotepa....stubborn Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil. When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg: uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy kyoa....fixed + tep....mind ----> kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed aza....strong + tep....mind ----> tepaza....intelligent fua....bad + tip....mood ----> futipa....cross, ill-tempered aga....big + tip....mood ----> tipaga....magnanimous, generous Rule #2: Affixation thumb| Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes: Prefixes + Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes Prefix Base Compound ja....before per....to go japer....to precede jo....after per....to go joper....to follow va....yes der....to say vader....to affirm jo....after dras....something written jodras....postscript za....ahead jub....day zajub....tomorrow yon....apart mel....land yonmel....island Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart: + Assimilation of b and p Prefix Base Verb New Verb yab....up ber....put yaber....raise (NOT: yabber) yab....up per....go yaper....rise (NOT: yabper) ab....on ber....put aber....put on, apply ab....on per....go aper....get on, mount yob....down ber....put yober....take down yob....down per....go yoper....descend ob....off ber....put ober....take off, remove ob....on per....go oper....get off, dismount yeb....in bux....a push yebux....impulse yeb....in pyoser....fall yepyoser....collapse The loss of the b in the above words in one of the only cases of fusion in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called stubs are combined. For example, doyijem (public square), which is composed of do(m)....city + yij(a)....open + (n)em....place. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix a- can have many different meanings. The adjective ending a is often dropped1, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that tyoyab becomes tyoya-. + Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs Prefix Base Verb Compound Verb oza....weak der....say ozder....whisper yaga....long der....say yagder....ramble aja....past der....say ajder....evoke yoga....short der....say yogder....summarize tyoyab....foot per....go tyoyaper....walk dreer....write sar....tool dresar....pencil tuyob....hand dren....writing tuyodren....manuscript mam....sky mil....water mamil....rain 1: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning. Most Common Mirad Prefixes + Common Prefixes Prefix Examplesa(n)-....uni-, one-, mono-anzyukpar....unicycle antotin....monotheismadeb....emperoraa-....arch-, first-, primeaadub....prime ministeraatat....archangelaavyan....principleaasaun....prototypeaag-....arch-, main, macro-aagmep....highway aagdovyab....constitution aagovekut....archrivalaaj-....paleo-, proto-aajtobtun....paleoanthropology aajsiyn....fossilab-....ad-, top, on, epi-abtob....superman abtim....attic abzen....epicenteraj-....former, ex- ajtayd....ex-wifeajdeb....former leaderayb-....over-, super-, hyper-, sur-aybmep....overpassaybdresin....superscriptaybdyun....hypernymag-....mega(lo)- agvyotos....megalomaniaagtoj....megadeathalo(n)-....deca-, ten-alojaga....ten years old alojab....decade alonsuna....decimalaloy(n)-....deci-, tenth-aloynux....tithe aloyngoler....decimateam-....thermo-amzemula....thermonuclear amvyabxar....thermostatamlo(n)-....mega-amloagvunak....megavolt amlotoj....megadeathamloyn-....micro-amloynjweb....microsecondanyen-....idio-anyenboka....idiopathic anyendyan....idiom anyentepa....idioticao(b/p)-....north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axisaonab....column, x-y-axis aopuys yuzpar....hop-on-hop-off bus aonada....verticalaoye(b/p)-....in-and-outaoyebar....piston aoyebelen....import-exports aoyepaper....fly in and outaro(n)-....kilo-aronminak....kilometer arobanak....kilobitaroyn-....milli-aroynvunak....millivolt aoynwunak....milliwatt(a)so(n)....cent-asojagat....centenarian asolinak....hectoliter sojab....centuryasoy(n)-....cent-, centi-asoygenak....centigram asoylinak....centiliterav-....pro-avYanotina....pro-Communistayn-....full-, holo-, whole-aynnuut....wholesaler aynsin....hologram aynteptija....fully-consciouse(b/p)-....inter-ebmos....mezzanine ebyanmulxer....intermingle eper....intercedeejna-....neo-ejnadun....neologism ejnaobdabin....neocolonialisme(n)-....ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-entyoba....bipedal enzyuspar....bicycle envolza....dichromaticeon-....duo-, double-, twin-eonin....dualism eondal....double-speak eonsum....twin bedev-....a-, neutral evdofina....amoralevdabtuna....apoliticaley(b/p)-....intra-, amongeybmasa....intramural eybmimkuma....intracoastaleyn-....demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-eynzyus....semi-circle eynzyup....half-turn eyntilsyeb....demitassee eynyonmel....peninsulafi-....bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-fixut....benefactor fidrawa....well-written fitos...euphoriafu-....dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-futos....dysphoria futuwa....ill-informed fuxeyn....malfeasancefya-....hiero-, holy-, sancti-fyasdresiyn....hieroglyphic fyader....sanctify fyatwed....holy fatherfye-....mythical, fantasyfyetop....phantom fyetobet....elfin fyetexer...fantacize fyedin....fantasyfyo-....evil, profane fyotez....occultfyotat....devilfyotyez....witchcraftgaw-....re-, again gawteaper....revisit gawaker....regaingarale-....tera-garaleagbanak....terabytegaralyi-....exa-garalyibanak....exabitgaralyo-....peta-galayoagbanak....petabytegarela-....zetta-garelaagbanak....zettabytegarelu-....yotta-gareluagbanak....yottabytege-....equal to, equi-, even-geyafwa....equipollent genaza....equivalentgel-....homo-, like-, simul-gelzena....homocentric gelvolza....homochromaticgeyl-....simul-geyldyan....simile geylxer....assimilategla-....many-, multi-, poly-glatyenika....multi-skilled glatwada....polyandrous glavolza....many-huedglo-....mini-, little-, few-gloduna....succint, of few words glonixea....low-earninggorale-....pico-goraleagfenak....picofaradgoralyi-....atto-goralyigenak....attogramgoralyo-....femto-goralyoon....quadrillionthgoralyu-....nano-goralyusonak....nanosecondgorela-....zepto-gorelagenak....zeptogramgorelu-....yocto-gorelugenak....yoctogramgra-....extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-gratosea....hypersensitive grazoyaxler....overreact granoxea....extravagantgro-....hypo-, under-groyixlawa....underemployed groaman....hypothermiagwa-....hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-gwayelza....pure pink gwayafa....supreme gwauja....ultimate gwazoa....hindmostgwo-....least-, mini-, micro-gwosag....minimum gwoyuzpur....minibusgwoexlus....microprocessorhi-....hither, these, thishis....this hisi....these him....herehya(s)-....pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-hyas....everything hyati....all of them hyastea....omniscient hyataadifa....pansexual hu-....thathus....that huj....then huyen...that wayhuim-....here-and-there, here-and-yonhuimkexer....search high and low huimpaper....fly here and there hyuimpoper....travel here-and-therehuu-....so, suchhuugla....so, so very hus....such huyen....in such a way, so, thushyaewa-....ambi-hyaewati....both of them hyaewaziza....ambidextrous hyaewatoobifa....ambi-sexualhye-....-ever, any, whatever, whicheverhyem....anywhere, wherever hyempea....erratic hjej....ever, anytimehyi-....homo-, like-, same, syn-hyitoobifa....homosexual hyis....same thing hyijoba....synchronoushyo(s)-....nothing, a- hyostosea....apathetichyu(t/s)-....alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, elsehyutoobifa....heterosexual hyua....another, alternate hyutufa....xenophobic hyus....something elsehyui(t/s)-....cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocalhyuitvikaxen....mutual admiration hyuixer....reciprocate hyuisa....mutual, reciprocal hyuitif....mutual lovei-....toward the speakeriber....receiveixer....resultik-....fully, thoroughlyiktoxer....forget completely iktos....satisfaction ikyebixer....engulf, swallow up completelyin-....three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-inzyuspar....tricycle inaga....three-dimensional injiba....trimensual insuna....ternary intotan....trinityiyn-....terci-, thirdiyna....terciary iynxer....cut into thirdsiz-....ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-iznada....rectilinear izguna....orthogonal iztin....orthdoxy izdea....forthrightja-....ante-, fore-, pre-jaupya....foregone jauper....precede jadropeka....antebellumje-....per-, continuously, ever-jetejer....perseverejeteaxer....watchjexrer....perpetuatejo-....after-, meta-, post-joexlen....postprocessing jomir....metasphere jotej....afterlifejwa-....early-, eo-, preter-, proto-jwaber....prepare jwatuun....premonition jwadodin....early history, protohistory jwamola....preternatural jwajoeb....eocenejwo-....ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-jwonux....late payment jwoa....tardy jwoteja....cenozoicko-....cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-koa....covert koexut....spy koyeper....sneak in(ko)vyo-....pseudo-, mis-, wrong-kovyotun....pseudosciencevyobekuer....to mistreatku-....para-kuifut....paramour kuteliut....parasite kuteptun....parapsychologykya-....alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-kyaember....relocate kyajoba....diachronic kyatajnad....crossbreed kyatooba....transgendered kyavolza....variegated, motleykyao-....falteringly, unsteadilykyaoper....stagger kyaotexer....vacillatekye-....chance-, hap-, random-kyea....haphazard kyebyus....chance encounter kyeteater....happen to see kyesauna....of a random typekyo-....fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-kyosaun....stereotype kyopa....stable, static, stationary kyoson....statuslo-....dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-lozeb....disequilibrium loyuvlaxer....disengage loyuzyuber....uncoil lomulvyusber....decontaminatelogel-....hetero-, different-logelsauna....heterogenouslogelaxer....differentiatemaz-....bright-mazteaba....bright-eyedmial-....hygro-, atmo-, vapori-mialama....hygrothermalmialnagar....atomometer, vaporimetermil-....aqua-, hydro-, water-milyexun....aquaculture milmaka....hydroelectric miltilsyeb....water glassmul-....hylo-, substancemulsana....hylomorphico(l)-....a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-ovyilxwa....unwashed omalza....non-white ototina....atheist otepzexea....inattentiveo(b/p)-....de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-oper....get off obneg....sublevel obxeb....sous-chef, sub-officerobtyodeb....vice-presidentoog-....micro- oogpob....microorganism - oj-....future ojtayd....bride, future wifegaw-....re- gawder....to repeatgawdyeer....to re-readgwo-....micro-, mini- ogalmor....microcosmogalteaxer....microscopegowaxer....minimizeof-....prohibited ofbier....stealofbekul....prohibited drugofemkyoxer....to squatov-....contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-ovalxer....countervail ovper....contravene ovkyin....counterweight ovdat....enemy olovmasbwa....undefendedoy-....-less, a(n)-, withoutoytofa...naked oyxer....deprive oytosen....apathy oyteupiba....toothlessoyb-....hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-oybnadrer....underline oybtomsan....infrastructure oybseuxa....subsonic oybtayoba....hypodermicoyeb-....ex-, extra-, out-oyebnad....outline oyebyujber....exclude oyebdoabuer....extraditeoyv-....contra-, opposite, reverseoyvkuma...opposite oyvder....contradictoyvduer....contraindicateoyvaxer....reversetayi(b)-....neuro-, nervetayibteptun....neuropsychology tayibyok....neuralgiateeb-....auri-, oto-, ear-teebbekut....aurist teeteiteyobtut....otorhinolaryngologist teebyel....earwaxtee(s/x/t)-....audio-, son-, phono-teesnagen....audiography teestaxdras....phonogram teestun....audiology teexdras....audiogram teetyofwa....inaudibletei(b)-....nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-teibbok....rhinitis teibyeg....nostril teiz....perfume teizuka....aroma-free teityaf....olfactory sensetiibil-....blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-tiibililp....hemorrhage tiibiliut....bloodsucker tiibloker....exsanguinate tiibiltun....hematologytuj-....hypno-, somni-, sopor-tujbek....hyptotherapy tujbyea....somniferous, soporificu(b/p)-....towarduber....sendubaer....lean towardui-....horizontal, left-right, x-axisuinab....row, x-axis uinada....horizontaluib-....back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receiveuibar....transceiveruig-....fast-and-slowuigpar....scooteruij-....begin-and-end, start-and-stopuijdaler....stutteruip-....come-and-gouipen....traffic, coming and goinguiz-....straight-then-crookeduizbaser....swagger uizdrer....scribble uizpaser....swerveu(n)-....four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-ungona....quadripartite unnednid....tetrahedron unsuna....quaternaryuyn-....fourth-, quarti-uynxer....quarter uynjab....quarter (of a year)ut-....auto-, self-, sui-, ego-utifon....egoism utgober....autodecrement utfuyix....self-abuse uttujben....suicideuz-....crooked, di-uzper....divergeva-....yesvayovder....convict vabier....accept vatexer....believevao-....yes-novaoder....decide vaodaler....waffle vaonaza....booleanvi-....bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-vituzyan....fine arts, beaux arts vidun....euphemism vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres visuana....classicvo-....non-, neg-voyafxer....veto voxer....negate voyovder....acquit, declare not guiltyvya-....justi-, recti-, true-, reg-vyadin....true story vyader....avow vyamol....essence vyao-....right or wrong vyaoyek....testvyak-....ortho-, correct-vyakdred....orthography vyakxer....correctvyo-....mis-, para-, wrong-vyoyufa....paranoid vyoyux....perfidy vyoyixer....misuseya-....more than one, multi-yaota....communalyab-....hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-yabdom....uptown yabdoneg....upper class yabduzneg....high pitch yabexer....support yabzyobix....hypertensionyabnan-....height-, hypso-, alti-yabnanagar....hypsometer, altimeteryag-....long-yagyiban....long distance yagyeker....strive yagblokea....long-sufferingyan-....co(n)-, fellow-, -mateyanzena....concentric yanyeker....compete yandit....fellow-citizenyao(b/p)-....up-and-downyaopuyser....skip yaopsim....seesaw yaoblir....elevator yaobaser....bounceya(on)-....six-, hexa-, sex-yaonat....sextet yaongun....hexagon yaona....six-fold, sextupleyagol....sextileyaov-....guilty-or-innocentyaovder....adjudicate yaovdutyan....jury yaovkader....plead yaovyek....trialyaoz-....serrated, bumpy, jaggedyaozaxer....serrate yaozgoblar....saw yaozper....bump alongyayb-....supra-yaybdooba....supranationalyayn-....sex-, sixthyayna...sixthye(on)-....hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-yejub....week yeongun....heptagon yeonat....septupletye(b/p)-....en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-yebuzaser.....inflect yebzoytiibufa....intravenous yebyujer....enclode yebtayoba....endodermal yeper....enter yeber....introduceyeov-....fair or not yeovdut....umpireyeyb-....intra-yeybmepyan....intranet yeybdoeba....intrastateye-....hepto-, seven-, septi-yejub....weekyeyn-....seventh yeynxer....split into seventhsyez....para-, alongside yezteptun....parapsychologyyezuper....come alongsideyi(on)-....oct-, eight-yiona...eight-foldoctupleyib-....far-, tele-, remoteyibsin....televison yibteata....far-sighted yibtrawa....famousyibaj-....archai-, archeo-, ancientyibajtun....archaeology,yibajtun....archeologyyiyn-....eighthyiynxer....divide into eighthsyiz-....beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-yiztyun...metaphor yizeza....paranormal yizmeirat....extraterrestrial yizseux....utrasoundyoon-....five-, penta-, quint-yoongun....pentagon yoongol...quintile yoon....group of five quintetyo(b/p)-....down-, hypo-, sub-yobdom...downtown yoper....go down yobgoler....subdivideyon-....apart, dis-, se-yonzyaber....disperse yonxer....separate yonsauna....distinctyoyn-....fifth-, quinti-yoynnaga....quintic yoyn....a fifthyu(n)-....nine-, nona-yunapa....ninth (in order) yungunid....nonagon yunkunid....nonahedronyub-....near-, proxi-, para-yuboj....near future yubna....next yubteas....closeup (view) yubge....almost yubfia....intimate yubgeser....approximateyubdopa....paramilitaryyui(b/p)-....near-and-faryuibjo....sooner or later yuibteabar....bifocals yuipoper....travel near and faryuij-....open-and-shutyuijar....valve yuijer....blink, wink manyuijer....blink makyuijar....switchyuyb-....quasi-, pen-, almostyuybyonmel....peninsula yuybega....quasi-normalyuon-....ninth-, novi-yuonat....nonupletyuz-....circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-yuzper....circulate yuznad....perimeter yuzof....wrap-around yuznadrer....circumscribeza-....ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, northzatim....antechamber zamimuf....foremast zagab....prefix zajuber....procrastinatezamer....northzao-....back-and-forth, front-and-backzaopaser....wobble zaokuper....slalom zaopyoser....pendulatezay-....forth-, pro-, forward, aheadzaypuyser....skip ahead zaypuxer....propel zayper....go forward, procede zayupea....forthcomingze-....mid-, central, medio-zetej....midlife zepoxer....interrupt, stop midway zetem....central hallzey-....cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, acrosszeyper....transit, get across zeynod....crosspoint zeytyun....metaphorzi-....right, east, dextro-zim....right sidezimera....easternzo-....back-, hind-, retro-, southzotib....back zotiub....hindquarters zonapa....retrogradezomer....southzoy-....back-, retro-, re-zoyper....recede, go back zoybeler....carry back zoyzyublen....backspinzu-....left-, west-zutinut....leftist zukum....left sidezumera....westernzui-....left-and-right, zig-zag, east-westzuibyoser....dangle, hang left-and-right zuiper....zigzag zuituyaba....ambidextrouszuimera....east-westzya-....