Esperanto/Appendix/Table of affixes

Suffixes -aĉ-Negative affect or a poor opinion of the object or action; makes the word derogatoryskribaĉi (to scrawl, from 'write'); veteraĉo (foul weather); domaĉo (a hovel, from 'house'); rigardaĉi (to gape at, from 'look at'); aĉa (rotten, awful); aĉaĵo (a piece of junk, from -aĵo); aĉigi (to spoil, ruin, with -igi) -ad- frequent, repeated, or continual action; as a noun, an action or processkuradi (to keep on running); parolado (a speech, from 'talk, speak'); naĝado (swimming, from 'swim'); sangado (bleeding, from 'blood') -aĵ-a concrete manifestation; (with a noun root) a productmanĝaĵo (food, from 'eat'); novaĵo (news, a novelty, from 'new'); glaciaĵo (an ice[cream], from 'ice'); bovaĵo (beef, from 'bovine'); konstruaĵo (a building, from 'to build'); aĵo (a thing); -anoa member, follower, participant, inhabitantkristano (a Christian); vilaĝano (a villager); usonano (a US American) [cf. amerikano (a continental American)]; ŝipano (a crew member); samkursano (a classmate, from 'same' and 'course'); samideano (a kindred spirit, from 'same' and 'idea'); ano (a member) -ar-a collective group without specific numberarbaro (a forest, from 'tree'); vortaro (a dictionary, from 'word' [a set expression]); homaro (humanity, from 'human' [a set expression; 'crowd, mob' is homamaso]); ŝafaro (a flock of sheep); kamparo (countryside, from 'field'); ŝiparo (a fleet of ships); anaro (a society [group of members], from -ano); aro (a herd, group, set) -ĉjomasculine affectionate form; the root is truncatedJoĉjo (Jack); Miĉjo (Mike); paĉjo (daddy); fraĉjo (bro); amiĉjo (dear friend) -ebl-possible, "-able"kredebla (believable); videbla (visible); eble (possibly) -ec-an abstract quality, "-ness"amikeco (friendship); boneco (goodness); italeca (Italianesque); infaneca (childish, from 'infano') -eg-augmentative; biggens or intensifies the word domego (a mansion, from 'house'); virego (a giant, from 'man'); librego (a tome, from 'book'); varmega (boiling hot); grandega (huge); ridegi (to guffaw, from 'laugh'); ega (great, humongous) -ejoa place characterized by the root wordlernejo (a school, from 'to learn'), vendejo (a store, from 'to sell'), juĝejo (a court, from 'to judge'), kuirejo (a kitchen, from 'to cook'), hundejo (a kennel, from 'dog'), naĝejo (swimming pool, from 'to swim'); ejo (a place) -emahaving a propensity or tendency towards an actionludema (playful), parolema (talkative), kredema (credulous, from 'believe'); brulema (flammable, from 'burn'); timema (timid); emo (inclination); malema (unwilling, with mal-); eriĝema (friable) -end-mandatorypagenda (payable); lavenda (must be washed); legendaĵo (required reading) -erothe smallest partĉenero (a link, from 'chain'); fajrero (a spark, from 'fire'); neĝero (a snowflake, from 'snow'); kudrero (a stitch, from 'sew'), lignero (a splinter, from 'wood'); panero (a crumb, from 'bread'); monero (a coin, from 'money') -estr-a leader, bosslernejestro (a school principal [see -ejo]); urbestro (a mayor, from 'city'); ŝipestro (captain of a ship); estraro (board of directors, with -aro) -et-diminutivedometo (a hut, from 'house'); libreto (a booklet); varmeta (lukewarm); rideti (to smile, from 'laugh'); rompeti (to crack, fracture, from 'break'); boleti (to simmer, from 'boil'); eta (small, little) -iĉomale (unofficial, neologism)amikiĉo (a male friend); knabiĉo (a boy) -idoan offspring, young (of an animal)katido (a kitten); reĝido (a prince, from 'king'); arbido (a sapling, from 'tree'); izraelido (an Israelite); ido (a kit, pup, kid, etc.) -igito make, to cause (transitivizer/causative)mortigi (to kill, from 'die'); purigi (to clean); konstruigi (to have built); igi (to cause) -iĝ-to become (intransitivizer/inchoative/middle voice)amuziĝi (to enjoy oneself); naskiĝi (to be born); ruĝiĝi (to blush, from 'red'); aniĝi (to join, from -ano); iĝi (to become) -iloan instrumentludilo (a toy, from 'play'); tranĉilo (a knife, from 'cut'); helpilo (a remedy, from 'help'); skribilo (a pen, from 'to write'); ilo (a tool); ilaro (equipment, set of tools, with -aro) -in-femalebovino (a cow); patrino (a mother); amikino (a female friend); knabino (a girl); ino (a female); ina (female, feminine) -indaworthy ofmemorinda (memorable); kredinda (credible, from 