Shell Programming/Expansions

Structure of a shell program Control statements Expansions are required to deliver a value to script. We will discuss arithmetic expansion and parameter expansion here. Placing '$' prior to a variable expands its value. Arithmetic expressions Arithmetic expansion is not part of /portable shell syntax/, but was added as a /POSIX/ extension. Arithmetic expansion is achieved using a $((operation)) construct. Parameter expansion is achieved by using a ${parameter} construct. Let's give an example of arithmetic expansion: one=1 $(($one+1)) $(($one+1)) will have the value of 2. String manipulation Let's try to do some examples for parameter expansion. Let's say we want to remove a string 'Hello' from 'HelloBob'. The following will do the trick: string='HelloBob' ${string%Bob} ${string%Bob} portion cuts out 'Bob' from end of variable string, so we are left with Hello as its output. If variable string had value of 'HelloBobBob', ${string%%Bob*} would do the same trick. The '%%' portion is required because it signifies to remove the longest pattern matching 'Bob*'. So, we are also left with 'Hello'. If '%' is replaced with '#' and '%%' replaced with '##', this signifies the same meaning but this time from beginning of parameter, not from end. For example, the following code would remove 'Hello' from 'HelloBobBob': ${string#Hello} Conditional variable values Following subsections represent a syntax for handling of situations, where variable may be undefined. ${param-value} Use 'value' if param's original value is null, otherwise value of param variable is taken. ${param?value} Use param if defined, otherwise print value to output – it effectively aborts the command. ${param+value} Use 'value' if param is defined (otherwise an empty string). ${param=value} Use 'value' and set param to 'value' if param is undefined. Besides the above-mentioned syntax, there is also a syntax with a colon preceding the -/?/+/=, eg.: ${param:?Parameter param must be set and non-empty} Which for all four operators above causes that empty variables are handled in the same way as undefined ones in the above-mentioned definition.