-wide, wide-, broad-, all aboutzyauber....broadcast zyateaba....wide-eyed zyasauna....general zyapoper....cruise, wander zyamira....global, worldwidezye-....per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-zyetejer....live through, experience zyeteaxer....peruse zyeteatyafwa....transparent zyemep....thoroughfare zyeper....permeate, transitzyo-....narrow, steno- zyotepa....narrow-mindedzyoteat....tunnel visionzyoyija....stenopeiczyu-....cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyrozyutim....rotunda zyusem....roundtable zyuper....cycle, gyrate, rotate Suffixes Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes. Semantic Stub Suffixes Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material. + Semantic Stub Suffixes Suffix Stub Suffix Full Form Suffixed Example < Base Word -il....liquid, drink mil....water teabil....tear  <  teab....eyeteubil....saliva  <  teub....mouthtayebil....sweat  <  tayeb....skinmamil....rain  <  mam....sky -al....gas mal....air tiebal....breath  <  tieb....lung -(e)l....food tel....food supel....pork  <  supet....swinetaol  <  taob....fleshfel  <  feb....fruit -ul....stuff mul....substance vixul....cosmetic  <  vix-....to beautifybekul....medecine  <  bek....treatment -yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp yel....oil olfyel....olive oil  <  olfeb....oliveappelatyel....wax  <  appelat....beemagyel....grease  <  mag....firebekyel....salve  <  bek....treatmentmegyel....cement  <  meg....stoneyanyel....paste  <  yan....together -am....house tam....house apatam....chicken coop  <  apat....chickenapellatam....beehive  <  apellat....beemelyexam....farmhouse  <  melyex....agriculturedatibam....hostel  <  datib....guest-reception -(e)m....place nem....place vobyexem....plantation, farm  <  vob....plant + yex....workvabem....field  <  vab....grassabem....top, surface  <  ab....above, upperzem....middle  <  ze(a)....middle tim....room -im....room tim....room tulim  <  tul....cuisinetujim....bedroom  <  tuj....sleep -um....cell, booth tum....compartment pexum....cage  <  pexer....catchilzyapuxum....shower stall  <  ilzyapux....shower -yem....space nyem....enclosure yomyem....icebox  <  yom....ice -yeb....container nyeb....container zyeb....bottle  <  zye(f)....glassvosyeb....vase  <  vos....flower -of....material nof....cloth tof....clothes  <  t-....humanmisof....curtain  <  mis....windowfaof....wood  <  fa(b)-....treetayof....leather  <  tayo(b)....skin -ov....linen nov....linen teyov....collar  <  teyob....neck -ar....instrument sar....tool par....cart  <  p-....motionzyupar....rotor  <  zyup....turngobrar....knife  <  gobrar....cutjwobar....watch  <  jwob....hour -ir....machine sir....machine drir....typewriter  <  dr-....writegwobir....clock -ur....large machine sur....engine pur....carjwobur....grandfather clock  <  jwob....hour -(u)n....thing sun....thing dun....word  <  d-....utter, saygofrun....piece, scrap  <  gofrer....rip, shread, tearzyiun....plaque, plate  <  zyia....flatvyun....spot  <  vyua....dirty -on....abstract thing son....issue yovon....tort, wrong  <  yov....guilt yen....manner, kind byen....manner texyen....opinion  <  tex....thoughthiyen....this way, thus  <  hi-....thisesyen....status  <  es-....exist -in....-ism tin....doctrine totin....theism, religion  <  tot-....godKristin....Christianity  <  Krist....Christvyisatin....puritanism  <  vysiat....puritan, clean personoytofin....nudism  <  oytofa....nude -ufyeg....cylinder mufyeg....pipe manufyeg....candle  <  man....lighttiibufyeg....artery  <  tiib....heartmilufyeg....toilet  <  mil....watermovufyeg....cheminee  <  mov....smoke -ab....government dab....government ditab....democracy  <  dit....citizen -eb....leader deb....leader xeb....boss  <  x-....dotameb....master of the house  <  tam....house -ub....branch tub....arm patub....wing  <  pat....bird -ad....language -a + d(alzeyn)....language Fransad....French (language) -uz....jewelry nuz....jewel teyobuz....necklace  <  teyob....neckteebuz....earring  <  teeb....ear -u(er)....give buer....give tiebaluer....exhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air -i(er)....take bier....take tiebalier....inhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air -ui(er)....exchange buier....exchange tiebaluier....breathe  <  tieb....lung + al....air Derviational Suffixes Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech. + Derivational Suffixes DerivationalSuffix Function Base Word --> SuffixedDerivation -er Noun --> Verbal Infinitive sag....count --> sager....to count -n Present Tense Verb --> Verbal Noun (Gerund)Adjective --> Abstract Noun yexe....(he/she/...) works --> yexen....workingvia....beautiful --> vian....beautyyuba....near --> yuban....proximity, nearness -a Noun --> AdjectiveActive Verb--> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)Past Passive Verb --> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)mor....universe --> mora....universalake....wins --> akea....winningteatwa....was seen -->teatwaa (or, shortened to: teatwa....seen) -ya INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM --> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ip-....go away --> ipya....gone away -yea VERB STEM --> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) zaypas-....progress --> zaypasyea....progressive -y ADJECTIVE --> ADVERB iga....quick --> igay....quicklytea-....knowing-->teay....knowingly -ut VERB STEM --> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -er ak-....win --> akut ....winner -us VERB STEM --> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN thing that Xes, -er gol-....divide --> golus ....divisor *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category. Normal Semantic Suffixes Augmentative Suffixes + Augmentative Suffixes Augmentative Suffix Base Word Suffixed Derivation -ag (augmentative) tam....house tamag....mansion -ayg (affectionate augmentative) sem....chair semayg....big old chair -yag (pejorative augmentative) apet....horse apetyag....nag Diminutive Suffixes + Diminutive Suffixes Diminutive Suffix Base Word Suffixed Derivation -og (diminutive) tam....house tamog....hut -oyg (affectionate diminutive) tam....house tamoyg....cottage -yog (pejorative diminutive) tam....house tamyog....shack -et (a smaller person) twob....man twobet....boy -es (thing of lesser importance) nas....money nases....change, coin -ud (child of, offspring) tob....man tobud....infant Semantic Adjectival Suffixes + Semantic Adjectival Suffixes Adjectival Suffix Meaning Base Word Suffixed Derivation -a mor....universe related to, -al, -ic mora....universal -aya miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekaya....dusty -oya vyun....spot empty of, -less, -free vyunoya....spotless -ika miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekika....dusty -uka miek....dust empty of, -less, -free miekuka....dust-free -yea vyod....lie given to doing X, -ive vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying -yena tat....angel like, -ly, -ic tatyena....angelic Other Semantic Suffixes + Other Semantic Suffixes Suffix Base Word Derivation -tun....science, ...ology tej....life tejtun....biology -tut....-ologist, expert, -ist dar....language dartut....linquist -tuin....theory tob....mar martuin....astrology -yan....collection, aggregate fab....tree fabyan....forest-tyen....trade, -ics sir....machine sirtyen....mechanics -if....pet name twed....father twedif....papa ifa....-philic, -loving dyes....book dyesifa....bibliophilic ifwa....liked by tyod....people tyodifwa....popular ufa....-phobic, -hating toyb....woman toybufa....misogynous ufwa....hated by tyod....people tyodufwa....unpopular yafa....able to tyoyap-....walk tyoyapyafa....ambulatory yafwa....possible to teat-....see teatyafwa....visible yofa....unable to teat-....see teatyofa....blind yofwa....impossible to dye-....read dyeyofwa....illegible yika....hard of...ing teet-....hear teetyika....hard of hearing yikwa....hard to teet-....hear teetyikwa....hard to hear yuka....easy at...ing vatex-....believe vatexyuka....gullible yukwa....easily...ed test-....understand testyukwa....easily understood yufa....fearful of, -phobic tot....god totyufa....god-fearing yufwa....feared hyat....everybody hyatyufwa....feared by all yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose efa....needful of tel....food telefa....hungry efwa....necessary to tej....life tejefa....vital yefa....duty-bound to, -worthy of dud....answer dudyefa....responsible yefwa....due, -worthy of fid-....laud fidyefwa....praiseworthy afa....authorized to dokebi-....vote dokebiafa....franchised ofwa....prohibited to movi-....smoke moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose yivwa....free to be ...ed kebi-....choose kebiyivwa....optional yuva....bound tam....house tamyuva....house-bound ova....resistant, anti- aagdovyab....constitution aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional ava....in favor of, pro- tyodab....democracy tyodabava....pro-democracy eva....neutral toos....gender tooseva....gender-neutral Inflectional Suffixes Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, i, which makes a singular noun plural: tam....house --> tami....houses The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes: -er....infinitive -e....present tense -a....past tense -o....future tense -u....conditional/hypothetical/imperative -e-....progressive aspect -a-....perfect aspect -o-....immediate aspect -y-....active voice -w-....passive voice Examples: Wit tujeya hoj van at pua.....He was sleeping when I arrived. -e- = progressive aspect infix -y- = active voice infix -a = past tense suffix Et oyebuxawu.....You would have been expelled. -a- = perfect aspect -w- = passive voice -u = conditional/hypothetical/imperative Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling. First-level Ordinal Scaling + First-level Ordinal Scaling ORDINAL VOWEL t...b m...r j...b m...s t...m d...b f...b s...m d...t t...d o = 0 tobman moruniverse jobtime mosfloor tombuilding dobstate fobplant somfurnituredotsocietytodfamily a = 1 tabbody marsun jabyear maswall tamhouse dabgovernment fabtree samarmoiredatfriend tadspouse e = 2 tebhead merplanet jebseason mesdoor temhall debleader febfruit semtabledetassociate tedparent i = 3 tibtrunk mirearth jibmonth miswindow timroom diboffice fibtree trunk simchairditcitizen tidsibling u = 4 tubarm murmoon jubday musstairs tumcell dubminister fubbranch sumbeddutgentleperson tudchild yo = 5 tyobleg jyob*hour fyobroot tyodpeople * The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb. Second-level Ordinal Scaling A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel. Examples: + Second-level Ordinal Scaling mi...p me...p tu...b tyo...b ma...f me...g do...b mipriver mepway tubarm tyobleg mafcloud megstone dobstate miapstream meaproad tuabshoulder tyoabhip maafstratus meagmarble doab...fatherland miepbrook meeppath tuebupper arm tyoebthigh maefcumulus meegslate doebprovince, state miiprivulet meiptrail tuibelbow tyoibknee maifstratocumulus meiggranite doibcounty, shire miuptorrent meuptrack tuubforearm tyoubshin maufcumulonimbus meugclay, dough doubdistrict miyoptrickle tuyobwrist tyoyobanklemayofnimbostatus meyogchina tuyabhand tyoyabfootmayafaltostratus meyagchalk tuyebfist tyoyebheel mayefaltocumulus meyeglimestone tuyibpalm tyoyibsole mayifcirrus meyigalabaster tuyubfinger tyoyubtoe mayufcirrostratus meyuggypsum tulobfingernail tyolobtoenailmalofcirrocumulus Third-level Ordinal Scaling A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word. Example: + Third-level Ordinal Scaling tuyub....finger atuyub....thumb etuyub....index ituyub....middle finger utuyub....ring finger yotuyub....pinky So, to sum up, we have: + Summary of Scaling t...b tob = human being FIRST-LEVEL tub....arm SECOND-LEVEL tuyub....finger THIRD-LEVEL atuyub....thumb Scaling with Prefixed Numbering We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with a. Example: + Prefix Numbering NUMBER dob....state deb....leader mez....gem mer....planet maf....cloud sagtun....mathematics 1 adob....empire adeb....emperor amez....diamond Amer....Mercury amaf....nimbus asagtun....arithmetic 2 edob....kingdom edeb....king emez....topaz Emer....Venus emaf....stratus esagtun....geometry 3 idob....principality ideb....prince imez....ruby Imer....Earth imaf....nimbostatus isagtun....algebra 4 udob....duchy udeb....duke umez....emerald Umer....Mars umaf....cumulus usagtun....trigonometry 5 yodob....marquisate yodeb....marquis yomez....saphire Yomer....Jupiter yomaf....cumulostatus yosagtun....calculus 6 yadob....county yadeb....count yamez....lapis lazuli Yamer....Saturn yamaf....stratocumulus 7 yedob....dominion yedeb....lord yemez....amthyst Yemer....Uranus yemaf....altocumulus 8 yidob....viscounty yideb....viscount yimez....amber Yimer....Pluto yimaf....altostratus 9 yudob....barony yudeb....baron yumez....topaz yumaf....cirrocumulus 10 alodob....tribe alodeb....tribal chief alomez....opal alomaf....cirrus Rule #4: Overlapping When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau. Examples: + Overlapping in Compounds First Word Second Word Portmanteau dom....city mep....road domep....boulevard pat....bird teub....mouth pateub....beak pat....bird tub....arm patub....wing teupib....tooth byok....pain teypibyok....toothache In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided. Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word. Examples: edob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen) udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess) By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant: Examples: mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant. Example: tob  ⇘  (-b = organism) (t- = human)        ⇒   tof....clothing, apparel (n- = commercial)   ⇒   nof....cloth, fabric nof  ⇗  (-f = cloth) + Swapping Generic Consonants Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Derived Word tob....human nov....linen tov....lingerie tab....body nof....cloth taf....suit teb....head nof....cloth tef....hat tib....trunk nof....cloth tif....vest tyoyab....foot nof....cloth tyoyaf....shoe tyoyab....foot nov....linen tyoyav....sock tuyab....hand nof....cloth tuyaf....glove doob*....nation nof....cloth doof....flag taob*....flesh tol....food taol....meat * This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds. Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female. To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w. To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y. Examples: + Marking Animate Nouns for Gender Gender-Neutral Male Female tob....human being twob....man toyb....woman tobet....young person twobet....boy toybet....girl ted....parent twed....father teyd....mother it....he/she/it wit....he iyt....she apat....cock apwat....rooster apayt....hen toob....gender twoob....male tooyb....female Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.: + Making Inanimate Objects Female-related Male-oriented or Neutral Female-oriented taf....suit tayf....dress tyoyav....sock tyoyayv....stockings tiav....shirt tiayv....blouse Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness: + Body Parts Genderized Neutral Male-oriented Female-oriented tilab....breast twilab....male breast tilayb....female breast twiyib....testicals tiyiyb....ovary tiyub....sexual organ twiyub....penis tiyuyb....vagina In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender. However a word like dezut can be made specifically masculine by suffixing (t)wob (man), thus, dezutwob....male actor. Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy. Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings. Geo-specific Vowels: o  =  outer space, abstract object, initial stuff a  =  sky, air, gas e  =  land, soil, solid i  =  sea, water, liquid u  =  underground, mineral, concrete object, other Examples: + Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels m...p m...m d...p p...t m...l Space mop....orbit mom....space dop....military pot....mol....nature Sky map....wind mam....sky dap....air force pat....bird mal....air Land mep....road mem....land dep....army pet....land animal mel....soil Water mip....river mim....sea dip....marine force pit....fish mil....water Underground (or other) mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....stuff This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject. Examples: + Hybrid nouns First-level Derivation + Geospecific Vowel Second-level Derivation pet....land animal i....water, sea peit....aquatic mammal pelt....insect a....air, sky pelat....flying insect mel....soil i....water, sea meil....mud mil....water a....air, gas mial....vapor Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema: + Vectorial Vowel Values A U a↓ ↓a ↑ya ya↑ I u → eye → i → u e ye i → → yu E yi → yu → → yi ↑o o↑ yo↓ ↓yo O Explanation of the above chart: If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words. The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values. If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact. Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement. + Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart A position on, above, north amer....north a movement (free) on baer....lean a movement (contact) ontoaber....put on ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise O position under, lower, south omer....south o movement (free) off boer....hang o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise U position left, west umer....west u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch I position right, east imer....east i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate E position center, equator emer....equator e rest between eb....between e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter ye (contact) up against, strike pyexer....strike Special value of certain vowels The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular: aot....person, individual anota....alone, solitary anay....only aun....unit The prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural: yat....we, us yanot....constituent yanota....communal yanotyan....community yan....together Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart. yon....apart yanota....communal vs. yonota....private yanxer....to combine vs. yonxer....to separate Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning. For example, the mnemonic eu pattern from the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning: + Mnemonic Pattern Derivation Pattern Wordteub....mouth Classifier Generic teud....shout t = human d = communication teuz....voice t = human z = art deuz....song d = communication z = art seuz....tone s = thing z = art seux....sound s = thing x = action xeus....noise x = action s = thing teuf....muzzle t = human f = apparel teuv....mask t = human v = linen teus....taste t = human s = thing deup....rhythm d = communication p = motion + More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations Pattern Wordteab....eye (t)ea- = see Generic teaper....visit " " " p = go teader....witness " " " d = say teaxer....look " " " x = do teaser....seem " " " s = be teater....see " " " t = know keaxer....scan ke- = seek x = do vyaleaxer....check vyal- = certain x = do yoneater....distinguish yon- = apart t = know beaxer....guard be- = hold x = do teatier....perceive -i- = subject-directed teatuer....show -u- = object-directed Pattern Wordteeb....ear (t)ee- = hear Generic teeper....attend " " " p = go teeder....testify " " " d = say teexer....listen " " " x = do teeser....sound (like) " " " s = be teeter....hear " " " t = know keexer....scan (acoustically) ke- = seek x = do koteexer....snoop on ko- = hide x = do vyaleexer....sound out vyal- = certain x = do teetier....get wind of -i- = subject-oriented teetuer....make heard -u- = patient-oriented zyateetuer....rumor zya- = all around -u- = patient-oriented A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion. Examples: + Shortening Long Compounds Word 1 Word 2 Long Compound Shortened Compound ekpet....horse teuder....make a noise *ekpeteuder ekpeder....neigh serpyet....snake teuder....make a noise *serpyeteuder sepyeder....hiss vifeyb....grape il....liquid *vifebil....grape juice vifil....wine povob....grain il....liquid *povobil povil....beer Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long. Examples: + From Full Words to Stubs Compound New Stub Derivation tilabil....breast milk bil....milk bilyug....butter fauf....log -uf....(stub suffix for types of) cylinder muf....rod, stick zyeg....hole -yeg....