'believe'); fidinda (dependable, trustworthy, from 'trust'); plorindaĵo (something to cry about, from 'weep, cry' and -aĵo); inda (worthy) -ing-a holder, sheathglavingo (a scabbard, from 'sword'); kandelingo (a candle-holder, candlestick); ovingo (an egg cup); ŝraŭbingo (a nut, from 'bolt'), piedingo (stirrup, from 'foot'); ingo (a socket etc.) -ist-someone who professionally, continually or preferably occupies themselves with an activity, or an adept or supporter of an idea.instruisto (teacher); dentisto (dentist); abelisto (a beekeeper); komunisto (a communist); registaro (a government, from 'rule, govern' and -aro)-it-passive past participle; the past tense of the root word.nomita (named); amita (loved); konstruita (built) -njofeminine affectionate form; the root is shortenedJonjo (Joanie); Anjo (Annie); panjo (mommy); avinjo (granny); onjo (aunty) -obl-multiplication by the root numberduobla (double); trioble (triply); multobla (manifold); oble (multiplied by) -on-fractionduono (a half); kvarono (a quarter); centono (one hundredth); ono (a fraction) -op-in a collective group of specific numberduope (two together; by twos: = po du); triopo (a threesome); triope (in threes, three by three); unuopa (isolated, individual) -ujoa container, country, a tree of a certain fruitmonujo (a purse, from 'money'); sukerujo (a sugarbowl, from 'sugar'); lavujo (a washbasin, from 'wash'); abelujo (a beehive, from 'bee'); Anglujo (England); Kurdujo (Kurdistan, the Kurdish lands); pomujo (appletree); ujo (a container) -ul-one characterized by the rootjunulo (a youth); sanktulo (a saint, from 'holy'); mamulo (a mammal, from 'breast'); bonulo (a good person); longharulino (a woman with long hair, from longa 'long' and haroj 'hair'); aĉulo (a wretch, from the suffix aĉ); etulino (a wisp of a girl); ulo (a fellow) -um-undefined ad hoc suffix when no other suffix is appropriate (used sparingly: see list)kolumo (a collar, from 'neck'); kalkanumo (shoe-heel, from 'heel of foot'); krucumi (to crucify, from 'cross'); malvarmumo (a cold, from 'cold'); plenumi (to fulfill, from 'full'); brakumi (to hug, from 'arm'); amindumi (to woo, from 'lovable' [see -ind]); mondumo (high society, from 'world'); komunumo (a community, from 'common'); proksimume (approximately, from 'near') Prefixes bo-relation by marriage, -in-lawbopatro (a father-in-law); bofratino (sister-in-law)dis-separation, scatteringdisĵeti (to throw about, from 'throw'); dissendi (to broadcast, from 'send'); disdoni (to distribute, from 'give')ek- beginning, sudden, or momentary action (often perfective)ekbruli (to catch fire, from 'burn'); ekdormi (to fall asleep); ekami (to fall in love); ekkrii (to cry out); ekvidi (to catch sight of); ekde (since); ek al la batalo! (off to war!); ek! (hop to!)eks-former, ex-eksedzo (an ex-husband); eksprezidanto (ex-president); eksa (former); eksiĝi (resign, leave office); eksigi (to sack, to fire)fi-shameful, nasty, disgusting, filthyfihomo (a wicked person); fimensa (foul-minded); fivorto (a profane word); fibesto (vermin, from 'animal, beast'); fiherbo (a weed, from 'grass'); fia (vile); fi! (For shame!); Fi al vi! (Shame on you!)ge-both sexes togethergepatroj (parents); gesinjoroj (ladies and gentlemen); la geZamenhofoj (the Zamenhofs); geonkloj (uncles and aunts)mal-exact opposite of the root wordmalgranda (small, from 'large'); malriĉa (poor, from 'rich'); malplena (empty, from 'full'); maldekstre (on the left, from dekstra 'right'); malami (to hate); malaperi (to disappear); malo (the opposite)mis-incorrectly, awrymiskompreni (to misunderstand); misakuzi (to wrongly accuse); misfamigi (to defame, slander, from famo 'fame' and the causative suffix -ig); mise (incorrectly)pra-great-(grand-), primordial, primitive, proto-praavo (a great-grandfather); prapatro (a forefather); prabesto (a prehistoric beast); prahistoria (prehistoric); prahindeŭropa (Proto-Indoeuropean)re-over again, back againresendi (to send back); rekonstrui (to rebuild); resalti (to rebound, from 'jump'); rediri (to repeat); reaboni (to renew a subscription, from 'subscribe'); rebrilo (reflection, glare, from 'shine'); reira bileto (a return ticket, from iri 'to go'); refoje (once again, from '[x] times'); ĝis (la) revido (au revoir, from ĝis 'until' and vido 'sight') Notes