(stub suffix for types of) hole, hollow thing mufyeg....pipe The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds: bilyig....cheese bilyigem....cheese factory bilyug....butter bilyugyena....butter-like The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed, cylinder Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation. These nuances are obtained by: Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel. These vowels are: a for a and ya e for e and ye i for i and yi o for o and yo u for u and yu Examples: + Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel Word Nuanced Derivation nad....line naad....rail dob....state doob....nation vyab....rule vyayab....system boka....sick booka....tired nog....degree noog....phase bil....milk biil....juice Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity: + Deintensification with Post-y-gliding Word Mitigated Derivation ifer....love iyfer....like iva....happy iyva....glad zyutom....tower zyutoym....turret ama....hot ayma....warm oma....cold oyma....cool Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity: + Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding Word Enhanced Derivation pot....wild animal pyot....predator animal pat....bird pyat....bird of prey tod....family tyod....people oma....cold yoma....frozen nuxer....pay nyuxer....deliver nexer....save nyexer....store teb....head tyeb....brain tep....mind tyep....intellect Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r: + Intensification with L and R Word L-Intensitifed R-Intensified ifer....love ifler....be fond of ifrer....adore iva....happy ivla....content ivra....delighted vaa....affirmative vlaa....sure vraa....indubitable aga....big agla....huge agra....immense ga....more gala....multiple gara....exponential baer....lean on baler....press barer....crush yexer....work yexler....labor yexrer....toil, slave yixer....use yixler....hire yixrer....exploit Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant: Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.: + Creating Nuances with Other Consonants Word Nuanced Derivation fia....good fika....perfectfira....excellent fua....bad futa....wickedfura....rotten gea....equal geta....identicalgela....alike vyaa....true vyaka....correctvyama....real vyoa....false vyoka....incorrectvyoma....fake yiga....hard yigza....souryigla....bruskyigra....brutal yuga....soft yugfa....smoothyugla....tenderyugra....mild Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa: + Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance Word Nuanced Derivation nab....row nap....order vyava....just vyafa....precise jwab....minute jwap....moment jweb....second jwep....instant tab....body tap....physique teb....head tep....mind tob....person top....soul, animus nov....linen nof....cloth naz....value nas....money nag....dimension nak...unit of measurement Rule #12: Reduplication Repeating a word, or reduplication, is a way of intensifying it. Here are some examples of reduplication: xeus....noise --> xeusxeus....racket, hubbub, uproar pas....movement --> paspas....commotion, bustle, tumult bas....stir --> basbas....brouhaha, ado, kerfuffle Technical Nomenclature The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features. Zoological Nomenclature 100% thumb| The names of animals are formed in a systematic way. Base Names First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p (mobile) and end with t (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures. The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below: + Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms Type Air = a Water = i Land = e Anywhere = o Ordinary pat....bird pit....fish pet....domestic land animal pot....wild animal Predatory pyat....raptor pyit....predatory fish pyet....reptile pyot....predatory animal Hybridpiat....waterfowlpelat....flying insectpaet....flightless bird piit....crustaceanpilt....marine invertebratepeit....mammalian fishpyeit....mollusk payet....flying reptilepiyet....batracianpeyet....wormpelt....insect piot....aquatic mammal Derived Names The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the Linnaean taxonomy. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name Canidae (canids). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. Ca in Latin is pronounced ka. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix ka to the base name for domestic land animal pet, yielding kapet (dog). All other members of the dog family end in pot (feral animal) or pyot (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, prairie dog (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by ci3xi2ro1pot from Ro1dentia Sci2uridae Cy3nomys, where pot is the basic animal type wild animal. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable ro from the Latin "order" taxon Rodentia, while all squirrel names will have the syllable xi from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon Sciuridae (xiuriday). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family: Canidae (dog family) > kapet...the common domestic dog (only one species, Canis familiaris) kapot...wild dog kapyot...predatory dog Species under kapyot are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names: Canis lupus > lukapyot...gray wolf (or just wolf) Canis latrans > lakapyot...coyote, prairie wolf Canis latrans lestes > leslakapyot...mountain coyote Canis aurus > awkapyot > jackal, golden jackal Canis aurus curensis > kurawkapyot....Indochinese jackal Canis vulpus > vulkapyot...fox, red fox If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is awkapyot and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from curensis would normally be ku, but it has to be extended to kur because the base begins in a vowel. The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart: + Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences Latin/Greek Spelling Latin Sound Mirad Spelling Example au aw aw aurus....aw- eu ew ew europa....ew- aiae ay ay aegyptus....ay- ei ey ey ey Rheidae....ey oe oy oy Foeniculum....oy ua wa wa suavis....swa ca/co/cu ka/ko/ku ka/ko/ku canis....ka ce/ci/cy || che/chi/chi || ce/ci/cy || cypris....ci|- | y || i || i || cypris....i|- | g || g || g || Geococcyx/Gastropoda....g|- | ch || k || k || Chiroptera....ki|- | ph || f || f ||Sphyrapicus....f|- | rh || r || r || Rheidae....ey|- | x || ks || ks || Loxodonta....ks|- | qu || kw || kw || Quercus....kw|- | j || y || j || julianus....ju|- | sci || shi || xi || Sciuridae....xi|- | th || t || t || Thunnus....t|- | cci || ksi || ksi || Vaccinus....ksi|} Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for Cinnamomum would be cin. The Latin letter j is represented in Mirad with j even though it is pronounced like a y. This is for better recognizability. Genderized and Other Forms Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name: kapet....dog ====> kapeyt....bitch vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkapyoyt....vixen Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name: ekpet....horse ====> ekpwet....stallion ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopwet....ram vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkpyowt....dog fox Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name: bopet....bovine ====> bopweot....ox gafapat....cock ====> gafapweot....capon The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child: ekpet....horse ====> ekpetud....colt kapet....dog ====> kapetud....pup ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetud....lamb The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if: kapet....dog ====> kapetif....puppy fepet....cat ====> fepetif....kitty The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og: supet....pig ====> supetog....piggy ekpet....horse ====> ekpetog....pony Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal ekpet....horse can serve as an example: + Derivations of Horse Variation Mirad Name English Name Adult ekpethorse Male ekpwetstallion Female ekpeytmare Offspring ekpetudcolt Female Offspring ekpetuydfilly Small adult ekpetogpony Gelded ekpweotgelding Animal Sounds The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der: ekpet....horse ====> ekpeder....to neigh kapet....dog ====> kapeder....to bark pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp serpyet....snake ====> serpyeder....to hiss A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan: lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotyan....a pride of lions ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetyan....a herd of sheep pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go: serpyet....snake ====> serpeper....to slither lapet....rabbit ====> lapeper....to hop ekpet....horse ====> ekpeper....to gallop The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in l (a stub for tel, meaning food): supet....pig ====> supel....pork supetyob....hog leg ====> supetyol....ham bopet....steer ====> bopel....beef ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopel....mutton bopetud....calf ====> bopetul....veal appelat....bee ====> appelatel....honey The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name: supet....pig ====> supetam....pigsty gafapayt....chicken ====> gafapaytam....chicken coop lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotam....lion's den kapet....dog ====> kapetam....doghouse forpelt....ant ====> forpeltam....anthill appelat....bee ====> appelatam....bee hive pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair Dog Breeds thumb| Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to kapet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site []. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership. The base of the dog breed name is kapet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel o, so bokepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed. As an example: To get the name for basset hound: Start with the word for dog: kapet. This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to kapet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one. The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-. hakapet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha kapet....the dog.). A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed: ihakapet is a "small-sized scent hound" A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gebaroma is placed in front, separated by a space: Gebaroma awahikapet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: awahikapet Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site. Group 1 = bokapet....sheepdogs/cattledogs Section 1 = bakapet....sheepdogs Belgian only entry = Belima bakapet....Belgian shepherd dog German only entry = Deuma bakapet....German shepherd Section 2 = bekapet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ebekapet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan) Group 2 = cokapet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs Section 1 = cakapet....pinscher/schnauzer type Section 2 = cekapet....Molossian type Section 3 = cikapet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs Group 3 = dokapet....terriers Section 1 = dakapet....large and medium-sized terriers Great Britain 9th entry = Gebaroma yudakapet....Welsh terrier Section 2 = dakapet....small-sized terriers Section 3 = dekapet....bull type terriers Great Britain 3rd entry = Gebaroma idekapet....Staffordshire bull terrier Section 4 = dakapet....toy terriers Group 4 = fokapet....dachshunds Germany only entry = fakapet....dachshund Group 5 = gokapet....spitz and primitive types Section 1 = gakapet....nordic sledge dogs USA 1st entry = agakapet....Siberian husky Section 2 = gekapet....nordic hunting dogs Section 3 = gikapet....nordic watchdogs/herders Section 4 = gukapet....European spits Section 5 = gyokapet....Asian spitz and related breeds Section 6 = gyakapet....primitive types Section 7 = gyekapet....hunting dogs Group 6 = hokapet....scent hounds and related breeds Section 1 = hakapet....scent hounds Subsection 1.1 = ahakapet....large-sized hounds USA 1st entry = Usoma awahakapet....American foxhound Subsection 1.2 = ehakapet....medium-sized hounds Great Britain only entry = Gebaroma ehakapet....harrier Subsection 1.3 = ihakapet....small-sized hounds Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma awihakapet....basset hound Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ewihakapet....beagle Group 7 = jokapet....pointing dogs Section 1 = jakapet....continental pointing dogs Section 2 = jekapet....British and Irish pointers and setters Group 8 = kakapet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs Section 1 = kakapet....retrievers Section 2 = kekapet....flushing dogs Section 3 = kikapet....water dogs Group 9 = lokapet....companion and toy dogs Section 1 = lakapet....bichons Section 2 = lekapet....poodles France only entry = Ferama lekapet....poodle Section 3 = likapet....small Belgian dogs Section 4 = lukapet....hairless dogs Section 5 = lyokapet....Tibetan breeds Tibet 2nd entry = Tibama elekapet....shih tzu Section 6 = lyakapet....Chihuahueno Mexico only entry = Mexuma lyakapet....chihuahua Section 7 = lyekapet....English toy spaniels Section 8 = lyikapet....Japan Chin and Pekingese Section 9 = lyukapet....continental toy spaniel and others Section 10 = lalokapet....Kromforhländer Section 10 = lalekapet....small Molossian type dogs Group 10 = mokapet....sight hounds Section 1 = makapet....long-haired sighthounds Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma amakapet....greyhound Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma emakapet....whippet Section 2 = mekapet....rough-haired sighthounds Section 3 = mikapet....short-haired sighthounds Cat Breeds The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See . You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat fepet. This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list: + Creating Cat Breed Names CFA Name First LettersLowercase NumberIf Any + fepet Mirad Name American Shorthair am a + fepet amafepet American Wirehair am e + fepet amefepet Balinese bal bal + fepet balfepet Bengal ben ben + fepet benfepet Color Nomenclature The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue. The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The zeroth-color is no color, simple blank, clear, or transparent. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Basic Color Words |- ! 0 - clear !! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - indigo |- | ||bgcolor="#d30000"| ||bgcolor="#fc6600"| ||bgcolor="#fff200"| ||bgcolor="#3bb143"| ||bgcolor="#0018f9"| || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#4b0082"| |- | olza || alza || elza || ilza || ulza || yolza || yalza || yelza|} There are some other common colors: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Basic Color Words |- |bgcolor="white"|      || malza....white ||(Associated with man (light) |- |bgcolor="#7c4700"|      || melza....brown ||(Associated with mel (soil) |- |bgcolor="#222021"|      ||molza....black ||(Associated with mon (dark) |- |bgcolor="#828282"|      ||maolza....gray ||(A blend of malza and molza) |- |bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|     ||aolza....pink ||(A blend of olza....clear and alza....red) |} All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example: mecirufeb-ulza....lime green from mecirufeb....lime fruit + ulza....green mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue licirufeb-ilza....lemon yellow from licirufeb....lemon + ilza....yellow salpyit-alza....salmon red magmef-alza....firebrick red mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner: A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these: oz-....-ish, light- az-....bright-, dark- kyu-....light- maz-....bright- eyn-....semi- etc. Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel: maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a: Ulz se via volz.....Green is a beautiful color. At gaife yalzayn.....I prefer dark blue. Colors can also be used to form verbs: Iyta teobi alzasa.....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed). His se fia teubip malzaxus.....This is a good teeth whitener. Eta teupibi ilzaseye.....Your teeth are yellowing. Rarely Used Colors The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz. The adjectival form of this color is aselza. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names. Skin colors thumb| When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz. Thus: (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person (tayob)olzat....albino hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone hyatayovolzati....people of all colors Duhotayovolza iyt se?....What skin color is she? Hair Colors Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant or y. The word for hair color is tayevolz. tayebalza....red-headed, auburn tayebalzayt....an auburn female tayemolza....brunette tayemelza....brown-haired tayebiylza....blond tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early. Duhotayevolza iyt se?....What color hair is she? Eye Colors Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides: teayolza....blue-eyed teabulza....green-eyed teamelza....brown-eyed teamelzat....brown-eyed person teamolz....a black eye teamalz....the white of the eye Duhoteavolza et se?....What color eyes do you have? Chemical Nomenclature thumb| The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H. So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he. By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk. Use the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha. + Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names Lowercase a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mirad Name a ba ca da e fe ge he i ji ki li mi ni o po ko ro so to u vu wu xu yu zu Coding Chemical Elements The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed: + Coding Chemical Elements English Element Name Abbreviation Mirad Name silver Ar arolk iron Fe feelk hydrogen H helk nitrogen N nilk mercury Hg hegelk darmstadtium Ds dasolk In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound. Chemical compounds such as H2O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner. The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk). The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe. The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed. The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iyd, giving enheolkiyd Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below: Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are: Chemical Compound Suffixes + Chemical Suffix Equivalents English Suffix Mirad Equivalent English Example Mirad Equivalent -ide -iyd sulfide solkiyd -ite -iyt sulfite solkiyt -ate -ayt sulfate solkayt -ine -iyn iodine ilkiyn -ane -ayn methane ahelkayn -ene -eyn benzene ehelkeyn -one -oyn ketone ketoyn -ine --iyn alanine alaniyn -ic -a ferric feelka -ous aya ferrous feelkaya Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n. : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart. The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes: + Numeric Prefixes Number Prefix Example a....mono- an anolkiyd....monoxide (O) e....bi-/di- en encalkayt....bicarbonate (C2) i....tri- in inolkiyd-....trioxide (O3) u....tetr(a)- un unolkiyd-....tetroxide (O4) yo....pent(a)- yown yownolkiyd-....pentoxide (O5) ya....hex(a)- yawn yawnolkiyd....hexoxide (O6) ye....hept(a)- yen yenolkiyd....heptoxide (O7) yi....oct(o)- yin yinolkiyd-....octoxide (O8) yu....non(a)- yun yunolkiyd-....nonoxide (O9) alo....dec(a)- alon alonolkayt-....decoxidate (O10) Examples: carbon dioxide (C2O)....calk enolkiyd sodium bicarbonate (Na2C)....nialk encalkayt calcium dihydrogen phosphate....caalk enhelk polkayt glucose (C6H12O6)....yawncaalanheyaonolk (or: sakolos) methanol (C3HOH)....cainheohelk Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iyd, -iyt, and -ayt, etc. Names of Atomic Parts The word for atom in Mirad is gwomulk, which literally is least particle. The main particles in an atom are: vamulk....proton (positive) vemulk....neutron (neutral) vomulk....electron (negative) Every atom contains mulki (subatomic particles). thumb|392x392px|The Standard Model classification of particles The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart above, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See wikipedia:Subatomic_particle ). hamulk....hadron mi-hamulk....meson pimi-hamulk....pion kami-hamulk....kaon ba-hamulk....baryon lambda-ba-hamulk....lambda baryon vamulk....proton vemulk....neutron vomulk....electron zemulk....nucleon alfamulk....alpha particle fermimulk....fermion oogmulk....nanoparticle kyinazon mulk....graviton bamulk....boson particle agha-bamulk....higgs particle agwu-bamulk....W boson agzu-bamulk....Z boson gamma-bamulk....photon ge-bamulk....gluon qomulk....quark ba-qomulk....bottom quark ca-qomulk....charm quark da-qomulk....down quark ov-qomulk....antiparticle, antiquark penta-qomulk....penta quark tetra-qomulk....tetra quark to-qomulk....top quark u-qomulk....up quark so-qomulk....strange quark limulk....lepton gamma-limulk....photon (also: manmulk) mu-limulk....muon pi-limulk....pion tau-limulk....tau nu-e-limulk....electron neutrino nu-mu-limulk....muon neutrino nu-tau-limulk....tau neutrino e-limulk....electron (also: vomulk) The nucleus of an atom is called zemulk. Therefore, zemulka means nuclear. Musical Nomenclature Musical Instruments The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played. thumb|Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music + Musical Instruments Mirad English Bowed-String aduzar violin eduzar violin alto iduzar cello, violoncello uduzareona uduzar bassdouble bass yoduzar viola yaduzar fiddle yeduzar viol yuduzar hardanger fiddle aloduzar kemenche aladuzar nyckelharpa aleduzar rebab Woodwind faduzar flute feduzar oboe fiduzar clarinet fuduzar bassoon fyoduzar French harp, harmonica fyaduzar recorder fyeduzar bagpipe fyiduzar didgeridoo fyuduzar piccolo faloduzar fife, hornpipe faladuzar ocarina, ocarine faleduzar sheng faliduzar duduk faluduzar bansuri falyoduzar suling Brass 🎷 voduzar horn vaduzar trumpet veduzar trombone vuduzar-- avuduzar-- evuduzar--ivuduzar saxophone-- tenor saxophone-- alto saxophone-- bass saxophone vyoduzar tuba vyaduzar bugle vyeduzar French horn vyiduzar cornet vyuduzar baritone horn valoduzar alto horn valaduzar euphonium valeduzar flugelhorn validuzar sousaphone valuduzar clarion valyoduzar mellophone valyaduzar climbasso valyeduzar ophicleide Percussion kaduzar-- akaduzar-- ekaduzar-- ikaduzar-- ukaduzar-- yokaduzar-- yakaduzar-- yekaduzar-- yikaduzar-- yukaduzar-- alokaduzar-- alakaduzar-- alekaduzar-- alikaduzar-- alukaduzar drum-- snare drum-- bass drum-- tenor drum-- steel drum-- bongo drum-- timbrel-- kettledrum-- hang drum-- tupan-- taiko-- spring drum-- octoban-- candombe drum-- steel tongue drum keduzar glockenspiel kiduzar vibraphone kuduzar marimba kyoduzar tubular bell gaduzar triangle geduzar gong giduzar castanet guduzar rattle gyoduzar xylophone gyaduzar maraca gyeduzar cajón gyiduzar cymbal gyuduzar tambourine galoduzar steelpan galaduzar wind chime galeduzar chime bar galiduzar celeste galuduzar clapper galyoduzar Jew's harp galyaduzar bazooka galyeduzar waterphone galyiduzar balafon galyuduzar boomwhackers geloduzar udu geladuzar thunder sheet Keyboard 🎹 raduzar-- utekea raduzar-- agala raduzar-- sem raduzar piano-- player piano-- grand piano-- keyboard reduzar clavichord riduzar harpsichord ruduzar-- mufyeg ruduzar-- maka ruduzar organ-- pipe organ-- electric organ ryoduzar accordion ryaduzar dulcimer ryeduzar calliope ryiduzar melodica ryuduzar concertina Guitar 🎸 baduzar-- seuxa baduzar-- maka baduzar-- yoba baduzar guitar-- accoustic guitar-- electric guitar-- bass guitar beduzar banjo biduzar lute buduzar harp byoduzar mandolin byaduzar ukelele byeduzar zither byiduzar lyre byuduzar cithara, kithara baloduzar sitar baladuzar veena baleduzar koto baliduzar balalaika baluduzar charango balyoduzar hurdy-gurdy Voice Ranges + Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani) Mirad English Meaning Women yabdeuztoyb soprano "high-voice-female" zeyabdeuztoyb mezzo-soprano "high-ish-voice-female" yobdeuztoyb alto, contralto "low-voice-female" Men yabdeuztwob tenor "high-voice-male" zeyabdeuztwob baritone "middle-high-voice-male" yobdeuztwob bass"low-voice-male" vyoyabdeuztwob falsetto "false-high-voice-male" Boys yabdeuztwobet treble "high-voice-boy" Suffix these nouns with -a to make the above vocal range adjectives, eg.: His se yabdeuztwoba duznod.....This is a tenor note. Solmization Syllables The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world: + Solmization Syllables do re mi fa sol la ti do Musical Score Elements thumb The semitone or accidental symbols are: + Accidentals ENGLISH NAME SYMBOL MIRAD NAME ENGLISH EXAMPLE MIRAD EXAMPLE MIRAD PRONUNCIATION flat 𝄬 yobwa (=lowered) B flat B yobwa ba YOBwa sharp 𝄰 yabwa (=raised) C sharp C yabwa ca YABwa natural 𝄮 egxwa (=normalized) F natural F egxwa fe EGxwa Some staff notation: + Staff Notation English Name Symbol Mirad Name staff 𝄙 nuidyan treble clef, G clef 𝄞 G yijar C clef 𝄡 C yijar base clef, F clef 𝄢 F yijar note nod half note 𝅗𝅥 eyna nod quarter note 𝅘𝅥 uyna nod whole note 𝅝 ayna nod quarter rest 𝄽 uyna poys eighth note 𝅘𝅥𝅮 yiyna nod bar, measure 𝄀 nodzyan ligature yanxus Characteristic Features of Music + Characteristic Features of Music Mirad Englishdeup beatseupan cadencejes durationzoyteuz echoyanseuz harmonyduznegpitchijduzneg keydruz lyricagala duzmus major scaleduznag measureduznad melodyduzjob temponak meterogala duzmus minor scaleduz musicyinig octavebyes pulsezoyseuzen resonancedeupyan rhythmduzmus scaleduzdreyn scoreseux soundduzigan temposeuzvolz timbreseuz toneyanseuzchord, harmonicaybseuzovertonedeuzunog tunedeuz voiceseuxnid volume Dynamics Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad. These include: a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others. Types of Arrangements + Musical Arrangements English Mirada capella songa kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzarianthemfizdeuzun, tezdeuzunantiphonduiddeuzunariaarya, awat deuzunarrangementnapbeynart songtuz deuzballaddaz deuz, ifonkex deuzunbattle hymndropek deuzunbird songpat deuzunbroadway songBroadway deuzuncampfire songtamoftem deuzuncantatakantatacanticleefyadeuzuncarolivdeuzunchantyagdeuzunchoral arrangementdeuzutyan napxeynChristmas carolKristtaj ivdeuzunclassical songvisauna deuzuncompositionduzdrunconcertokoncertocountry songodom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzundance songdaz deuzundirgeuvdeuzundittydeuzogdoggerel versedizdeuzundrinking songtilien deuzunduetewat (deuzun)folksongtyoyd deuzungleeGebama deuzungospel songfyadin deuzunhip hop songhip hop deuzunhit songagakus deuzunhymnfyadeuzun instrumentalduzarunjinglenundeuzunogkaraoke songkaraoke deuzunlove songifon deuzunlullabytudet deuzunlute songriduzar deuzunmadrigalduzuka deuzunmarching songdoptyopen deuzunmedleyebmulxwa deuzyanmetal songmug deuzunmusical numberduzunold standardajdeuzunoperadyuz, dyuzunoratoriooratoryopaeanakrun deuzunpartsonggon deuzunpatter songdeuzigpop songtyoda deuzunpsalmafyadeuzunrock songrok deuzunroundzoydea deuzunsea shantymim deuzshow tuneduez deuzunsignature songujak deuzunslow jambluz deuzunsoliloquyawat, awat deuzunsoloawat (duzun), awat (deuzun)songdeuzunspiritual, negro spiritualtopa deuzunsporting songtapifek deuzunsymphonyviduzunyagtheme songtexzena deuztorch songifonok uvdeuzunvaudeville songVaudeville deuzunWienerliedViena deuzun Musicians + Musicians English Miradmusicianduzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwobinstrumentalistduzarutviolinistaduzarutconductorduzdeb, duzutyanebsoloistanduzutsinger, vocalistdeuzutdanseurdyaztwobballerinadyazuyt, dyaztoybdancerdazut, dazuytopera singerdyuzut, dyuzuytoperatist, librettistdyuzdrutcomposerduzdrutlyricist, songwriterdeuzdrutdance conductordazeb(symphony) orchestraduzarutyanphilharmonic orchestraduzarutyanagchorus, chorale deuzutyandance troupedazutyan Song Parts + Song Parts Mirad Englishujgoncodaijgonintroebekinterludeijekfinalegawijunreprisegawdeuzunrefrainagalduznadthemenadyanversezeymepbridgegawdwaschorusujnadyanoutro Music Genres Some genres and styles of music: + Genres of Music Mirad Englisha kapella, boy duzaria capellayugtaxea duzambiantUsoma tyoyduzAmerican folkUsoma egona duzAmerican standardyizejnaavant gardeBarokaBaroqueyolza vabbluegrassbluzbluesBolliwudBollywoodbossa novabossa novakalipsocalypsoKelta yagdeuzCeltic chantCanima tyoyduzChinese folkCanima ajutbyena dyuzChinese traditional operajejoba deupyan ay bluzcontemporary R&Bmaima bluzcountry bluesmaima duzcountry musicmaima popcountry popmaima rapcountry rapmaima rokcountry rockdazam popdancehall popdiskodiscodu-wopdoo-wopmaka dauzelectronic dance music (EDM)yugtaxea duzelevator musicEuma diskoEuro-discojwayekaexperimentalflamenkoflamencofunkfunkGregoria yagdeuzGregorian chanthip-hophip-hophonki-tonkhonky-tonkhyusuna rokIndie rockjazjazzmakjazjazztronicajujujujufyaxela duzliturgical musicmajikamajikamamomambomerengwemerenguemesitzomesitzomugmetalMixuma duzMexicanseuz bi NaxvilNashville soundEjna Orleans bluzNew Orleans bluesdyuzoperarancerarancheraraprapregereggaedeupyan ay blus, ro-ay-barhythm & bluesrok-ay-rolrock & rollsalsasalsasambasambaskaskagaloduzaruta duzsteel band musicswingswingTehanoTejanoeyntuj duztrance musicZumera visaunaWestern classicalZumeryenaWesternzidekozydeco Geographic Placenames As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants. Countries of the World thumb| Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter m is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.: Example 1: Burundi is translated as follows: The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI. BDI is lowercased to bdi b is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell ba. Since d is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: d. The vowel i is left as is: i m is appended for place: badim The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Badim BDI (Burundi) = Badim. Example 2: Uzbekistan is translated as follows: The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB. UZB is lowercased to uzb u is left as is: u. z is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: zu b is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: ba m is appended for place: uzubam The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Uzubam UZB (Uzbekistan) = Uzubam. + Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) ISO English Mirad ABW ArubaAbawum AFG AfghanistanAfegem AGO AngolaAgom AIA AnguillaAiam ALA Åland IslandsAlam ALB AlbaniaAlibam AND AndorraAnidam ANT Netherlands AntillesAnitom ARE United Arab EmiratesArem ARG ArgentinaArogem ARM ArmeniaAromim ASM American SamoaAsomim ATA AntarcticaAtam ATF French Southern TerritoriesAtofem ATG Antigua and BarbudaAtogem AUS AustraliaAusom AUT AustriaAutom AZE AzerbaijanAzem BDI BurundiBadim BEL BelgiumBelim BEN BeninBenim BFA Burkina FasoBafam BGD BangladeshBagedam BGR BulgariaBagerom BHR BahrainBaherom BHS The Bahamas|BahamasBahesom BIH Bosnia and HerzegovinaBihem BLM Saint BarthélemyBalimim BLR BelarusBalirom BLZ BelizeBalizum BMU BermudaBamum BOL BoliviaBolim BRA BrazilBaram BRB BarbadosBarobam BRN Brunei DarussalamBaronim BTN BhutanBatonim BVT Bouvet IslandBavutom BWA BotswanaBawam CAF Central African RepublicCafem CAN CanadaCanim CCK Cocos IslandsCacakim CHE SwitzerlandCahem CHL ChileCahelim CHN ChinaCahenim CIV Côte d'IvoireCivum CMR CameroonCamirom COD Democratic Republic of the CongoCodam COG Republic of the CongoCogem COK Cook IslandsCokim COL ColombiaColim COM ComorosComim CPV Cape VerdeCapovum CRI Costa RicaCarim CUB CubaCubam CXR Christmas IslandCaxurom CYM Cayman IslandsCayumim CYP CyprusCayupom CZE CzechiaCazem DEU GermanyDeum DJI DjiboutiDajim DMA DominicaDamam DNK DenmarkDanikim DOM Dominican RepublicDomim DZA AlgeriaDazam ECU EcuadorEcum EGY EgyptEgeyum ERI EritreaErim ESH Western SaharaEsohem ESP SpainEsopom EST EstoniaEsotom ETH EthiopiaEtohem FIN FinlandFinim FJI FijiFejim FLK Falkland Islands (Malvinas)Felikim FRA FranceFeram FRO Faroe IslandsFerom FSM Federated States of MicronesiaFesomim GAB GabonGabam GBR United KingdomGebarom GEO GeorgiaGeom GGY GuernseyGegeyum GHA GhanaGeham GIB GibraltarGibam GLP GuadeloupeGelipom GMB GambiaGemibam GNB Guinea-BissauGenibam GNQ Equatorial GuineaGeniqom GRC GreeceGerocam GRD GrenadaGerodam GRL GreenlandGedolim GTM GuatemalaGetomim GUF French GuianaGufem GUM GuamGumim GUY GuyanaGuyum HKG Hong KongHekigem HMD Heard Island and McDonald IslandsHemidam HND HondurasHenidam HRV CroatiaHerovum HTI HaitiHetim HUN HungaryHunim IDN IndonesiaIdanim IMN Isle of ManIminim IND IndiaInidam IOT British Indian Ocean TerritoryIotom IRL Republic of IrelandIrolim IRN IranIronim IRQ IraqIroqom ISL IcelandIsolim ISR IsraelIsorom ITA ItalyItam JAM JamaicaJamim JEY JerseyJeyum JOR JordanJorom JPN JapanJiponim KAZ KazakhstanKazum KEN KenyaKenim KGZ KyrgyzstanKigezum KHM CambodiaKihemim KIR KiribatiKirom KNA Saint Kitts and NevisKinam KOR Korea, Republic ofKorom KWT KuwaitKiwutom LAO LaosLaom LBN LebanonLibanim LBR LiberiaLibarom LBY LibyaLibayum LCA Saint LuciaLicam LIE LiechtensteinLiem LKA Sri LankaLikam LSO LesothoLisom LTU LithuaniaLitum LUX LuxembourgLuxum LVA LatviaLivam MAC MacaoMacam MAF Saint MartinMafem MAR MoroccoMarom MCO MonacoMicom MDA MoldovaMidam MDG MadagascarMidagem MDV MaldivesMidavum MEX MexicoMexum MHL Marshall IslandsMihelim MKD Republic of MacedoniaMikidam MLI MaliMilim MLT MaltaMilitom MMR MyanmarMimirom MNE MontenegroMinem MNG MongoliaMinigem MNP Northern Mariana IslandsMinipom MOZ MozambiqueMozum MRT MauritaniaMirotom MSR MontserratMisorom MTQ MartiniqueMitoqom MUS MauritiusMusom MWI MalawiMiwim MYS MalaysiaMiyusom MYT MayotteMiyutom NAM NamibiaNamim NCL New CaledoniaNicalim NER NigerNerom NFK Norfolk IslandNifekim NGA NigeriaNigam NIC NicaraguaNicam NOR NorwayNorom NIU NiueNium NLD NetherlandsNilidam NPL NepalNipolim NRU NauruNirum NZL New ZealandNizulim OMN OmanOminim PAK PakistanPakim PAN PanamaPanim PCN Pitcairn IslandsPocanim PER PeruPerom PHL PhilippinesPohelim PLW PalauPoliwum PNG Papua New GuineaPonigem POL PolandPolim PRI Puerto RicoPorim PRK North KoreaPorikim PRT PortugalPorotom PRY ParaguayPoroyum PSE Palestinian territoriesPosem PYF French PolynesiaPoyufem QAT QatarQatom REU RéunionReum ROU RomaniaRoum RUS RussiaRusom RWA RwandaRowam SAU Saudi ArabiaSaum SDN SudanSodanim SEN SenegalSenim SGP SingaporeSogepom SGS South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSogesom SHN Saint HelenaSohenim SJM Svalbard and Jan MayenSojimim SLB Solomon IslandsSolibam SLE Sierra LeoneSolem SLV El SalvadorSolivum SMR San MarinoSomirom SOM SomaliaSomim SPM Saint Pierre and MiquelonSopomim SRB SerbiaSorobam STP São Tomé and PríncipeSotopom SUR SurinameSurom SVK SlovakiaSovukim SVN SloveniaSovunim SWE SwedenSowem SWZ SwazilandSowuzum SYC SeychellesSoyucam SYR SyriaSoyurom TCA Turks and Caicos IslandsTocam TCD ChadTocadam TGO TogoTogom THA ThailandToham TJK TajikistanTojikim TKL TokelauTokilim TKM TurkmenistanTokimim TLS East TimorTolisom TON TongaTonim TTO Trinidad and TobagoTotom TUN TunisiaTunim TUR TurkeyTurim TUV TuvaluTuvum TWN TaiwanTowunim TZA TanzaniaTozam UGA UgandaUgam UKR UkraineUkirom UMI United States Minor Outlying IslandsUmim URY UruguayUroyum USA United StatesUsam UZB UzbekistanUzubam VAT Vatican CityVatom VCT Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesVucatom VEN VenezuelaVenim VGB British Virgin IslandsVugebam VIR United States Virgin IslandsVirom VNM VietnamVunimim VUT VanuatuVutom WLF Wallis and FutunaWulifem WSM SamoaWusomim YEM YemenYemim ZAF South AfricaZafem ZMB ZambiaZumibam ZWE ZimbabweZuwem The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg: Feram....France ==> Ferama....French Usam....United States ==> Usama....American Deum....Germany ==> Deuma....German The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final m of the placename to t (meaning person), eg: Feram....French ==> Ferat....a French person, a Frenchman The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg: Ferat....a French person ==> ha Ferati....the French Etohet....an Ethiopian ==> Etohetwob....an Ethiopian male Finit....a Finn ==> Finiyt....a Finnish woman Finitwob....a male Finn ==> Finitoyb....a female Finn Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: Ferama refers to the country of France, not the language French. French the language is Ferad. Occasionally, a country name can be made into a verb, eg: Usamaxer....to Americanize (trans.) Usamaser....to Americanize (intr.) Usamaxen....Americanization Feramaxer....to Frenchify (trans.) Feramaser....to become French (intr.) To say in a country, the preposition be is always used (not yeb): be Usam....in the U.S. be Venim....in Venezuela be Turim....in Turkey (or T&uumlaut;rkiye) Continents thumb The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes. + Continent Names Mirad English Ayanmal North America Oyanmel South America Iyanmel Asia Uyanmel Europe Eyanmel Africa Yoyanmel Oceania The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a: Iyanmela....Asian Uyanmela....European By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants: Eyanmelat....an African Ayanmelati....North Americans Note: The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America). Central America is expressed in Mirad by Zea Aoyanmel (Central America) The word Usam means United States of America or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America. The word Usamati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S. The word Ayanmelati is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada). The word Eyanmel-Usamat, or more briefly, Eusamat is used for African American. Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel. A Latino, Latina, or Latinx in the U.S. is called Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut. In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent. The preposition be is used to mean in or on a continent, eg.: Yit bese be Iyanmel.....They live in Asia. The word for island is yonmel (= separate land). An islander is yonmelat. The preposition be is used to mean on an island, eg: At fu beser be awas bi ha yonmeli bi Hawai.....I would like to live on one of the islands of Hawaii. Oceans The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag: + Ocean Names Mirad English Amimag Arctic Ocean Omimag Southern Ocean Imimag Pacific Ocean Umimag Atlantic Ocean Emimag Indian Ocean Compass Directions and Poles The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows: zamer....north / zamera....northern / zamernod....north pole zomer....south / zomera....southern / zomernod....south pole zimer....east / zimera....eastern zumer....west / zumera....western The words Yibzamer....Arctic and Yibzomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far. Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields: iz zamer....due north iz zomer....due south, etc. Directional words can be hybridized, eg: zaomera....north-south zuimera....east-west zaumera....north-west zaimera....north-east Earth Grid Lines The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows: zamernad....Arctic Circle zomernad....Antarctic Circle zaomernad....longitude zuimernad....latitude zemernad....equator abzemernad....Tropic of Capricorn obzemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer yizobzemernad....subtropic eymernad....meridian mamnad....horizon aonada....vertical uinada....horizontal zyenada....perpendicular Languages of the World thumb| Mirad names of languages are based on either: the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or: the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [of Congress ISO639-2 Codes]. If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final m or the country name with d. For example, Enigem (England), becomes Eniged (English). See Countries of the World. If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and d is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, ba + e becomes be. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"+ Mirad Language Names ISO Language Name Country or ISO Code Mirad Language Name Abkhazian abk Abakid Afar aar Aarod Afrikaans Zafem....South Africa Zafed Akan aka Akad (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) Albanian Alibam....Albania Alibad Amharic amh Amihed Arabic ara Arad Aragonese arg Aroged Armenian Aromim Heyud Assamese asm Asomid Avaric ava Avad Avestan ave Aved Aymara aym Ayumid Azerbaijani Azem....Azerbaijan Azed Bambara bam Bamid Bashkir bak Bakirod Basque baq Baqod Belarusian Balirom....Belarusia Balirod Bengali Bagedim....Bangladesh Bagedid Bislama bis Bisod Bosnian Bihem....Bosnia Bihed Breton bre Bared Bulgarian Bagerom....Bulgaria Bagerod Burmese Mimirom....Miyanmar Mimirod ...and so on... The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg: Eniged....(the) English (language) ==> Enigeda....(in the) English (language) Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible. The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg: Ferad....French ==> Ferader....to say in French Esopod....Spanish ==> Esopodaler....to speak Spanish Arad....Arabic ==> Aradxer....to Arabicize/translate into Arabic Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations. The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg: Eniged....English ==> Enigedut (or) Enigedalut....English speaker Duven et Enigedale?....Do you speak English? Aradu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic. At se Itadut/Itadalut.....I am a speaker of Italian. Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Language Variants |- ! Variation Category !! Example |- | Ajna....Old/Ancient || Ajna Eniged....Old English |- | Ejoba....Modern || Ejoba Perod....Modern Persian, Farsi |- | Visauna....Classical || Visauna Gerocad....Classical Greek |- | Vyirina....Puristic || Vyirina Gerocad....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek) |- | Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/Demotic || Tyoda Latod....Vulgar LatinTyoda Gerocad....Demotic Greek |- | Fyaxela....Liturgical || Fyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew |- | Fyadyesa....Biblical || Fyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew |- | Egona....Standard || Ejoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic |- | Egema....Egyptian || Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic |- | Usoma....American || Usoma Eniged....American English |} There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself. Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world) Umerad....Martian (Umer...Mars) Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Celid in Mirad. Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad. Cities and Their Residents Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Cities and Their Residents |- ! City !! Adjective !! Inhabitant |- | Paris....Paris || Parisyena....Parisian || Parisat....Parisian |- | Ejna York....New York || Ejna Yorka....of New York || Ejna Yorkat....New Yorker |- | Rom....Rome || Roma....Roman || Romat....Roman |- | Beijing....Beijing || Beijinga....of Beijing || Beijingat....resident of Beijing |- | Berlin....Berlin || Berlina....from Berlin || Berlinat....Berliner |} Examples: Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners. Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent. Playing Cards Notation The playing card suits and prime denominations are: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller" |+ Playing Card Suits |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | tiib || heart|| h |- | melukar || spade|| s |- | amez || diamond|| d |- | infayeb || club|| c |} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller" |+ High Cards plus the Joker |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | Az bi tiibi || ace of hearts||40px|thumb |- | Edweb bi melukari||king of spades||40px|thumb |- | Edeyb bi amezi||queen of diamonds||40px|thumb |- | Yuxtwobet bi infayebi || jack of clubs||40px|thumb |- | hihiduut || joker|| 40px|thumb |} Some useful terms: eker drafi....to play cards zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards goler ha nyan....to cut the deck ujber....to fold durer....to bid lokoxer draf....to turn over a card lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand abnabxer....to trump ekdrafnyan....deck of cards nab....suit joper nab...to follow suit kyesdraf....wild card abnaba draf....trump card ha yannas....the pot ha nax....the ante yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante Chess Piece Nomenclature tright 8 rd nd bd qd kd bd nd rd 7 pd pd pd pd pd pd pd 6 5 pd 4 pl pl 3 2 pl pl pl pl pl pl 1 rl nl bl ql kl bl nl rl a b c d e f g h The King's Gambit The game of chess is called xahifek in Mirad. The chess pieces (xahifek goyni) are as follows: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Chess Piece Names |- ! Mirad !! English !! Image |- | edweb || king || thumb|30px |- | edeyb || queen || 30px|thumb |- | efyaxeb || bishop || 30px|thumb |- | ekpetob || knight || 30px|thumb |- | tamaz || rook || 30px|thumb |- | melyexut || pawn || 30px|thumb |} Some chess terms: to checkmate....xahpexer Check!....Xah! Checkmate!....xahpexwa! chess board....xahifek drof to move a piece....paxer goun to capture a piece....pixler goun chess clock....xahifek jwobar chess set....xahifek gounyan chess tournament....xahifekanyan chess player....xahifekut my turn....ata zyuj score....aoksag world champion....miraklut Botanical Nomenclature The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the Linnaean taxonomy. Base Names So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words: fab....trees feb....fruits feeb....nuts fayb....vines and shrubs feyb....berries vob....crops vol....vegetables veel....legumes and beans vos....flowers Specific Names To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, pine tree is rendered as pifab. The pi prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees Pinaceae. The fab ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. cedar tree is cepifab from Pianaceae Cedrus. A cedar of Lebanon is licepifab from the more specific Pinaceae Cedrus libani. By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in pifab. thumb| + Basic Botanical Termsfob....plantvob....cropvol....vegetablevos....flowerfab....treefayeb....leaffaob....woodfayob....barkvab....grassvayob....peel vosayeb....petalvosayob....sepalfeb/feeb....fruit/nutveb....ear/tuftveeb....seedveeyb....grainveel....legumevoseb....capitulumfib....trunkvib....stem vosib....receptaclefub....branchvub....bladevulob....thorn fyob....rootvyob....tuber vosyob....peduncle Product Names Products derived from plants are formed with the following words: -fiil....juice (from a pome) licirufiil....lemon juice < licirufeb....lemon -feel....-ade licirufeel....lemonade < licirufeb....lemon -feyl....juice (from a berry or bean) kofeyl....coffee < kofeyb....coffee bean -fayel....leaf juice tefayel....tea < tefayeb....tea leaf -fil....alcoholic drink/cider zepofil....bourbon whiskey < zepovob....corn -fyel....oil/jam/syrup frarofyel....strawberry jam < frarofeyb....strawberry -fyeyl....jelly frarofyeyl....strawberry jelly -ol....grounds/powder sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugar cane Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section Zoological Nomenclature. For example, an apple is from the Rosaceae family of trees, the genus being Malus. So the word for apple becomes marofeb. Apple tree is marofab and apple juice is marofiil. Thus, apple cider is marofil. Crops Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables. thumb| The base words of this group are: -vob....crop -vab....grass -vayeb....leaf -veb....ear, cob, head, spike, tuft -veeb....seed, germ -veel....bean, legume -veeyb....grain, kernel, pip -vib....stem -vub....blade, sprig, twig -vyob....tuber -vel....edible product -vil....drinkable product, beer -vyel....syrup -vol....vegetable From the above base words are derived these products, among others: sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugarcane povel....bread < povob....cereal zepovyel....corn syrup, corn oil < zepovob....corn zepovil....whiskey, bourbon sepovil....rye whiskey < zepovob....rye povil....beer epovil....ale avpovob mekil....oatmeal < avpovob....oat orpovob zyiglal....rice cake < orpovob....rice mekuvol....melon Vegetables and Legumes Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume, bean) with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks. thumb| + Vegetables Edible Crop Taxonomy LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDSfaveel....bean Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgarislensfaveel....lentil Fabaceae Lens culinarisglifaveel....soybeen Fabaceae Glycine maxvigfaveel....black-eyed pea Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata Vegetables: Berries/Fruitslisovol....tomato Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicummesovol....eggplant Solanaceae Solanum melongenaperlawvol....avocado Lauraceae Persea americanasakuvol....cucumber Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativuscinasvol....artichoke Asteraceae Cynara cardunculusakapsovol....chili pepper Solanaceae Capsicum annuumabmalvol....okra Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentusbulbsamalvol....leek Allium ampeloprasumcepalvol....onion Allium cepaalkalvol....shallot Alium ascalonicumsatalvol....garlic Allium sativumzinvol....ginger Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinaleskoynalvol....chive Allium Schoenoprasumfoynapvol....fennel Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera melons/gourdskuvol....squash, gourd Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitamakuvol....pumpkin Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maximamekuvol....melon, honeydew, cantaloupe Cucurbitaceae Cucumis meloncikuvol....watermelon Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatuspekuvol....zucchini Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo Tubers/Root Vegetablestusovol....potato Solanaceae Solanum tuberosumbetamvol....beet, beetroot Amaranthaceae Beta vulgarisrafbravol....radish Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativuskadawapvol....carrotApiaceae Daucus carotanabravol....turnip Brassica napuscinasvol....artichoke Asteraceae Cynara cardunculuspasavol....parsnip Apiaceae Pastinaca sativaeskolaravol....taro Araceae Colocasia esculentadivol....yam Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Leafy/Flowering Vegetablesbravol....cabbage Brassicaceaebotrolbravol....cauliflowerBrassica oleracea botrytisgemolbravol....Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea gemmiferavalkavol....corn salad, lamb's lettuce Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locustalakasvol....lettuce Asteraceae Lactuta sativespinamvol....spinach Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracearupolivol....sorrel Polygonaceae Rumex acetosatarasvol....mustard greens Asteraceae Taraxacum officinaleitolbravol....broccoli Brassica Oleracea italicaabmalvol....okra Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentuspetapvol....parsley Apiaceae Petroselinum crispumbasoclamvol....basil Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicumorlamvol....thyme Lamiaceae Origanum vulgareencivol....chicory, endive Cichorium endivianasbravol....watercress Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinalekorapvol....coriander Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum Stalksaspavol....asparagus Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalisgravapvol....celery Apiaceae Apium graveolensrewmpolivol....rhubarb Polygonaceae Rheum hybridumkurzinvol....turmeric Zingiberaceae Curcuma longakokarvol....heart of palm, swamp cabbage Arecaceae Cocoscimpovol....lemongrass Poaceae Cymbopogon Common Flower Names thumb| Flower Parts Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts: vosayob....sepal vosayeb....petal vosib....receptacle veeybpexus or vosmekibar....stigma vosij....bud, flower bud tooybgon....pistil veeybyan....pollen twoobgon....stamen twoobgonyif....filament veeybyem or vosmekuar....anther vosyob....peduncle Flower Names thumb| Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base vos that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples: sompavos....opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) magvos....magnolia (Magnoliaceae Magnolia) orvos....orchid (Orchidaceae Orchis) krokirvos....crocus (Iridaceae Crocus) Computer Terminology thumb This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges. + Computerese Mirad Englishagna saibyan syaagirmainframe computerabsem syaagirdesktop computeragbanakbyteajnexerto archiveamloagbanakmegabyteanay dyewa taxread-only memory, ROMaota syaagirpersonal computeraottuunyanprofilemeysportapaxlerto swipearoagbanakkilobytebaler buxnufto press/hit a keybanakbitagdresin kyoxea buxnufcaps lock keybuxnufkeybuxnufsemeskeyboardbuxnufseymkeypadizeaxuscursorbyuxseymtouchpaddatierto frienddodrer ebdrasto post a messagedota zeynisocial mediaebdrerto textdreundocumentdreuzyuferto scroll, pandroer naabto delete a filedrou buxnufdelete keydrurprinterdrurer naabto print out a filedrurerto print outdruru mays buxnufprint screen keydruruna printoutdunexlusword processordyessiynbookmarkdyezierto take a movieebdaylerto chatebdaylimchatroomemojinemojiex buxnuffunction keyexen vyaaboperating systemextuundrasprogram, applicationextuundrasogappextuunmulsoftwareextuundrerto programfukbugfukayabuggyfukoberto debuggaralyoagbanakpetabytegelxer naabto copy a filegooglerto googlegyia kyos yebiarsolid state drive, SSDgyia zyiun yebiarcd drivehaydren dyunlogin namehaydrer bay tuyubbalto log in with one's fingerprinthaydrerto log inhoydrerto log outhuisteaxarbrowserkyeteaxerto browsehyux buxnufalt keyiber naabto receive a fileila mez sinuar, IMSliquid crystal display, LDCizbex buxnufcontrol keyizbexdrofmotherboardkliker abclick onkodunpasswordgawdyunxer naabto rename a filekyabu buxnufshift keykyea yempuen taxrandom access memory, RAMkyisier naabto download a filekyisuer naabto upload a filekyisuarchargerkyisuerto chargelodatierto unfriendmakebdrenemailmakebdrerto emailman-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOESLEDmansin dyesphoto albummiswindownaabfilenaedzyuntrackballnagonxarmodemneaf mansiniarweb cameranexer naabto save a filenum yibdalircellphonebelyafwa syaagirlaptop computerooggosmicrochipoogteexarmicrophoneomijberto boot upomola tyep, OTartificial intelligence, AIgawomijberto rebootpaxer naabto move a filepaxyafwa yibdalirmobile phonepoxu zyumuf buxnufscroll lock keysagbexu buxnufnumlock keysagseymnumber padsamconsolesaunesber naabto sort a filesemes syaagirtablet computersindren semesgraphics tabletsindrenyan exlen aungraphics processing unit, GPUsinesiconsinuarscreen, display, monitorsyaagerto computesyaagircomputersyaagirdalcomputeresesyaagirtuncomputer sciencesyaagnyedspreadsheettaam mayshome screentaampu buxnufhome keysirmulhardware, physical mattertaxdrerto recordtaxmufmemory stickteataxdrerto videoteataxdrunvideotuunnabyandatabasetuyab izdarmouseuber naabto send a fileuinig buxnuftab keyutmansinselfieyaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)HTMLyeberto enter, insertyebu buxnufenter key, return key, insert keyyiga zyiun yebiarhard disk drive, HDDyijber naabto open a fileyujber naabto close a fileyuzpemdrofcircuitboardzea exlen auncentral processing unit, CPUzoynigxu buxnufbackspace keyzyiun yebiardisk drive Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages. Medical Diseases Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg. tiebalyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness) tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness) teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness) tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering) tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache) teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness) Pharmaceuticals Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized. aspirin....aspirin Ibupropen....Ibupropen Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose: bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever) tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance) Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ INN names pronunciation |- ! Greco-RomanSpelling !! MiradPronunciation |- | ch || k |- | ph || f |- | x || ks |- | y || i |- | qu || kw |- | rh || r |- | th || t |- | ae || ay |- | oe || oy |- | c before i, e, or y || c |- | c otherwise || k |- | final e || silent |- | double consonant || single consonant |} Examples: acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL oxacillin....o-ksa-ci-LIN Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature Minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Some Mineral Names |- ! English!! IMA Symbol !! Mirad Spellings !! Mirad Name |- | argyrodyte || Agy || a-ge-yu || ageyumuk |- |brochantyte || Bct || ba-ca-to || bacatomuk |- |chromite || Chr || ca-he-ro || caheromuk |} There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.: Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad. Crystals end in -mez. The first part of the word is an enumeration. The common crystals are listed here: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Names of Common Crystals |- ! Mirad !! English |- | mez || crystal |- | amez || diamond |- | emez || topaz |- | imez || ruby |- | umez || emerald |- | yomez || sapphire |- | yamez || lapis lazuli |- | yemez || amethyst |- | yimez || amber |- | yumez || quartz |- | alomez || opal |- | alamez || tourmaline |- | alemez || garnet |- | alimez || zirconia |- | alumez || jasper |- | alyomez || jade |- | alyamez || marganite |} Other, less common crystals end in -mez and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols. General words for earthen matter: muk....mineral muz....ore mug....metal mez....crystal meg....rock, stone megog....pebble meges....gravel mel....soil meil....mud mek....dust miek....sand mev....porcelain mef....brick Rock Classification The naming of individual rock types is based on the [BGS Rock Classification Scheme ]. All rocks (other than the general word for rock, meg) end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type: ameg....sedimentary rock emeg....igneous rock imag....metamorphic rock The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final e is dropped from names that end in yte or ite. For example, trachydacite in the scheme becomes trachydacit in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above (emeg igneous rock). So trachydacite becomes trachydacitemeg in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary. The word meg rock has some common derivatives: megag....boulder meg....stone megog....pebble meges....gravel megyel....cement, asphalt, bitumen megyelyig....concrete megil....lava meggos....crag megyig....flintstone, basalt meag....marble meeg....slate meig....granite meug....clay, dough meyog....china meyag....chalk meyaz....pastel meyayg....calcite meyeg....limestone, sediment meyig....alabaster meyug....gypsum mealog....sandstone, stoneware mameg....coal eymameg....coke maameg....anthracite maemeg....peat maimeg....lignite Related are: mek....dust mekes....grit mekil....grout meyk....grit myek....powder miek....sand mieg....coral mel....dirt muk....mineral meil....mud mez....crystal meyz....spar meyzag....feldspar muz....ore memol....alkali mimol....salt mef....brick Metric Nomenclature thumb| Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI)) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names (alpha, gamma, etc.) preceded with the word ag- if majuscule (aggamma for Γ) The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is agomega. All metric units end in the word nak. SI Base Units {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ SI base units |- !EnglishUnitName !SymbolicAbbeviation !QuantityUnit !MiradPronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |sonak |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |minak |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |kigenak |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |aganak |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |agkinak |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |miolinak |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |cadanak |} SI Derived Units Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ SI derived units with special names and symbols |- ! EnglishName ! SymbolicWrittenAbbreviation ! QuantityUnit ! MiradPronunciation |- |radian | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |roadanak |- |steradian | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |soronak |- |hertz | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |aghezunak |- |newton | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |agninak |- | pascal | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | agpoanak |- | joule | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | agjinak |- | watt | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | agwunak |- | coulomb | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |agcanak |- | volt | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | agvunak |- | farad | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | agfenak |- | ohm | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | agomeganak |- | Siemens | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | agsonak |- | Weber | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | agwubanak |- | tesla | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | agtonak |- | henry | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | aghenak |- | degree Celsius | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | nogagcanak |- | lumen | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | liminak |- | lux | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | lixunak |- | becquerel | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | agbakonak |- | gray | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | aggeyunak |- | sievert | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | agsovunak |- | katal | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | kiatonak |- | byte | align="center" | B | 8 bits of information | align="center" | agbanak |- | bit | align="center" | b | one bit of information | align="center" | banak |} Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: Convenient Non-SI Units {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Convenient non-SI units |- ! EnglishName ! SymbolicWrittenAbbreviation ! QuantityUnit ! MiradPronunciation |- |litre | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |aglinak |- |hectare | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |heabak |- |ton | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |tonak |- |decibel | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |daagbanak |} Metrical Formulae The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units |- ! Name ! SymbolicFormula ! DerivedQuantity ! Typical Symbol ! MiradPronunciation |- | square meter | align="center" | m2 | area | align="center" |A | align="center" | mi-gar-ewa |- | cubic meter | align="center" | m3 | volume | align="center" | V | align="center" | mi-gar-iwa |- | meter per second | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | v | align="center" | mi-gol-so |- | meter per second squared | align="center" | m/s2 | acceleration | align="center" | a | align="center" | mi-gol-so-gar-ewa |- |rowspan=2| reciprocal meter |rowspan=2 align="center" | m−1 | wavenumber | align="center" | σ, ṽ | align="center" | mi-gor-awa |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | V, 1/f |- | kilogram per cubic meter | align="center" | kg/m3 | density | align="center" | ρ | align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa |- | kilogram per square meter | align="center" | kg/m2 | surface density | align="center" | ρA | align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa |- | cubic meter per kilogram | align="center" | m3/kg | specific volume | align="center" | v | align="center" | mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige |- | ampere per square meter | align="center" | A/m2 | current density | align="center" | j | align="center" | aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa |- | Amperes per meter|ampere per meter | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | H | align="center" | aga-gol-mi |- | mole per cubic meter | align="center" | mol/m3 | concentration | align="center" |c | align="center" | mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa |- | kilogram per cubic meter | align="center" | kg/m3 | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | ρ, γ | align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa |- | candela per square meter | align="center" | cd/m2 | luminance | align="center" | Lv | align="center" | cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa |} Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 1012 bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad PrefixSI PrefixMirad Pron. !!SI Symbol !! Base10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad PrefixSI Prefix !! SI SymbolMirad Pron. |- | 1 || one || an- ... mono-, uni- || ||1/1 ||whole || ayn-holo-, uni- || |- | 2 ||two || en-bi- || || 1/2 ||half||eyn-demi-, di-|| |- | 3 ||three || in-tri- || || 1/3 ||third ||iyn-terci-|| |- | 4 ||four || un-tetra- || || 1/4 ||fourth || uyn-quadri-|| |- | 5 ||five || yown- penta- || || 1/5 ||fifth ||yoynquinti-|| |- | 6 ||six || yawn-hexa- || || 1/6 ||sixth ||yaynsexti-|| |- | 7 ||seven || yen-hepta- || || 1/7 ||seventh || yeynsepti-|| |- | 8 ||eight || yinocto- || || 1/8 ||eighth || yiynocti-|| |- | 9 ||nine || yunnona- || || 1/9 ||ninth || yuynnovi-|| |- | 10 ||ten || alo-deca- || dada-a- || 1/10 ||tenth || aloy-deci-|| dda- |- | 102 ||hundred || aso-hexa- || hhi- || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy-centi-|| cca- |- | 103 ||thousand || amso-kilo- ||kki- || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy-milli-|| mmi- |- | 106 ||million || amlo-mega- || Magmi- || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy-micro-|| rro- |- | 109 ||billion /milliard || amro-giga- || Gagge- || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy-nano-|| nni- |- | 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale-tera- || Tagto- || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale-pico-|| ppo- |- | 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo-peta- || Pagpo-||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo-femto-||ffe- |- | 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu-exa- || Eage-||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyuatto-||aa- |- | 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-zetta- || Zagzu-||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorelazepto-||zzu- |- | 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-yotta- || Yagyu ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| goreluyocto-||yyu- |} *Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12. Abbreviated Symbols The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | Macro !! colspan=2 | Micro |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | dag (decagram)|| daage || dg |(decigram)||dage |- | hg (hexagram)|| hege || cg (centigram)||cage |- | kg (kilogram) || koge || mg (milligram) ||mige |- | Mg (megagram)|| agmige ||rg or μg (microgram)|| roge or muge |- | Gg (gigagram)|| aggege || ng (nanogram)|| nige |- | Tg (teragram)|| agtoge || pg (picagram)|| poge |- | Pg ( petagram)|| agpoge || fg (femtogram)|| fege |- | Eg (exagram)|| agege || ag (attogram)|| age |- | Zg (zettagram)|| agzege || zg (zeptogram) || zege |- | Yg (yottagram)|| agyuge || yg (yoctogram) || yuge |} The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively: 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa Trigonometric Nomenclature This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by -naz (value). {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Trigonometry Functions |- ! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name |- | sine (sin) || soini-naz || uznaz |- | cosine (cos) || caoso-naz || yanuznaz |- | arccosine (arccos, cos-1)anticosineinverse cosine|| arocacaoso-naz || ovuznaz |- | hyperbolic sine (sinh) || soinihe-naz|| enuza uznaz |- | hyperbolic cosine (cosh) || caosohe-naz || enuza yanuznaz |- | secant (sec) || soeca-naz || golus naz |- | cosecant (csc) || casoca-naz || yangolus naz |- | arccosecant (arccsc) || arocacasoca-naz || enuza yangolus naz |} Poetry Nomenclature Mirad uses the nonsense syllables di and da to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable di represents an unstressed syllable in verse, while the syllable da denotes a stressed syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word deup as a noun, which means meter or rhythm. The adjectival form of the word ends in deupa. Here are the most common poetic meters: di-da deupa.... iambic di-da yoondeup.... iambic pentameter di-di-da deupa.... anapestic di-da-da deupa.... bacchius da-da deupa.... spondaic da-da-da deupa.... molossus da-da-di deupa.... antibacchius da-di deupa.... tochaic da-di deup.... trochee, choree da-di-da deupa.... cretic, amphimacer da-di-di deupa.... dactylic da-di-di yaondeup.... dactylic hexameter da-di-di-da deupa.... amphibrachic Other words representing elements of poetry are: drez....poetry, verse dreza....poetic drezyen....poesy drezyan....anthology (of poetry) drezut....poet drezuyt....poetess popdrezut....minstrel Vikinga drezut....skald dreuzut....bard odrez....prose vyasma drez....concrete verse tyoda drez....folk poetry indeupa drez....trimeter undeupa drez....tetrameter yoondeupa drez....pentameter yaondeupa drez....hexameter yendeupa drez....heptameter yindeupa drez....octameter ogelseuxwa drez....blank verse yiva drez....free verse drezun....poem deuzwa drezun....sung poem, lay dindrezun....ballad dizdrezun....limerick fiddrezun....ode fizdrezun....epic poem haikudrezun....haiku viysindrezun....idyll ifondrezun....love poem, romantic poem indrezun....terzain jodrezun....epode yindrezun....sistina klerihyudrezun....clerihew meimdrezun....pastoral melyexdrezun....georgic petnyanuta drezun....pastoral, eclogue popduzuta drezun....troubadour poem rondodrezun....rondeau, rondel, roundel seuz drezun....sound poem tadyandrezun....prothalamion, epithalamion tankadrezun....tanka taxdrezun....epitaph tuddrezun....nursery rhyme ulondrezun....sonnet ujdreznadeon....envoi undrezun....quatrain unnad drezun....tetrastich uvdrezun....elegy alyundrezun....villanelle virelaydrezun....virelai, virelay yizivtos drezun....rhapsody yoondrezun....quintain dreznad....line, -stich, verse eyndreznad...hemistich endreznad....couplet dreznadyan....stanza gelseux....rhyme gelseuxyen....rhyme scheme dunija gelseuxen....alliteration seuxzoyxen....assonance geyldyan....simile yiztyun....metaphor yanseuzan....consonance deup....rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter kyib....stress seuz....tone Dimensional Nomenclature This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships: + Dimensional Words Positive Intermediate Negative yaba....high(er) yeba....inner yoba....low(er) yaiba....tall yeiba....deep inside yoiba....deep (down) yauba....short yeuba....a short way in youba....shallow yaga....long yoga....short yiba....far yuba....near aonada....vertical uinada....horizontal kia....diagonal kua....lateral zyia....flat zyua....round yaza....concave yeza....flush yoza....convex Geologic Period Nomenclature The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are: joob....eon ajoob....Hadean Eon ejoob....Archean Eon ijoob....Proterozoic Eon ujoob....Phanerozoic Eon joab....era ajoab....Eoarchean Era ejoab....Paleoarchean Era ijoab....Mesoarchean Era ujoab....Neoarchean Era yojoab....Paleoproterozoic Era yajoab....Mesoproterozoic Era yejoab....Neoproterozoic Era yijoab....Paleozoic Era yujoab....Mesozoic Era alojoab....Cenozoic Era joeb....period ajoeb....Siderian Period ejoeb....Rhyacian Period ijoeb....Orosirian Period ujoeb....Statherian Period yojoeb....Calymmian Period yajoeb....Ectasian Period yejoeb....Stenian Period yijoeb....Tonian Period yujoeb....Cryogenian Period alojoeb....Ediacaran Period alajoeb....Cambrian Period alejoeb....Ordovician Period alijoeb....Silurian Period alujoeb....Devonian Period alyojoeb....Carboniferous Period alyajoeb....Permian Period alyejoeb....Triassic Period alyijoeb....Jurassic Period alyujoeb....Cretaceous Period elojoeb....Paleogene Period elajoeb....Neogene Period elejoeb....Quarternary Period joib....epoch ajoib....Terreneuvian Epoch ejoib....Series 2 Epoch ijoib....Miaolingian Epoch ujoib....Furongian Epoch yojoib....Lower Epoch yajoib....Middle Epoch yejoib....Upper Epoch yijoib....Llandovery Epoch yujoib....Wenlock Epoch alojoib....Ludlow Epoch alajoib....Pridoli Epoch joub....age ajoub....Fortunian Age ejoub....Stage 2 Age ijoub....Stage 3 Age ujoub....Stage 4 Age yojoub....Wulian Age yajoub....Drumian Age yejoub....Guzhangian Age yijoub....Paibian Age yujoub....Jianshanian Age alojoub....Stage 10 Age alajoub....Temadocian Age alejoub....Floian Age alijoub....Dapingian Age alujoub....Darriwilian Age alyojoub....Sandbian Age alyajoub....Katian Age alyejoub....Hirnantian Age alyijoub....Rhuddanian Age alyujoub....Aeronian Age elojoub....Telychian Age elajoub....Cheinwoodian Age elejoub....Homerian Age elijoub....Gorstian Age elujoub....Ludfordian Age elyojoub....Pridoli Age elyajoub....Lochkovian Age elyejoub....Pragian Age elyijoub....Emsian Age elyujoub....Eifelian Age ilojoub....Givetian Age ilajoub....Frasnian Age ilejoub....Famennian Age ilijoub....Tournaisian Age ilujoub....Visean Age ilyojoub....Serpukhovian Age ilyajoub....Bashkirian Age ilyejoub....Moscovian Age ilyijoub....Kasimovian Age ilyujoub....Gzhelian Age ulojoub....Asselian Age ulajoub....Sakmarian Age ulejoub....Artinskian Age ulijoub....Kungurian Age ulujoub....Roadian Age ulyojoub....Wordian Age ulyajoub....Capitanian Age ulyejoub....Wuchiapingian Age ulyijoub....Changhsingian Age ulyujoub....Induan Age yolojoub....Olenekian Age yolajoub....Anisian Age yolejoub....Ladnian Age yolijoub....Carnian Age yolujoub....Norian Age yolyojoub....Rhaetian Age yolyajoub....Hettangian Age yolyejoub....Sinemurian Age yolyijoub....Pliensbachian Age yolyujoub....Toarcian Age yalojoub....Aalenian Age yalajoub....Bajocian Age yalejoub....Bathonian Age yalijoub....Callovian Age yalujoub....Oxfordian Age yalyojoub....Kimmeridgian Age yalyajoub....Tithonian Age yalyejoub....Berriasian Age yalyijoub....Valanginian Age yalyujoub....Hauterivian Age yelojoub....Barremian Age yelajoub....Aptian Age yelejoub....Albian Age yelijoub....Cenomanian yelujoub....Turonian yelyojoub....Coniacian yelyajoub....Santonian yelyejoub....Campanian yelyijoub....Maastrichtian yelyujoub....Danian yilojoub....Selandian yilajoub....Thanetian yilejoub....Ypresian yilijoub....Lutetian yilujoub....Bartonian yilyojoub....Priaboanian yilyajoub....Rupelian yilyejoub....Chattian yilyijoub....Aquitanian yilyujoub....Burdigalian yulojoub....Langhian yulajoub....Serravallian yulejoub....Tortonian yulijoub....Messinian yulujoub....Zanclean yulyojoub....Piacenzian yulyajoub....Gelasian yulyejoub....Calabrian yulyijoub....Chibanian yulyujoub....Tarantian asojoub....Greenlandian asajoub....Northgrippian asejoub....Meghalayan Names of Diacritics The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base: aybsiyn....above mark oybsiyn....below mark absiyn....overlay mark The names are based on some common shapes: nod....dot grun....hook nad....line kin....slash vu....wedge pyaon....wave zyus....ring uz....arch zeymep....bridge izmufseb....arrowhead mar....star The above shapes can be modified by adjectives: kia....slanted ao....vertical yoga/yaga....short/long en....double yaba/yoba....up/down zua/zia....left/right oyvuzbwa....inverted Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.) + Mirad Names of Diacritics Diacritic UnicodeValue Mirad Unicode Namé 0301 zukin aybsiynacute accent̀ 0300 zukin oybsiynacute accent below̋ 030B enzukin aybsiyndouble acute accent̀ 0300 zikin aybsiyngrave accent̗ 0317 zikin oybsiyngrave accent below̏ 030F enzikin aybsiyndouble grave accent̉ 0309 zigrun aybsiynhook above, hoi̧ 0327 zugrun oybsiyncedillą 0328 zigrun oybsiynogonek, nasal hook̂ 0302 yobvu aybsiyncircumflex accent, haṱ 032D yobvu oybsiyncircumflex accent below̌ 030C vu aybsiynhachek, v above, caron̬ 032C vu oybsiyncaron below̆ 0306 yabuz aybsiynbreve abovȇ 0311 yobuz aybsininverted breve above̯ 032F yobuz oybsin inverted breve below̡ 0321 teumibxwa grun oybsiynpalatalized hook beloẅ 0308 ennod aybsiyndiaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema̤ 0324 ennod oybsiyndiaeresis below, double dot beloẇ 0307 nod aybsiyndot above, overdot, tecka, tittlẹ 0323 nod oybsiyndot below, underdot, nang͑ 0351 zua eynzyus aybsiynleft half ring above̜ 031C zua eynzyus oybsiynleft half ring below͐ 0350 zia eynzyus aybsignright half ring above̹ 0339 zia eynzyus oybsiynright half ring below̅ 0305 nad aybsiynoverline, overscore, vinculum̿ 033F ennad aybsiyndouble overline̲ 0332 nad oybsiynsingle lowline below̳ 0333 ennad oybsiyndouble lowline, double underline, double underscorē 0304 nad aybsiynmacroṉ 0331 nad oybsiynmacron below͞ 935E ennad aybsiyndouble macron, longum͟ 035F ennad oybsiyndouble macron beloẘ 030A zyus aybsiynring above, kroujek, overring̥ 0325 zyus oybsiynring below͆ 0346 zeymep aybsiynbridge above̪ 032A zeymep oybsiynbridge below͆ 0346 oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyninverted bridge above̺ 033A oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyninverted bridge below̉ 0309 grun aybsiynhook above, hoĩ 0303 pyaon aybsiyntilde͂ 0342 yagpyaon aybsiynGreek perispomeni͠ 0360 enpyaon aybsiyndouble tilde abovḛ 0330 pyaon oybsiyntilde below̫ 032B oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyninverted double arch below̾ 033E aonada pyaon aybsiynvertical tilde, yerik̚ 031A zua gun aybsiynleft angle above̍ 030D aonad aybsiynvertical line above̍ 030D enaonad aybsiyndouble vertical line above̩ 0329 aonad oybsiynvertical line below̎ 030E enaonad aybsiyndouble vertical line above̽ 033D xu aybsiynx above͓ 0353 xu oybsiynx below̼ 033C lapiat oybsiynseagull below̐ 0310 nod ayb uz aybsiyncandrabindu͒ 0352 nod oyb uz aybsiynfermata̔ 0314 zia grun aybsiynright comma above, dasia̦ 0326 zia grun oybsiynright comma below̓ 0313 zua grun aybsiynreversed comma above, psili̠ 0320 gobsiyn oybsiynminus sign below̟ 031F gabsiyn oybsiynplus sign below͌ 034C yubay ge aybsiynalmost equals above͉ 0349 zua gun oybsiynleft angle below̻ 033B ungun oybsiynsquare below̴ 0334 Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiynGreek dialytika tonos͐ 0350 zia izmufseb aybsiynright arrowhead aboveࣷ 0356 zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiynright arrowhead and up arrowhead below͕ 0355 zia izmufseb oybsiynright arrowhead below͔ 0354 zua izmufseb oybsiynleft arrowhead below̘ 0318 zua zyisebmuv oybsiynleft tack below̙ 0319 zia zyisebmuv oybsiynright tack below̝ 031D yob zyisebmuv oybsiynup tack below̞ 031E yab zyisebmuv oybsiyndown tack below̷ 0337 yoga kinad absiynshort slash overlay, short solidus overlay̸ 0338 yaga kinad absiynlong slash overlay, long solidus overlay̡ 0321 teumibxwa grun oybsiynpalatalized hook below̢ 0322 zoykixwa grun oybsiynretroflex hook below͙ 0359 mar oybsiynasterisk below͚ 035A enzyus oybsiyndouble ring below͘ 0358 zinod aybsiyndot above right͜ 035C enyabuz oybsiyndouble breve below, ligature tie below͝ 035D enyabuz aybsiyndouble breve͡ 0361 enyobuz aybsiyndouble inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar͛ 035B uiznad aybsiynzigzag above͇ 0347 gese oybsiynequals sign below͌ 034C yubgese aybsiynalmost equal to above͢ 0362 enziizmuf oybsiyndouble rightwards arrow below͎ 034E yabizmuf oybsiynupwards arrow below̩ 0329 ziizmuf aybsiynright arrowhead above͊ 034A opyaon aybsiynnot tilde aboveͺ 037A iota oybsiynGreek ypogegrammeni, iota subscriptʹ 0374 Gereda sag aybsiynGreek numeral sign, dexia keraia͵ 0375 Gereda sag oybsiynGreek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraiaّ 0651 xadda aybsiynArabic shaddaٞ 065E fatha aybsiynArabic fatha with two dotsؚ 061A kasra oybsiynArabic small kasraٌ 064C damma aybsiynArabic dammatanْ 0652 sukun aybsiynArabic sukun Grammar Terms drevyab....grammar dun....word dyen....phrase dyan....sentence delyea....declarative didyea....interrogative azteudyea....exclamatory dyangon....clause agala dyangon....main clause abbyosyea dyangon....dependent clause obdabyea dyangon....subordinate clause anyendyen....idiom dalzeyn....language dalzeynes....dialect dalyen....locution dungon....syllable abun....affix zabun....prefix zobun....suffix yebun....infix kyid....stress dredyen....spelling, orthography seuxden....pronunciation dalgon....part of speech sundun....noun avdun....pronoun erdun....verb adun....adjective aydun....adverb ebdun....preposition yanxdun....conjunction oybdun....particle asaundun....article, determiner jobyen....tense eja....present aja....past oja....future vensona....conditional teagun....aspect ikna....perfect oikna....imperfect zaypasyea....progressive tipyen....mood izeadyea....indicative mood ovyama....subjunctive mood teuz....voice axlyea....active xolyea....passive syundabea....transitive osyundabea....intransitive zoykixeea....reflexive sankyas....case syina....nominative, subject bina....genitive, possessive buna....dative izsyuna....accusative, direct object oizsyuna....indirect object byina....ablative dyuena....vocative toob....gender twooba....masculine tooyba....feminine evtooba....neuter sag....number ansaga....singular glasaga....plural sagdun....numeral sag....number Forming Adjectives You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, any adverb not ending in -ay, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized. Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adjectives |- ! Noun !! Adjective |- | taam....home || taama....domestic |- | doob....nation || dooba....national |- | tej....life || teja....vital |- | tyoyapyaf....ability to walk || tyoyapyafa....ambulatory |- | martun....astronomy || martuna....astronomical |- ! Pronoun !! Adjective |- | at....I, me || ata....my |- | eut....yourself || euta....your own |- | hiyen....this kind || hiyena....this kind of |- | duhot?....who? || duhota?....whose? |- ! Gerund !! Adjective |- | ifeken....recreation || ifekena....recreational |- ! Adverb !! Adjective |- | yib....far || yiba....distant |- | yab....up || yaba....high, upper |- ! Verb Form !! Adjective (= Participle) |- | teje....(he) lives || tejea....living |- | tojo....will die || tojoa....moribund, about to die |- | tojbu....would kill || tojbua....lethal |- | twa....was known || twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa) |} Adjectival Suffixes Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a. Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Other Adjectives |- ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Noun !! Adjective |- ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| pro-, for !! !! |- | UsomU.S. || Usomavapro-U.S. |- | yuvrinslavery || yuvrinavapro-slavery |- ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| anti-, against !! !! |- | dobvyabyanconstitution || dovyabyanovaanti-constitutional |- | dotsociety || dotovaanti-social |- ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly !! !! |- | volzcolor || volzayacolorful |- | futaxresentment || futaxayaresentful |- | tiibilblood || tiibilayabloody |- | yiflancourage || yiflanayacourageous |- ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| bereft of, -less, un- !! !! |- | volzcolor || volzoyacolorless, pale |- | tajyaftalent || tajyafoyauntalented |- ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| full of, -ous, -ful, -y !! !! |- | mapwind || mapikawindy |- ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| bereft of, without, -less !! !! |- | nasmoney || nasukabroke, penniless |- ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al !! !! |- | tudetchild || tudetyenachildish, infantile |- | totgod || totyenadivine, godly |- | pitfish || pityenafish-like, fishy |- ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|-ed, past passive participle(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Past Passive Participle |- | t-know || twaknown |- | dal-speak || dalwaspoken, oral |- | nixbu-sell || nixbuwasold |- | dr-write || drawawritten |- ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| -ing(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | ot-not know || oteaignorant |- | tej-live || tejealiving, alive |- | tuj-die || tujeadying |- ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| -ive, prone to Xing, given to X(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Present Active Participle |- | tujb-kill || tujbyeamurderous |- | tex-think || texyeapensive, thoughtful |- | tox-forget || toxyeaforgetful |- | axl-act || axlyeaactive |- ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| -able, apt to be Xed(added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Passive Participle |- | ex-operate || exuwaoperable |- | tosfeel || tosuwapalpable |- | tex-think || texuwaconceivable |- | tel-eat || teluwaedible |- ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| -able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Subject-oriented |- | teat-see || teatyafasightful, able to see |- | dyed-read || dyedyafaliterate |- ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| -able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Potential Object-oriented |- | teat-see || teatyafwavisible |- | tax-remember || taxyafwamemorable |- | teet-hear || teetyafwaaudible |- | tel-eat || telyafwaedible |- ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| incapable of Xing (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Subject-oriented |- | teat-see || teatyofablind |- | tyoyap-walk || tyoyapyofalame |- | teet-hear || teetyofadeaf |- | dal-speak || dalyofadumb, incapable of speaking |- ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| un-X-able (added to verb stem) !! Verb Stem !! Negative Potential Object-oriented |- | teat-see || teatyofwainvisible |- | teet-hear || teetyofainaudible |- | tox-forget || toxyofaunforgetable |- | dal-speak || dalyofaunspeakable |- ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| fond of, -phile !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | potanimal || potifapet-friendly |- | hyitoob-same-gender || hyitoobifahomophile |- | tobotchild || tobotifapedophile |- | fitelfood || fitelifagourmand |- | doobnation || doobifapatriotic |- ! rowspan=2|-ifwa !!rowspan=2| loved by !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | tyodpeople || tyodifwapopular |- ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic !! Noun Stem !! Adjective |- | tobhuman || tobufamisanthropic |- | hyut-other person || hyutufaxenophobic |- | toyb-woman || toybufamisogynist |- ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|needful of,(necessary to be X-ed) !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | tildrink || tilefathirsty |- | telfood || telefahungry |- | nasmoney || nasefapoor, needy |- | yelb-to oil || yelbefwasqueaky, in need of oil |- ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| worthy of, due to be (deserving of being X-ed) !! Noun or Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | fidpraise || fidyefapraiseworthy |- | dudanswer || dudyefaresponsible |- | tax-remember || taxyefwamemorable |- ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| easy to, (easily X-ed) !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | vatex-believe || vatexyukagullible |- | vatex-believe || vatexyukwaincredible, hard to believe |- ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| hard to,(hard of X-ing) !! Verb Stem !! Adjective |- | teat-see || teatyikwaopaque |- | teet-hear || teetyikahard of hearing |} Adjectival Prefixes Negating the Meaning of Adjectives The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-. Examples: vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable fika....perfect → ofika....imperfect twa....known → otwa....unknown bosa....quiet → obosa....upset, unquiet Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case: fwa....wanted → ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit → yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable → lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated) The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective: data....friendly odata....unfriendly ovdata....hostile lyodata....inimical dota....social odota....unsocial ovdota....antisocial lyodota....savage Table of Adjective Prefixes As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones: {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Altering the Sense of Adjectives with PrefixesClick on double arrow to alphabetize the column |- ! Mirad Prefix !! English Prefix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | o- || un-, a(n)-, in-, non- ||obaka....unhealthyoyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasiveototina....atheist |- |ov- || anti-, counter- || ovzuina....anti-leftistoviztida....counter-intuitive |- |av- || pro- || avhyitoosifa....pro-gay |- | kovyo- ||pseudo- || kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual |- | hya(s)- || all-, pan-, omni- || hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient |- | voy-, gal- || re- || voyupya....returnedgalabwa....reapplied |- | vyo- || mis- || vyoseudxwa....mispronounced |- | eyn- || semi-, half- ||eynlevelaya....semi-sweeteyntija....half-awake |- |yiz- || ultra-, super- || yizdoobina....ultra-nationalistyizmola....supernatural |- | gro- || under-, hypo- || grojaga....under-aged |- | gra- || over-, hyper-, uber- || graagxwa....overgrowngratoseya....hypersensitive |- | gla- ||multi-, many-, poly- || glakuma....multilateralglatadaya....polygamous |- |fu- || mal-, ill- || futeyenxwa....ill-conceivedfusanxwa....malformed |- | fi- || well- || fitofabwa....well-dressed |- | yuyb- ||quasi-, almost || yuybdaba....quasi-governmental |- | ja- || pre-, (a)fore-, pro- ||jateyenxwa....pre-conceivedjaigdawa....aformentioned |- | jo- || post- || jodropeka....post-war |- | oyeb-|| extra-, exo-, || oyebtada....extra-marital |- | yeb- || endo- || yebtayoba....endo-dermal |- | agl(a)- || macro- || aglamora....macrocosmic |- | ogl(a)- || micro- || oglamora....microcosmic |- | ut- || auto-, self-, sui- || utpana....automaticuttojbua....suicidal |- | hyaewa- || ambi- || hyaewatesea....ambivalent |- | en- || bi- || entoobifa....bisexual |- | yuz- || circum- || yuzteaxea....circumspect |- | gel- || homo- || gelsauna....homogeneous |- | ogel- || hetero- || ogelsauna....heterogeneous |- | oyb- || infra-, sub- || oybivoza....infrared |- | ge- || iso-, equi- || gevoza....isochromatic |- | agr(a)- || mega- || agratipa....megamaniacal |- | ku- || para- || kuega....paranormal |- | yuyb- || quasi-, almost, pen- || yuybdobyena....quasi-official |- | yib- || tele-, far- || yibpyuxea....far-reaching |- | zey- || trans-, cross- || zeymimaga....transoceanic |- | aaj- || paleo- || aajtoba....paleoloanthropic |- | eej- || neo- || eejvisauna....neoclassical |- | yibaj- || arch(a)eo-, ancient || yibajtuna....archaeological |- | yeb- || endo-, inner, intro- || yebzena....endocentricyebuzbwa....introverted |- | oyeb- || exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- || oyebzena....exocentricoyebuzbwa....extroverted |- | yab(an)- || high-, up || yabnoga....upscaleyabnayxa....high-priced |- | yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic |- | yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale |} English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared |- ! English Suffix !! Meaning !! Mirad Suffix !! Altered Adjective Examples |- | -ful || full of || -aya -ika || vozaya....colorful tuzika....skillful |- | -ous || full of || -aya -ika || nazika....precious milaya....aqueous |- | -filled || full of || -aya -ika || movika / movaya....smoke-filled |- | -y || full of || -aya -ika || movika / movaya....smoky |- | -ous || of like || -a || totina....religious vyosa....erroneous |- | -ly || like || -yena || totyena....godly toybyena....womanly |- | -like || like || -yena || patyena....bird-like |- | -ish || like || -yena || tobotyena....childish |- | -y || like || -yena || fyabyena....fruity |- | -ic || like || -yena || tuzyena....artistic silyena....acidic |- | -ic || of related to || -a || tuna....scientific beka....therapeutic |- | -ical || of related to || -a || zyunida....spherical iztexa....logical |- | -ological || pertaining to the study of || -tuna || tejtuna....biological |- | -ist(ic) || pertaining to the doctrine of || -ina || doparina....militarist(ic) nasyanina....capitalist(ic) |- | -ophobic (and miso- prefix) || hating fearful of || -ufa || yudatufa....xenophonic tobyanufa....misanthropic |- | -ophilic (and philo- prefix) || loving || -ifa || tobotifa....pedophilic tobifa....philanthropic |- | -al || like || -yena || pyotyena....bestial |- | -al || of pertaining to || -a || teja....vital amana....thermal |- | -less || without empty of || -oya -uka || tejuka....lifeless tobotoya....childless |- | -free || without empty of || -oya -uka || yomuka....ice-free vyosoya....error-free |- | -safe -proof || free not subject to || -vaka || milvaka....waterproof |} Forming Adverbs Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | fia....good || fiay....well |- | vyaa....true || vyaay....truly |- | gyua....easy || gyuay....easily |- | iga....quick || igay....quickly |- | auta....personal || autay....personally |} For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example: It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast. Yit xa has fi.....They did it well. Special Adverbs Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay. Here are the principal such adverbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Special Adverbs |- ! Mirad !! English |- | vay||indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes) |- | vey||possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe) |- | voy||not (cf. vo....no) |- | ga||more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | gay||also, moreover, further, still |- | ge||as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | gey||even |- | go||less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) |- | goy||no longer, no more |- | gla||very |- | glay||quite, rather, so |- | gle||so |- | glo||not very, not so |- | gra||too |- | gre||enough, sufficiently, over- |- | gro||not...enough, inadequately, under- |- | gwa||most, super- |- | gwe||average |- | gwo||least, sub- |- | zay||ahead, forward |- | zey||across |- | zoy||back |- | zye||through |- | zya||throughout |} The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow: AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married. DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong. NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave. The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb: Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE]. Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB]. It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much. Pro-adverbs There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners. Forming Verbs thumb| Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech: Noun stems Adjective stems Verb stems Forming Verbs from Nouns Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Denominal Verb Derivation |- ! Noun !! Verb |- | ak....a gain || aker....to win |- | af....permission || afer....may, be allowed |- | teud....cry, shout || teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim |- | taj....birth || tajer....to be born |- | tej....life || tejer....to live |- | toj....death || tojer....to die |- | ej....present || ejer....to continue |- | ij....beginning || ijer....to begin |- | uj....end || ijer....to end |- | yuj....sleep || tujer....to sleep |} Verb Formants More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart: -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one) -sler....(more intensive) -srer....(most intensive) -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one) -xler....(more intensive) -xrer....(most intensive) -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto) -pler....(more intensive) -prer....(most intensive) -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto) -bler....(more intensive) -brer....(most intensive) -ier a stub from the verb bier....to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food) -uer a stub from the verb buer....to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food) -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes) -drer....to write -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see) Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Verb Formants |- ! Noun !! Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant !! Verb |- | yav....innocence || der....to say || yavder....to acquit |- | yov....shame, guilt || aber....to apply, put on || yovaber....to shame, accuse |- | yov....shame, guilt || ober....to remove, take off || yovober....to excuse, exculpate |- | tof....clothes || aber....to apply, put on || tofaber....to dress, don |- | tof....clothes || ober....to remove, take off || tofober....to undress, strip |- | det....associate || ser....to be, become || detser....to associate |- | dat....friend || xer....to do, make || datxer....to befriend |- | san....form || ser....to be, become || sanser....to form (intransitive) |- | san....form || xer....to do, make || sanxer....to form (transitive) |- | tel....food || (b)ier....to take || telier....to eat, consume |- | tel....food || (b)uer....to give || teluer....to feed, nourish |- | if....pleasure || (b)ier....to take || ifier....to enjoy |- | if....pleasure || (b)uer....to give || ifuer....to please |- | taj....birth || ber....to put || tajber....to give birth |- | tej....life || per....to go || tejper....to come alive |- | tej....life || ber....to put || tejber....to bring to life |- | toj....death || per....to go || tojper....to drop dead |- | toj....death || ber....to put || tojber....to kill |- | tij....wakefulness || per....to go || tijper....to wake up |- | tij....wakefulness || ber....to put || tijber....to awaken |- | tuj....sleep || per....to go || tujper....to fall asleep |- | tuj....sleep || ber....to put || tujber....to put to sleep |- | tax....memory || (b)ier....to take || taxier....to recall |- | tax....memory || (b)uer....to give || taxuer....to remind |- | yev....justice || der....to say, tell || yevder....to judge |- | vyan....truth || der....to say, tell || vyander....to tell the truth |- | vyon....falsehood || der....to say, tell || vyonder....to tell a lie |- | il....liquid || aker....to gain || ilaker....to take on liquid |- | il....liquid || oker....to lose || iloker....to leak, lose liquid |- | il....liquid || (b)ier....to take || ilier....to soak up |- | il....liquid || (b)uer....to give || iluer....to pour, water |- | il....liquid || ikser....to get full || ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive) |- | il....liquid || ikxer....to fill up || ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive) |- | il....liquid || ukser....to become empty || ilukser....to drain (intransitive) |- | il....liquid || ukxer....to empty || ilukxer....to flush (transitive) |- | il....liquid || ser....to be, become || ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive) |- | il....liquid || xer....to do, make || ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive) |- | il....liquid || aber....to apply, put on || ilaber....to wash (transitive) |- | il....liquid || aper....to get on || ilaper....to float (intransitive) |- | il....liquid || per....to go || ilper....to flow (intransitive) |- | il....liquid || zyaber....to spread || ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive) |- | il....liquid || zyober....to squeeze || ilzyober....to squirt (transitive) |- | il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid) |- | il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug |} Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are subject-directed, while -uer verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something). Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become. The following chart shows how these verbs are formed: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | aza....strong || azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong || azaser....get strong |- | oza....week || ozaxer....weaken || ozaser....grow weaker |- | kyia....heavy || kyiaxer....weigh down || kyiaser....grow heavy |- | kyua....light || kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter || kyuaser....get lighter |- | yana....together || yanaxer....bring together || yanaser....get together |} The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation |- ! Adjective !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | aga....big || agaxer....magnify || agaser....get big |- | || agxer....grow || agxer....grow up, mature |- ! !! !! |- | iga....fast || igaxer....accelerate || igaser....speed up |- | || igxer....rush || igser....hurry up |- ! !! !! |- | baka....healthy || bakaxer....make healthy || bakaser....get healthy |- | || bakxer....heal || bakser....heal |- ! !! !! |- | sana....formal || sanaxer....formalize || sanaser....become formal |- | || sanxer....form, shape || sanser....form, take shape |} Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Derivation with Ber and Per |- ! PrepositionBase !! Transitive Gesture Verb !! Intransitive Motion Verb |- | ab....on || aber....apply, put on || aper....mount, get on |- | eb....between || eber....block || eper....intervene |- | ob....off || ober....remove, take off || oper....dismount, get off |- | ib....away || iber....receive || iper....leave |- | ub....toward || uber....send || uper....come |- ! !! !! |- | yab....up || yaber....raise || yaper....rise |- | yeb....inoyeb....out || yeber....insertoyeber....take out || yeper....enteroyeper....exit |- | yob....down || yober....lower || yoper....descend |- | yib....far || yiber....take away || yiper....move away |- | yub....near || yuber....bring || yuper....approach |- ! !! !! |- |- | za....front || zaber....put up front || zaper....take the lead |- | zay....forward || zayber....advance || zayper....advance, go forward |- | ze....middle || zeber....balance || zeper....balance |- | zey....across || zeyber....take across, transfer || zeyper....cross, go over, transit |- | zo....behind || zober....hinder || zoper....trail, lag |- | zoy....back || zoyber....set back, return || zoyper....retreat, go back, return |- ! !! !! |- | iz....straight || izber....guide || izper....aim for |- | uz....crooked || uzber....divert || uzper....turn, diverge |- |- zi....right || ziber....set to the right || ziper....go right |- | zu....left || zuber....set to the left || zuper.... go left |- | yiz....beyond || yizber....take beyond || yizper....pass by |- | yuz....around || yuzber....take around || yuzper....go around |} Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial p is a more semantically intense version of b. Also the verb endings -sler and -srer and more intense versions of the intransitive ending -ser, while -xler and -xrer and more intense version of the transitve ending -xer. Verbs ending in -ler and -rer are transitive voice by nature, -rer being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating More Elaborate Verbs |- ! colspan="2"| Gesture Verb !! colspan="2"| Motion Verb |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | -- ||ber....put beer....have beler....carry bexer....hold bexler....keep | per....go||-- |- ! !! !! !! |- | baer....lean on || baler....pressyanbaler....compressyobaler....depress, suppressyuzbaler....hugzoybaler....repressbarer....crush ||paer....hover || |- |baser....gesticulate || baxer....make a gestureabaxer....caress, pat || paser....move||paxer....move |- |byaser....stand up || byaxer....set up, erect || pyaser....jump up || pyaxer....shoot, launch |- |basler....budge || baxler....rouseabaxler....stroke || paaser....get excited || paaxer....exciteapaxler....sweep |- |basrer....shake || baxrer....shakeabaxrer....rub || || apaxrer....scrub |- ! !! !! !! |- |beser....stay || bexer....holdzoybexer....restrainyobexer....detain, hold down || peser....wait || pexer....trappexler....capturepexrer....abduct |- |byeser....behave|| byexer....hit || pyeser....run into, bump into|| pyexer....strike, knockyonpyexer....breakyopyexer....knock downepyexer....fightapyexer....attackovpyexer....offendkunpyexer....sideswipetuyapyexer....slap |- |besler....adhere || bexler....retain|| || pyexler....pound, beatapyexler....assaultyonpexler....shatter, burst |- | || || yanpyesrer....implodeyonpyesler....explode || pyexler....blast, bomb |- ! !! !! !! |- | boser....calm downboyser....rest || boxer....quieten, quell || poser....stoppoyser....pause || poxer....stop |- | byoser....hang || byoxer....hang || pyoser....fallyonpyoser....decay || pyoxer....drop, throw downyopyoxer....topple |- ! !! !! !! |- | biser....originate || bixer....pullyanbixer....contractyonbixer....distractyubixer....attractyibixer....distractoyebixer....extractyebixer....push in || || pixer....catch |- |bisler....spring || bixler....yankbixrer....ravage || || pixler....snatchpixrer....rape |- ! !! !! !! |- | buser....be destined || buxer....push, drivezyobuxer....squeezeyebuxer....expelabuxer....impose || apuser....assault || puxer....throw, thrust |- |byuser....bump into || byuxer....touchyanbyuxer....contact ||pyuser....run into || pyuxer....crash |- |busler....swoop || buxler....shove || pusler....lunge, pounce || puxler....thrustzyapuxler....splatter |} Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Baxer Verbs |- ! Prefix !! Verb |- ! colspan=2 | baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion |- | ab....on || abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub |- | iz....straight || izbaxer....point |- | teb....head || tebaxer....nod |- | va....yes || vatebaxer....nod yes |- | vo....no || votebaxer....nod no |- | ve....maybe || vetebaxer....shrug |- | tuyab....hand || tuyabaxer....wave |- | tub....arm || tubaxer....flail, swing |- | teubab....tongue || teubabaxer....lick |- | teab....eye || teubaxer....wink |- | patub....wing || patubaxer....flap |- | tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag |- ! colspan=2 | baser....gesticulate |- | ig-....fast || igbaser....jerk |- | zay....forward || igzaybaser....lurch |- | zoy....back || zoybaser....recoil |- | yob....down || yobaser....bow, bend down |- | ku-....side || kubaser....slide |- | ig-....fast || igkubaser....slip |- | iz....straight + uz....curved || uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish |- | zi....right + zu....left || zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter |} Forming Frequentative Verbs A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable je- to the verb. Here are some examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ The -eg- Frequentative Infix |- ! Regular Verb !! Frequantative Verb |- | paser....move || jepaser....shake, shudder |- | pyaser....jump || jepyaser....bounce |- | paper....fly || jepaper....flutter, flit |- | braser....shake || jebraser....shudder, quiver, vibrate |- | teupixer....bite || jeteupiger....nibble |- | ilzyaber....spray || jeilzyaber....sprinkle |- | pyexer....beat || jepyexer....batter, whip |} Forming Hybrid Words Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybrid Words |- ! Alternative Components !! Hybrid Expression !! Examples |- | yab....up +yob....down || yao(b)-....up-and-down || yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce |- | a-....up, north, skyward +o-....down, south || ao-....vertical || aonada....vertical, aonab....column |- | za(y)....forth, north +zo(y)....back, south || zao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south || zaobaser....rock, zaomera....north/south |- |- zu....left/west +zi....right/east || zui(b)-....right-to-left/east-to-west || zuinada....horizontal, zuibaser....wiggle, zuimera....east/west |- | bu....to +bi....from || bui-....to-and-from || buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip |- | ab....on +ob....off || ao(b)-....on-and-off || aoper....get on and off |- | yuj-....closed +yij-....open || yuij-....open-and-shut || yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink |- | uj-....stop +ij-....start || uij-....stop-and-start || uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic |- | (a)yeb....in +oyeb....out || aoye(b)-....in-and-out || igaoyeper....run in-and-out |- | yub....near +yib....far || yui(b)-....near-and-far || yuipoper....travel near-and-far |- | ub....toward +ib....away || ui(b)-....toward-and-away || uipen....coming and going |- | hum....there +him....here || huim....here-and-there || huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there) |- | hus....that +his....this || huis....this-and-that || huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that |- | hyut....other person +hyit....same person || hyuit....one another || hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal |} Here are some more examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ More Hybrids ! Hybrid Word !! English Gloss !! Alternating Components |- |aogsen|| fluctuation (in size) || ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing) |- |aonada||vertical || a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.) |- |aopuys|| hop-on-hop-off || a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop) |- |buien|| trading, swapping || bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing) |- |buip|| traffic || bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go) |- |buixar||spring|| bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument) |- |buixek|| tug-o-war || bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play) |- |buixnyem|| drawer || bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box) |- |byaosen|| teetering, stumbling || byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing) |- |diep|| marine force || dip (sea force) + dep (land force) |- |duid|| q&a, interview || dud (answer) + did (question) |- |eigpyexer || batter, whip || eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit) |- |gao|| more-or-less || ga (more) + go (less) |- |glaojo|| sooner or later || gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after) |- | huimkexer || search here and there || hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.) |- |huis|| this-and-that || hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing) |- |hyuit|| one another || hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person) |- |kyaopen|| fluctuation || kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going) |- |maluier|| breathe || mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.) |- |maojyex|| double-shift work || maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work) |- |maonig|| flicker || man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast) |- |maolza|| black&white/gray || malza (white) + molza (black) |- |meil|| mud || mel (soil) + mil (water) |- |memuiben|| import-exports || mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing) |- |mial|| vapor || mil (water) + mal (air) |- |mieg|| reef || mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone) |- |miek|| sand || mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance) |- |miem|| swamp || mim (sea) + mem (land) |- |mimpuin|| dock || mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) |- |mimpyaos|| surf || mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink) |- |mimuip|| tide || mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go) |- |peit|| amphibian || pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature) |- |puim|| kiss-and-ride zone|| pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) |- |puixek|| baseball || pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play) |- | pyaos || wave || pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest) |- |teabyuij|| blink || teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open) |- |tuijea|| nodding off || tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing) |- |uijdal|| stutter || uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech) |- |uipeni|| comings & goings || up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.) |- |uiza|| serpentine, snaky || uza (crooked) + iza (straight) |- |vao?|| yes or no? || va (yes) + vo (no) |- |vaod|| decision || va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say) |- |yaobar|| elevator || yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument) |- |yaobyuijar||piston|| yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument) |- |yaoplas||oscillation|| yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake) |- |yaopsim||seesaw|| yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat) |- |yaopus||bounce|| ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump) |- |yaovdut||juror|| yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent) |- |yaoza||uneven, bumpy, serrated|| yaza (convex) + yoza (concave) |- |yaozgoblar||saw|| yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument) |- |yaozil||wave|| yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid) |- |yuibteabar||bifocals|| yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument) |- |yuijar|| valve, switch|| yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument) |- |zaobelur||ferry|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle) |- |zaobyexar||swatter, bat|| za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument) |- |zaodal||dialog|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech) |- |zaogoblar||saw|| za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument) |- |zaokyax||alternation|| za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change) |- |zaopasen||swinging|| za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving) |- |zaopsim||swing or rocker|| zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat) |- |zuibasen||wiggling|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing) |- |zuibayx||wag|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move) |- |zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing) |- |zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable) |- |zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement) |} Acronyms and Abbreviations Word Families