False Friends of the Slavist/Russian

rus 250 million Ложные друзья слависта в русском языке ff225 адрес does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 37 million speakers of Ukrainian. is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘address’ is shared by Pol. аdres. The Russian meaning ‘congratulatory letter’ (адрес, поздравительное послание) is shared by Ukr. адрес, Pol. аdres. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff197 Алжир does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘Algiers’ is shared by Pol. Algier, Bg. Алжир. The Russian meaning ‘Algeria’ is shared by Bg. Алжир. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff202 ангельский is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘of angels, angel-like’ is unique. The meaning ‘English’ (английский) is attested in Pol. angielski. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff160 арбуз is a complete false friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘watermelon’ is shared by Pol. arbuz. The meaning ‘pumpkin’ (тыква) is attested in Blr. гарбуз, Ukr. гарбуз. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff68 баба has additional meanings in the language of about 11.5 million native speakers of Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 17.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. baba The Russian meaning ‘pejorative of a woman’ is shared by Pol. baba. The Russian meaning ‘old woman’ is shared by Pol. baba, Cr. baba, Bo. baba, Sb. баба. The meaning ‘grandmother’ (бабушка) is attested in Bo. baba, baka, Sb. баба, бака. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff161 бабка has additional meanings in the language of about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘old woman’ is shared by Blr. бабка, Pol. babka, Bg. бабка. The meaning ‘a cake’ (кулич) is attested in Blr. бабка, Pol. babka. The meaning ‘rough boletus (a mushroom)’ (подберёзовик) is attested in Blr. бабка. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff69 банка is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. banka The Russian meaning ‘(Br.) tin, (Am.) can’ is unique. The meaning ‘bank, credit bank’ (банк) is attested in Sln. banka, Cr. banka, Bo. banka, Sb. банка. The meaning ‘container, can’ (кувшин) is attested in Pol. bańka. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff66 белизна is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedo-nian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech. belizna The Russian meaning ‘whiteness’ is shared by Ukr. білизна, Cr. bjelina, Bo. bjelina, Sb. белина, Mk. белина, Bg. белина. The meaning ‘linen, laundry’ (бельё) is attested in Blr. бялізна, Ukr. білизна, Pol. bielizna. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff99 берёзовик is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘rough boletus (a mushroom)’ is unique. The meaning ‘birch-juice’ (берёзовый сок) is attested in Blr. бярозавік. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff67 беседа is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Belarusian, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘talk’ is shared by Pol. biesiada, Bg. беседа. The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Sln. beseda. The meaning ‘party, ceremony’ (пир, пирушка) is attested in Blr. бяседа. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff137 благой is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. The Russian meaning ‘good’ is unique. The meaning ‘bad’ (плохой) is attested in Blr. благі. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff241 богатырь is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; The Russian meaning ‘muscled hero’ is attested in Ukr. богатир. The meaning ‘rich man’ (богач) is attested in Blr. багатыр and Ukr. багатир. [NB: No information yet for Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff74 более is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in Slovenian does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘more’ is also found in Sln. bolj. The meaning ‘better’ (лучше) is attested in Sln. bolje, Cr. bolje, Bo. bolje, Sb. боље. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff129 бор has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Slovenian, Bulgarian, Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 48 million speakers of Slovenian, Bulgarian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘a wood of pine-trees’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘boron’ is shared by Sln. bor, Bg. бор, Pol. bor. The meaning ‘pine-tree’ (сосна) is attested in Sln. bor, Bg. бор. The meaning ‘a wood of old coniferous trees’ is attested in Pol. bór. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff85 брак has additional meanings in the language of about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 102.5 million speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘marriage’ is shared by Cr. brak, Bo. brak, Sb. брак, Mk. брак, Bg. брак. The Russian meaning ‘defect, flaw’ is shared by Ukr. брак, Pol. brak. The Russian meaning ‘rejects, refuse, waste’ is shared by Ukr. брак, Pol. brak, Bg. брак. The meaning ‘lack, want, shortage’ (недостаток, нехватка) is attested in Ukr. брак, Pol. brak. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff235 брать is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian. is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘take’ is shared by Pol. brać. The meaning ‘read’ (читать) is attested in Sln. brati. The meaning ‘collect’ (собирать) is attested in Sln. brati. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff30 булка is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. bulka The Russian meaning ‘roll, white bread’ is shared by Blr. булка, Ukr. булка, Pol. bułka. The meaning ‘bride’ (невеста) is attested in Bg. булка. The meaning ‘young woman’ (девушка) is attested in Bg. булка. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff234 быстрый is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘fast, quick’ is shared by Pol. bystry. The meaning ‘clear’ (ясный, чистый) is attested in Sln. bister. The meaning ‘lively, awake’ (живой, бодрый) is attested in Sln. bister. The meaning ‘clever, astute’ is attested in Pol. bystry. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff244 выгода is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘profit’ is unique. The meaning ‘comfort’ (удобство, уют) is attested in Blr. выгода, Pol. wygoda. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff59 век has additional meanings in the language of about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 17.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 12 million native speakers of Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. vek The Russian meaning ‘age, epoch’ is shared by Pol. wiek, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Mk. век, Bg. век. The Russian meaning ‘century’ (век, столетие) is shared by Pol. wiek, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Cr. vijek, Bo. vijek, Sb. век, Mk. век, Bg. век. The meaning ‘age (of a person)’ (возраст) is attested in Pol. wiek, Cz. věk. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff245 веселье is a complete false friend for about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; The Russian meaning ‘fun, joy’ is unique. The meaning ‘wedding’ (свадьба) is attested in Blr. вясельле, Ukr. весілля, Pol. wesele. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff32 вещь is a complete false friend for about 59.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 24 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘matter’ is shared by Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Bg. вещ. The meaning ‘clever’ (ловкий) is attested in Sln. vešč, Cr. vješt, Bo. vješt, Sb. вешт, Mk. вешт. The meaning ‘message’ (весть) is attested in Pol. wieść. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff162 вещь is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 24 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian. The Russian meaning ‘matter, thing’ is shared by Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Bg. вещ. The meaning ‘assembly’ (собрание) is attested in Pol. wiec. The meaning ‘already’ (уже) is attested in Cr. već, Bo. već, Sb. већ. The meaning ‘more’ (больше) is attested in Sln. več. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff215 видеть has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to see impf.’ is shared by Cr. vidjeti, Bo. vidjeti, Sb. видети, Pol. widzieć. The meaning ‘to see, to behold pf.’ (увидеть) is attested in Cr. vidjeti, Bo. vidjeti, Sb. видети. The meaning ‘to watch pf.’ (посмотреть) is attested in Cr. vidjeti, Bo. vidjeti, Sb. видети. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff183 власть is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Russian meaning ‘power’ is unique. The meaning ‘home country’ (родина) is attested in Cz. vlast. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff180 вонь is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech. von The Russian meaning ‘stench, stink’ is unique. The meaning ‘scent, fragrance’ (аромат) is attested in Pol. woń, Cz. vůně. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff18 враг is a complete false friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 91 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Bulgarian. vorg The Russian meaning ‘enemy’ is shared by Blr. вораг, Ukr. ворог, Pol. wróg, Mk. враг, Bg. враг. The meaning ‘devil, demon’ (чёрт) is attested in Sln. vrag, Cr. vrag, Bo. vrag, Sb. враг, Mk. враг. The meaning ‘murderer’ (убийца) is attested in Cz. vrah, Slk. vrah. The meaning ‘slyboots, smartie’ (хитрец) is attested in Mk. враг. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff22 вредный is a complete false friend for about 59.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak. vredny The Russian meaning ‘harmful’ is shared by Bg. вреден. The meaning ‘precious’ (ценный) is attested in Sln. vreden, Cr. vrijedan, Bo. vrijedan, Sb. вредан. The meaning ‘able, clever’ (ловкий, умелый) is attested in Mk. вреден, Bg. вреден. The meaning ‘nasty, repulsive’ (гадкий, отвратительный) is attested in Pol. wredny. The meaning ‘insidious, deceitful’ (фальшивый, коварный) is attested in Pol. wredny. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff163 время is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘time’ is shared by Cr. vrijeme, Bo. vrijeme, Sb. време. The meaning ‘weather’ (погода) is attested in Sln. vreme, Cr. vrijeme, Bo. vrijeme, Sb. време. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff37 выход has additional meanings in the language of about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. vychod The Russian meaning ‘exit’ is shared by Blr. выхад, Ukr. вихід, Cz. východ, Slk. východ. The meaning ‘east’ (восток) is attested in Cz. východ, Slk. východ. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff200 глава does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 50 million speakers of Czech, Slovenian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘head’ (глава (arch.), голова) is shared by Cz. hlava, Sln. glava, Pol. głowa. The Russian meaning ‘chapter’ (глава (в книге)) is unique. The Russian meaning ‘chief, boss’ (глава (начальник)) is shared by Sln. glava, šef. The Russian meaning ‘dome, vault’ (глава (купол)) is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff157 говор is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 45 million speakers of Ukrainian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. govor The Russian meaning ‘dialect’ is shared by Blr. гаворка, Ukr. говір, Bg. говор. The Russian meaning ‘talking’ is shared by Blr. гаворка. The meaning ‘speech’ (речь) is attested in Cr. govor, Bo. govor, Sb. говор, Bg. говор. The meaning ‘noise’ (шум) is attested in Pol. gwar. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff3 година is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 99 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. godina The Russian meaning ‘time, hour (poet.)’ is shared by Blr. гадзіна, час, Ukr. година, час, Pol. godzina, czas, Cz. hodina, čas, Slk. hodina, čas. The meaning ‘hour’ (час) is attested in Blr. гадзіна, Ukr. година, Pol. godzina, Cz. hodina, Slk. hodina. The meaning ‘year’ (год) is attested in Cr. godina, Bo. godina, Sb. година, Mk. година, Bg. година. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff40 гора is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak; is a true friend for about 112.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian. gora The Russian meaning ‘mountain’ is shared by Blr. гара, Ukr. гора, Pol. góra, Cz. hora, Slk. hora, Sln. gora, Cr. gora, Bo. gora, Sb. гора. The meaning ‘forest’ (лес) is attested in Slk. hora, Bg. гора. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff106 город is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. The Russian meaning ‘town’ is shared by Blr. горад. The meaning ‘vegetable garden’ (огород) is attested in Ukr. город. [NB: No information yet for Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff214 град is a complete false friend for about 12 million native speakers of Czech, Slovenian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. grad The Russian meaning ‘town’ (град (arch.), город) is shared by Cr. grad, Bo. grad, Sb. град. The Russian meaning ‘hail’ is shared by Pol. grad, Cr. grad, Bo. grad, Sb. град. The meaning ‘fortress’ (крепость) is attested in Cz. hrad, Sln. grad. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff115 гроб is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘coffin’ is unique. The meaning ‘grave’ (могила) is attested in Pol. grób. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff145 грудастая is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘big-breasted’ is unique. The meaning ‘granular’ (зернистый, гранулёзный) is attested in Cr. grudast, Bo. grudast, Sb. грудаст. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff25 дворец is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian Cr. палац, Czech, Slovak. dvorc The Russian meaning ‘palace’ is shared by Cr. dvorac, Bo. dvorac, Sb. дворац, Mk. дворец, Bg. дворец. The meaning ‘railway station’ (вокзал) is attested in Ukr. двірець, Pol. dworzec. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln.] ff203 дева is a complete false friend for about 7.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian; has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘maiden’ is shared by Sb. дева. The meaning ‘camel’ (верблюд) is attested in Cr. deva, Bo. deva, Sb. дева. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff186 дело is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. dmlo The Russian meaning ‘matter, affair’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘act, deed’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘battle’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘case, lawsuit’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘file, document’ is unique. The meaning ‘canon’ (пушка) is attested in Cz. dělo. The meaning ‘composition, work of art’ is attested in Pol. dzieło. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff33 диван is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish; is a true friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. divan The Russian meaning ‘settee, sofa’ is shared by Cz. divan, Slk. diván, Sln. divan, Cr. divan, Bo. divan, Sb. диван. The meaning ‘carpet’ (ковёр) is attested in Blr. дыван, Pol. dywan. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff143 доить is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to milk’ is shared by Pol. doić. The meaning ‘to breast-feed’ (кормить грудью) is attested in Cr. dojiti, Bo. dojiti, Sb. дојити. The meaning ‘to suckle’ (кормить грудью) is attested in Cr. dojiti, Bo. dojiti, Sb. дојити. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff155 доктор has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘doctor, physician’ (доктор, врач) is shared by Ukr. доктор, Pol. doktor. The Russian meaning ‘habilitated doctor’ (доктор наук) is shared by Ukr. доктор. The meaning ‘PhD, DSc’ (кандидат наук) is attested in Pol. doktor. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff31 дума is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. duma The Russian meaning ‘thought’ (дума (arch.), мысль) is shared by Blr. думка, дума, Ukr. дума. The Russian meaning ‘East Slavonic folk song’ is shared by Blr. дума, Ukr. дума. The Russian meaning ‘parliament’ is shared by Blr. дума, Ukr. дума. The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Bg. дума. The meaning ‘pride’ (гордость) is attested in Pol. duma. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff199 Дунай is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; is a true friend for about 81.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. dunaj The Russian meaning ‘Danube’ is shared by Pol. Dunaj, Cz. Dunaj, Slk. Dunaj, Cr. Dunaj, Bo. Dunaj, Sb. Дунај, Mk. Дунав, Bg. Дунав. The meaning ‘Vienna’ (Вена) is attested in Sln. Dunaj. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff83 дыня is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 58.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. dynja The Russian meaning ‘sweet melon’ is shared by Ukr. диня, Sln. dinja, Cr. dinja, Bo. dinja, Sb. диња, Mk. диња. The meaning ‘watermelon’ (арбуз) is attested in Bg. диня. The meaning ‘pumpkin’ (тыква) is attested in Pol. dynia. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk.] ff218 ел is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Russian meaning ‘ate/eaten’ is unique. The meaning ‘drove/driven, rode/ridden, went/gone’ (ехал) is attested in Cz. jel. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff217 ети/еть is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Russian meaning ‘to fuck’ (ети, еть, ебать) is unique. The meaning ‘to drive, to ride, to go’ (ехать) is attested in Cz. jeti. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff1 жена is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; has additional meanings in the language of about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish. zhena The Russian meaning ‘wife’ is shared by Blr. жонка, Pol. żona, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена. The meaning ‘woman’ (женщина) is attested in Ukr. жінка, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, ženska, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff7 живот does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 82.5 million speakers of Ukrainian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish. životъ The Russian meaning ‘belly, body’ is shared by Blr. жывот, Ukr. живіт, Pol. brzuch, żywot, Sln. život. The Russian meaning ‘life’ (живот (arch.), жизнь) is shared by Blr. жывот (arch.), жыццё, Pol. żywot, życie, Ka. żëwot, żëcé, Cz. život, Slk. život, Cr. život, Bo. život, Sb. живот, Mk. живот, Bg. живот. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff142 жид is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech. jaid The Russian meaning ‘Jew (pejoratively)’ is unique. The meaning ‘Jew (ethnically)’ (еврей) is attested in Pol. Żyd, Cz. Žid. The meaning ‘Jew (religiously)’ (иудей) is attested in Pol. żyd, Cz. žid. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff140 жизнь is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Russian meaning ‘life’ is unique. The meaning ‘thirst’ (жажда) is attested in Cz. žízeň. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff173 жито is a complete false friend for about 99 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘grain, cereals, (Br.) corn’ is shared by Sln. žito, Cr. žito, Bo. žito, Sb. жито. The meaning ‘rye’ (рожь) is attested in Ukr. жито, Pol. żyto, Cz. žito, Slk. žito, raž. The meaning ‘wheat’ (пшеница) is attested in Slk. pšenica, žito, Bg. жито. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff211 за is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘in, during (a time span)’ is unique. The meaning ‘in, after (a time span)’ (через) is attested in Pol. za. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff216 забыть is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘to forget’ is unique. The meaning ‘to hit into’ (забить) is attested in Ukr. забити. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff61 завод is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 12 million native speakers of Czech, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. zavod The Russian meaning ‘factory, works’ is shared by Cz. závod, Mk. завод, Bg. завод. The meaning ‘contest’ (состязание) is attested in Cz. závod. The meaning ‘occupation, profession, trade’ (профессия) is attested in Pol. zawód. The meaning ‘institute’ (заведение) is attested in Sln. zavod, Cr. zavod, Bo. zavod, Sb. завод, Mk. завод. The meaning ‘disappointment’ (разочарование) is attested in Pol. zawód. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff179 заказ is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech. The Russian meaning ‘order’ is unique. The meaning ‘prohibition’ (запрет) is attested in Pol. zakaz, Cz. zákaz. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff181 запах is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘smell (neutral)’ is shared by Pol. zapach. The meaning ‘bad smell, stench’ (вонь, дурной запах) is attested in Cz. zápach. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff23 запомнить is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech(?Belarusian?); is a true friend for about 20 million native speakers of (?Belarusian?), Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. zapomniti The Russian meaning ‘to memorize’ is shared by Blr. запомніць, Sln. zapomniti, Mk. запомни, Bg. запомня. The meaning ‘to forget’ (забыть) is attested in Pol. zapomnieć, Cz. zapomenoutBlr. запамятаць. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff237 захват is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘conquest, capture’ is unique. The meaning ‘delight’ (восторг) is attested in Ukr. захват. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff86 заход is a complete false friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘sunset’ is shared by Pol. zachód, Sln. zahod, Mk. заод. The meaning ‘west’ (запад) is attested in Pol. zachód, Sln. zahod. The meaning ‘toilet’ (туалет) is attested in Cz. záchod, Slk. záchod, Cr. zahod, Bo. zahod, Sb. заход. The meaning ‘trouble, effort’ (труд, усилия) is attested in Pol. zachód. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff165 зерно has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 40 million native speakers of Slovenian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘corn, kernel’ is shared by Sln. zrno, Bg. зърно, Pol. ziarno. The meaning ‘berry’ (ягода) is attested in Bg. зърно. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff114 злодей is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘criminal’ is unique. The meaning ‘thief’ (вор) is attested in Cz. zloděj, Pol. złodziej. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff29 играть has additional meanings in the language of about 67.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 72.5 million speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian. igrati The Russian meaning ‘to play (a game)’ is shared by Ukr. грати, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Cr. igrati, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Mk. игра, Bg. играя. The Russian meaning ‘to play (theatre)’ is shared by Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Mk. игра, Bg. играя. The Russian meaning ‘to play (music)’ is shared by Blr. іграць, Ukr. грати, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati. The meaning ‘to dance’ (танцевать, плясать) is attested in Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Mk. игра, Bg. играя. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff75 искусство is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 8 million speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘art’ is shared by Bg. изкуство. The Russian meaning ‘skill’ is unique. The meaning ‘experience’ (опыт) is attested in Cr. iskustvo, Bo. iskustvo, Sb. искуство. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff124 исход has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘result’ is shared by Bg. изход. The Russian meaning ‘resort, way out’ is shared by Bg. изход. The meaning ‘exit’ (выход) is attested in Bg. изход. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff132 кал is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘faeces, excrement’ is shared by Pol. kał. The meaning ‘dirt, mud’ (грязь) is attested in Cr. kal, Bo. kal, Sb. кал. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff121 кит is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘whale’ is unique. The meaning ‘putty, cement’ (замазка) is attested in Pol. kit. The meaning ‘cat’ (кот) is attested in Ukr. кіт. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff226 князь is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; is a true friend for about 62.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘prince, duke’ is shared by Blr. князь, Ukr. князь, Cr. knez, Bo. knez, Sb. кнез. The meaning ‘priest’ (священник (ксёндз)) is attested in Pol. ksiądz, Cz. kněz. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff212 ковчег is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish, Czech, Slovak. kovieg The Russian meaning ‘(Noah’s) Arch’ is shared by Bg. ковчег. The meaning ‘coffin’ (гроб) is attested in Bo. kovčeg, Sb. ковчег, Bg. ковчег. The meaning ‘suitcase’ (чемодан) is attested in Sln. kovček, Cr. kovčeg, Bo. kovčeg. The meaning ‘trunk, box, chest’ (сундук, ларь) is attested in Cr. kovčeg, Bo. kovčeg, Sb. ковчег, Bg. ковчег. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff81 колёса has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘wheels’ is shared by Pol. koła, Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. The meaning ‘car, cart’ (телега) is attested in Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. The meaning ‘motorcar’ (автомобиль) is attested in Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff198 колония has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘colony’'‘correctional facility’ is shared by Pol. kolonia, Cr. kolonija, Bo. kolonija, Sb. колонија. The meaning ‘Cologne’''' (Кёльн) is attested in Pol. Kolonia''. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff123 корица is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘cinnamon’ is unique. The meaning ‘crust’ (корка) is attested in Cr. korica, Bo. korica, Sb. корица. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff36 край is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 66.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 2 million speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 24 million native speakers of Belarusian, Czech, Slovak. kraj The Russian meaning ‘edge’ is shared by Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край. The Russian meaning ‘region’ is shared by Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край. The meaning ‘country’ (страна) is attested in Ukr. край, Pol. kraj. The meaning ‘end’ (конец) is attested in Ukr. край, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff64 краска is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedo-nian. kraska The Russian meaning ‘paint’ is shared by Bg. краска. The meaning ‘flower’ (цветок) is attested in Blr. краска (colloq.), кветка. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff119 красный is a complete false friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘red’ is unique. The meaning ‘beautiful’ (красивый) is attested in Cz. krásný, Slk. krásny. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff34 кресло is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 61 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. krslo The Russian meaning ‘armchair’ is shared by Ukr. крісло, Cz. křeslo, Slk. kreslo, Bg. кресло. The meaning ‘chair’ (стул) is attested in Blr. крэсла, Pol. krzesło. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff110 крик is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘cry, shout’ is shared by Pol. krzyk. The meaning ‘jack’ (домкрат) is attested in Bg. крик. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff138 криминалист is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘criminologist’ is unique. The meaning ‘criminal’ (уголовный преступник) is attested in Pol. kryminalista. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff166 куча is a complete false friend for about 9.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘heap’ is unique. The meaning ‘hut’ (хижина, избушка, шалаш) is attested in Sln. koča. The meaning ‘house’ (дом) is attested in Cr. kuća, Bo. kuća. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff127 лекарство is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘medicament’ is shared by Pol. lekarstwo. The meaning ‘medical science’ (медицина) is attested in Cr. ljekarstvo, Bo. ljekarstvo, Sb. лекарство. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff107 лень is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘laziness’ is unique. The meaning ‘idler, do-nothing’ (лентяй) is attested in Pol. leń. The meaning ‘lazy’ (ленивый) is attested in Cr. lijen, Bo. lijen, Sb. лен. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff50 лето has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 74.5 million speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 54 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak. leto The Russian meaning ‘summer’ is shared by Blr. лета, Ukr. літо, Pol. lato, Cz. léto, Slk. leto, Cr. ljeto, Bo. ljeto, Sb. лето, Mk. лето, Bg. лято. The Russian meaning ‘year (in the plural), e.g. 30 years’ (лето (30 лет)) is shared by Pol. lato (30 lat), Cz. léto (30 lét), Slk. leto (30 let), Sln. leto (30 let). The meaning ‘year (in the sg.)’ (год) is attested in Sln. leto. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff43 лист is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 51.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Slovak; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 50,000 speakers of Kashubian; is a true friend for about 39.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. list The Russian meaning ‘sheet of paper’ is shared by Ukr. лист, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист. The Russian meaning ‘leaf’ is shared by Blr. ліст, Ukr. лист, Ka. lëst, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист. The meaning ‘letter’ (письмо) is attested in Blr. ліст, пісьмо, Ukr. лист, Pol. list, Ka. lëst, Slk. list. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff8 листопад is a complete false friend for about 55,000 native speakers of Upper Sorbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 101 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian; is a true friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Slovak, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. listopad The Russian meaning ‘falling of leaves’ is shared by Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Pol. listopad, Cz. listopad, Slk. listopad, Sln. listopad, Cr. listopad, Bo. listopad, Sb. листопад, Mk. листопад, Bg. листопад. The meaning ‘October’ (октябрь) is attested in Cr. listopad. The meaning ‘November’ (ноябрь) is attested in Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Pol. listopad, USo. listopad, Cz. listopad, Sln. listopad. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo.] ff167 лицо has additional meanings in the language of about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 46 million speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian; is a true friend for about 11.5 million native speakers of Bosnian, Serbian. lice The Russian meaning ‘face’ is shared by Pol. lico, Sln. lice, Cr. lice, Bo. lice, Sb. лице. The Russian meaning ‘person’ is shared by Bo. lice, osoba, Sb. лице, особа. The meaning ‘cheek’ (щека) is attested in Pol. lico, Sln. lice. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff233 личный is a complete false friend for about 40 million native speakers of Slovenian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘personal’ is unique. The meaning ‘beautiful’ (миловидный, симпатичный) is attested in Sln. ličen. The meaning ‘numerous’ is attested in Pol. liczny. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff94 луг is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘meadow’ is unique. The meaning ‘lye’ (щёлок, щёлочь) is attested in Pol. ług, Cr. lug, Bo. lug, Sb. луг. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff95 лук does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘onion’ is shared by Cr. luk, Bo. luk, Sb. лук. The Russian meaning ‘bow (weapon)’ is shared by Pol. łuk, Cr. luk, Bo. luk, Sb. лук. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff148 лыжи is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘skis’ is unique. The meaning ‘skates’ (коньки) is attested in Pol. łyżwy. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff120 любить has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 75 million speakers of Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to love’ is shared by Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. The Russian meaning ‘to like’ is shared by Ukr. любити, Pol. lubić, Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. The meaning ‘to kiss’ (целовать) is attested in Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff63 люлька does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 35.5 million speakers of Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘tobacco pipe’ (люлька (редко), трубка) is shared by Blr. люлька, Cr. lula, Bo. lula, Sb. лула, Mk. луле, Bg. лула. The Russian meaning ‘cradle’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff27 майка is a complete false friend for about 65.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Slovenian. majka The Russian meaning ‘gym shirt’ is shared by Blr. майка. The meaning ‘mother’ (мать) is attested in Cr. majka, Bo. majka, Sb. мајка, Mk. мајка, Bg. майка. The meaning ‘dam, female animal’ (матка) is attested in Mk. мајка, Bg. майка. The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (гайка) is attested in Bg. майка. The meaning ‘underpants’ (majtki) is attested in Pl. majtki [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk.] ff56 масса has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 118.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. masa The Russian meaning ‘mass’ is shared by Blr. маса, Ukr. маса, Pol. masa, Cz. masa, Slk. masa, Sln. masa, Cr. masa, Bo. masa, Sb. маса, Mk. маса, Bg. маса. The meaning ‘table’ (стол) is attested in Mk. маса, Bg. маса. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff28 матка is a complete false friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; has additional meanings in the language of about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 85 million speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. matka The Russian meaning ‘womb, uterus’ is shared by Blr. матка, Ukr. матка, Mk. матка, Bg. матка. The Russian meaning ‘dam, female animal’ is shared by Blr. матка, Pol. matka. The meaning ‘mother’ (мать) is attested in Blr. матка, Pol. matka, Cz. matka, Slk. matka. The Russian meaning ‘queen bee’ is shared by Ukr. матка The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (гайка) is attested in Cz. matka. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff116 машина has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 55.5 million speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. machina The Russian meaning ‘machine’ (машина, мотор) is shared by Pol. maszyna, Cr. mašina, Bo. mašina, Sb. машина. The Russian meaning ‘car’ (машина, автомобиль) is unique. The meaning ‘locomotion’ (паровоз) is attested in Cr. mašina, Bo. mašina, Sb. машина. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff122 медь has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘copper’ is shared by Ukr. мед, Bg. мед, Pol. miedź. The meaning ‘honey’ (мёд) is attested in Bg. мед. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff196 Мексика has additional meanings in the language of about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘Mexico (country)’ is shared by Pol. Meksyk, Bg. Мексико. The meaning ‘Mexico City’ (Мехико) is attested in Pol. Meksyk, Bg. Мексико. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff205 местный has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘local’ is shared by Cr. mesni, Bo. mesni, Sb. месни. The meaning ‘of meat’ (мясной) is attested in Cr. mesni, Bo. mesni, Sb. месни. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff79 меч is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 63 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘sword’ is shared by Blr. меч, Ukr. меч, Cz. meč, Mk. меч, Bg. меч. The meaning ‘match, game’ (матч) is attested in Pol. mecz, Cr. meč, Bo. meč, Sb. меч, Mk. меч. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff135 мещанин is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘petty bourgeois’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘Philistine’ is unique. The meaning ‘inhabitant, townsman’ (горожанин) is attested in Pol. mieszczanin. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff220 мир has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 65.5 million speakers of Polish, Kashubian, Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. mir The Russian meaning ‘world’ (мир, свет) is unique. The Russian meaning ‘hist. municipality, parish, commune’ is shared by Cz. mír, občina. The Russian meaning ‘peace’ is shared by Pol. mir (arch.), pokój, zgoda, Ka. mir, Cz. mír, Cr. mir, Bo. mir, Sb. мир. The Russian meaning ‘quiet, stillness’ (мир, покой) is shared by Pol. mir (arch.), spokój, Ka. mir, Cz. mír, Cr. mir, Bo. mir, Sb. мир. The meaning ‘authority, prestige’ (авторитет, уважение) is attested in Pol. mir. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff117 мотор has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘motor’ is shared by Pol. motor. The meaning ‘motorbike’ (мотоцикл) is attested in Pol. motor. The meaning ‘contriver’ (инициатор) is attested in Pol. motor. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff201 мразь is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘?’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘?’ is unique. The meaning ‘?’ (мороз) is attested in Cr. mraz, Bo. mraz, Sb. мраз. The meaning ‘?’ (измороз) is attested in Cr. mraz, Bo. mraz, Sb. мраз. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff49 мрак is a complete false friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian. mork The Russian meaning ‘darkness’ is shared by Cr. mrak, Bo. mrak, Sb. мрак. The meaning ‘cloud’ (облако) is attested in Cz. mrak, Slk. mrak. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln.] ff2 муж has additional meanings in the language of about 65 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 63.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. muzh The Russian meaning ‘husband’ is shared by Blr. муж, Ukr. муж, чоловік, Pol. mąż, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, Cr. muž, Bo. muž, Sb. муж, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж. The meaning ‘man’ (мужчина) is attested in Ukr. муж, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, moški, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff21 наглый is a complete false friend for about 83.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. nagl The Russian meaning ‘naughty’ is shared by Ukr. нахабний, наглий, Bg. нагъл. The meaning ‘sudden’ (внезапный) is attested in Blr. наглы (reg.), раптоўны, Ukr. наглий, Pol. nagły, Cz. náhlý, Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао. The meaning ‘fast, quick’ (быстрый) is attested in Sln. nagel. The meaning ‘vehement, hasty’ (резкий, поспешный) is attested in Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао, Mk. нагло. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff19 направо is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 99.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashu-bian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. pravo The Russian meaning ‘to the right’ is shared by Blr. направа, Ukr. направо, Pol. na prawo, Ka. w prawo, w prawą, Cz. napravo, Slk. napravo. The meaning ‘straight on’ (прямо) is attested in Cr. pravo, Bo. pravo, Sb. право, Mk. (на)право, Bg. (на) право. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff45 неделя is a complete false friend for about 105 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 23.5 million native speakers of Czech, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. nedelja The Russian meaning ‘week’ is shared by Cz. týden, neděle, Bo. nedjelja, sedmica, Sb. недеља, седмица, Mk. недела. The meaning ‘Sunday’ (воскресенье) is attested in Blr. нядзеля, Ukr. неділя, Pol. niedziela, Cz. neděle, Slk. nedeľa, Sln. nedelja, Cr. nedjelja, Bo. nedjelja, Sb. недеља, Mk. недела, Bg. неделя. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff174 образ is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 46 million speakers of Polish, Bulgarian. obraz The Russian meaning ‘picture, painting’ is shared by Pol. obraz, Bg. образ. The Russian meaning ‘manner’ is unique. The meaning ‘cheek’ (щека) is attested in Cr. obraz, Bo. obraz, Sb. образ, Bg. образ. The meaning ‘face’ (лицо) is attested in Sln. obraz, Cr. obraz, Bo. obraz, Sb. образ, Bg. образ. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk.] ff188 обход is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘round, circuit’ is shared by Pol. obchód. The meaning ‘shop’ (магазин) is attested in Cz. obchod. The meaning ‘party’ (праздник, торжество) is attested in Pol. obchód. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff136 обыватель is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘petty bourgeois’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘Philistine’ is unique. The meaning ‘inhabitant’ ( ) is attested in Pol. . The meaning ‘citizen’ (гражданин) is attested in Pol. obywatel. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff42 овощи is a complete false friend for about 71.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. ovokti The Russian meaning ‘vegetables’ is shared by Ukr. овочі. The meaning ‘fruits’ (фрукты) is attested in Pol. owoce, Cz. ovoce, Slk. ovocie, Cr. voće, Bo. voće, Sb. воће. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff151 олово is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘tin, pewter’ is unique. The meaning ‘lead’ (свинец) is attested in Cz. olovo, Pol. ołów. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff153 ольха is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘alder’ is shared by Pol. olcha. The meaning ‘fir-tree’ (пихта, ель) is attested in Bg. елха. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff240 орать is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to scream’ is unique. The meaning ‘to plough’ (пахать) is attested in Blr. араць, Pol. orać. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff204 орган has additional meanings in the language of about 46 million native speakers of Bulgarian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘organ (e.g. in the body)’ is shared by Bg. орган, Pol. organ. The meaning ‘organ (musical instrument)’ (орган) is attested in Bg. орган, Pol. organy. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff239 отец is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 8 million speakers of Belarusian. The Russian meaning ‘father’ (отец (в семье)) is shared by Pol. ojciec. The Russian meaning ‘Father (addressing a priest)’ (отец (служитель культа)) is shared by Blr. айцец, Pol. ojciec. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff238 отказ is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘denial’ is unique. The meaning ‘answer’ (ответ) is attested in Blr. адказ. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff52 охотник has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 75 million speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘volunteer’ (охотник (редко), доброволец) is shared by Ukr. охочий, Pol. ochotnik. The Russian meaning ‘hunter’ is unique. The meaning ‘amateur’ (любитель; охотник до...) is attested in Ukr. охочий. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb.] ff128 палец is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a complete false friend for about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘finger’ is shared by Pol. palec. The meaning ‘thumb’ (большой палец) is attested in Cz. palec, Bg. палец. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff24 памятник is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian; is a true friend for about 51 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. pamjatnik The Russian meaning ‘monument’ is shared by Ukr. пам’ятник, Ka. pamiãtnik, pomnik, Slk. pamätník, Bg. паметник. The meaning ‘diary’ (дневник) is attested in Pol. pamiętnik, Ka. dniewnik, wspomnik, pamiãtnik. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff100 память is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 56 million native speakers of Czech, Bulgarian. pamkt The Russian meaning ‘memory’ is shared by Cz. paměť, Bg. памет, Pol. pamięć. The Russian meaning ‘computer memory’ is shared by Cz. paměť, Bg. памет, Pol. pamięć. The meaning ‘reason, intellect’ (разум) is attested in Cr. pamet, Bo. pamet, Sb. памет. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff189 папа is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; has additional meanings in the language of about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 55.5 million speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘dad’ is shared by Pol. papa. The Russian meaning ‘the Pope’ (папа римский) is shared by Cr. papa, Bo. papa, Sb. папа. The meaning ‘cardboard, pasteboard’ (папка, картон) is attested in Pol. papa. The meaning ‘bye-bye!’ (пока!) is attested in Ukr. папа!, Pol. papa!, Cr. papa!, Bo. papa!, Sb. папа!. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff80 пара is a complete false friend for about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘pair’ is shared by Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. para. The Russian meaning ‘a couple of, some’ is shared by Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. parę. The meaning ‘steam’ (пар) is attested in Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Pol. para, Cz. pára, Slk. para, Sln. para, Cr. para, Bo. para, Sb. пара, Mk. пара, Bg. пара. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff168 пепельница is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian; is a true friend for about 54 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bosnian, Serbian. pepelnica The Russian meaning ‘ash-tray’ is shared by Pol. popielniczka, Cz. popelník, Slk. popolník. The meaning ‘Ash Wednesday’ (среда на первой неделе великого поста) is attested in Sln. Pepelnica, Cr. Pepelnica. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk., Bg.] ff131 пёс has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘cur, tyke’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘male dog’ is shared by Pol. pies. The meaning ‘dog’ (собака) is attested in Pol. pies. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff146 Петроград has additional meanings in the language of about 27.5 million native speakers of Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘Petrograd (1914-1924)’ is shared by Cz. Petrohrad, Cr. Petrograd, Bo. Petrograd, Sb. Петроград, Pol. Piotrogród. The meaning ‘St. Petersburg (until 1914 and since 1991)’ (Санкт-Петербург) is attested in Cz. Petrohrad, Cr. Petrograd, Bo. Petrograd, Sb. Петроград. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff88 писарь has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgar-ian. The Russian meaning ‘scribe’ is shared by Pol. pisarz, Sln. pisar, Cr. pisar, Bo. pisar, Bg. писар. The meaning ‘writer’ (писатель) is attested in Pol. pisarz. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk.] ff90 писать is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘to pee’ is unique. The meaning ‘to write’ (писать) is attested in Pol. pisać, Cr. pisati, Bo. pisati, Sb. писати. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff89 писец is a complete false friend for about 45.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Polish; is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian. The Russian meaning ‘scribe’ is shared by Sln. pisec. The meaning ‘writer’ (писатель) is attested in Cr. pisac, Bo. pisac, Polish pisarz. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff178 письмо is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘letter’ is shared by Cr. pismo, Bo. pismo, Sb. писмо. The meaning ‘font, handwriting’ (шрифт, почерк) is attested in Pol. pismo, Cz. písmo, Cr. pismo, Bo. pismo, Sb. писмо. The meaning ‘document’ (документ) is attested in Pol. pismo. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff60 плоть is a complete false friend for about 67.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘body, flesh’ is shared by Mk. плот, Bg. плът. The meaning ‘fence’ (забор) is attested in Pol. płot, Cz. plot, Sln. plot, Cr. plot, Bo. plot, Sb. плот, Mk. плот. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff26 повесть is a complete false friend for about 100.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian; is a true friend for about 18 million native speakers of Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Serbian. povest The Russian meaning ‘novelette’ is shared by Blr. аповесць, Mk. повест, Bg. повест. The meaning ‘novel’ (роман) is attested in Ukr. повість, Pol. powieść. The meaning ‘history’ (история) is attested in Cr. povijest, Bo. povijest. The meaning ‘fame, reputation’ (звание) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť. The meaning ‘legend’ (сказание, былина) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť, Sln. povest. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff134 погань is a complete false friend for about 53.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘rabble, riff-raff’ is unique. The meaning ‘faeces, excrement’ (кал, помёт) is attested in Cr. pogan, Bo. pogan, Sb. поган. The meaning ‘dirt, mud’ (грязь) is attested in Cr. pogan, Bo. pogan, Sb. поган. The meaning ‘chase, pursuit’ is attested in Pol. pogoń. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff111 под has additional meanings in the language of about 53.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘under’ is shared by Cr. pod, Bo. pod, Sb. под, Pol. pod. The meaning ‘floor, ground’ (пол) is attested in Cr. pod, Bo. pod, Sb. под. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff44 покой has additional meanings in the language of about 44.0 million native speakers of Polish, Kashubian, Slovak; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 74.0 million speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Kashubian, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Croatian. pokoj The Russian meaning ‘quiet’ is shared by Ka. pòkùj, Cz. pokoj, Slk. pokoj, Sln. pokoj, Sb. покој, Mk. покој, Bg. покой. The Russian meaning ‘room’ (покой (arch.), комната) is shared by Blr. пакой, Pol. pokój, Cz. pokoj. The meaning ‘peace’ (мир) is attested in Pol. pokój, Ka. pòkùj, Slk. pokoj. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo., Bo.] ff54 полдень is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; has additional meanings in the language of about 46.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Kashubian; is a true friend for about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. poldn The Russian meaning ‘noon’ is shared by Blr. поўдзень, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié, Cz. poledne, Slk. poludnie, Sln. poldan, Cr. podne, Bo. podne, Sb. подне, Mk. пладне, Bg. пладне. The meaning ‘south’ (юг) is attested in Blr. поўдзень, Ukr. південь, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff53 полночь has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. polnokt The Russian meaning ‘midnight’ is shared by Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ, Pol. północ, Cz. půlnoc, Slk. polnoc, Sln. polnoč, Cr. ponoć, Bo. ponoć, Sb. поноћ, Mk. полноќ, Bg. полунощ. The meaning ‘north’ (север) is attested in Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ, Pol. północ. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff133 понос is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘diarrhoea’ is unique. The meaning ‘pride’ (гордость) is attested in Sln. ponos, Cr. ponos, Bo. ponos, Sb. понос. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff154 посол is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘ambassador’ is unique. The meaning ‘member of parliament’ (депутат) is attested in Pol. poseł. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff230 постель does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 48 million speakers of Polish, Czech. The Russian meaning ‘bed linen, bed sheets’ is shared by Pol. pościel. The Russian meaning ‘bed’ is shared by Cz. postel. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff108 проба has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘probe’ is shared by Mk. проба, Bg. проба. The meaning ‘to test’ (пробовать) is attested in Mk. проба, Pol. próba. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb.] ff55 прозвище is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Bulgarian, Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian. The Russian meaning ‘nickname’ is shared by Bg. прозвище, Pol. przezwisko. The meaning ‘surname’ (фамилия) is attested in Ukr. прізвище. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb.] ff150 простак is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘fool, stupid’ is unique. The meaning ‘lout, ruffian’ (грубиян, невежа) is attested in Cr. prostak, Bo. prostak, Sb. простак, Pol. prostak. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff20 просто has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; is a true friend for about 45.5 million native speakers of Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. prosto The Russian meaning ‘simple, simply’ is shared by Blr. проста, Ukr. просто, Pol. prosto, Ka. prosto, Cz. prostě, Slk. proste, Sln. prosto, Cr. prosto, Bo. prosto, Sb. просто, Mk. просто, Bg. просто. The meaning ‘straight on’ (прямо) is attested in Blr. проста, прамо, наўпрост, Ukr. просто, Pol. prosto. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff156 профессор has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘professor’ is shared by Ukr. професор, Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор, Pol. profesor. The meaning ‘university teacher’ (преподаватель) is attested in Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор, Pol. profesor. The meaning ‘secondary school teacher ’ (преподаватель) is attested in Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор, Pol. profesor. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff170 пушка is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. pujuka The Russian meaning ‘cannon’ is unique. The meaning ‘rifle’ (ружьё, винтовка) is attested in Sln. puška, Cr. puška, Bo. puška, Sb. пушка. The meaning ‘(Br.) tin, (Am.) can’ (банка) is attested in Pol. puszka. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff109 разбой is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘robbery’ is shared by Pol. rozbój. The meaning ‘weaver’s loom’ (ткацкий стан) is attested in Bg. разбой. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff72 рано is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. rano The Russian meaning ‘early’ is shared by Cr. rano, Bo. rano, Sb. рано. The meaning ‘in the morning’ (с утра) is attested in Pol. rano. The meaning ‘morning’ (утро) is attested in Pol. rano. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff213 рассказ is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘story’ is unique. The meaning ‘command’ (приказ) is attested in Pol. rozkaz. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff113 реляция has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘report, account (military)’ is shared by Pol. relacja. The meaning ‘report, account’ (отчёт, сообщение, показание) is attested in Pol. relacja. The meaning ‘relation(ship)’ (отношение) is attested in Pol. relacja. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff17 речь is a complete false friend for about 102.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 26 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Bulgarian. rech The Russian meaning ‘speech’ is shared by Cz. řeč, Slk. reč, Mk. реч, Bg. реч. The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Cr. riječ, Bo. riječ, Sb. реч. The meaning ‘matter’ (вещь) is attested in Blr. рэч, Ukr. річ, Pol. rzecz, Sln. reč. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff39 родина is a complete false friend for about 112.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 16 million native speakers of Belarusian, Bulgarian. rodbina The Russian meaning ‘motherland, home region’ is shared by Blr. радзіма, Bg. родина. The meaning ‘family’ (семья) is attested in Ukr. родина, Pol. rodzina, Cz. rodina, Slk. rodina. The meaning ‘relations’ (родственники) is attested in Sln. rodbina, Cr. rodbina, Bo. rodbina, Sb. родбина, Mk. родбина. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff62 рок is a complete false friend for about 69.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. rok The Russian meaning ‘destiny, fate’ is unique. The meaning ‘year’ (год) is attested in Pol. rok, Cz. rok. The meaning ‘fixed time, set term, deadline’ (срок) is attested in Sln. rok, Cr. rok, Bo. rok, Sb. рок, Mk. рок. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff91 российский has additional meanings in the language of about 83 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Croatian, Bosnian. rossijskij The Russian meaning ‘Russian (of the country or the state)’ is shared by Blr. расейскі, рускі, Ukr. російський, Pol. rosyjski. The meaning ‘Russian (of the people or the language)’ (русский) is attested in Blr. расейскі, рускі, Ukr. російський, Pol. rosyjski. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff92 русский is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. Russian-skij The Russian meaning ‘Russian’ is shared by Blr. рускі, расейскі, Cr. ruski, Bo. ruski, Sb. руски. The meaning ‘Ruthenian, East Slavic’ (руський, восточнославянский) is attested in Blr. рускі, усходнеславянскі, Ukr. руський, Pol. ruski. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff149 русый is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘blond, fair’ is unique. The meaning ‘sandy, red’ (рыжеватый, рыжий) is attested in Sln. rus, Cr. rus, Bo. rus, Sb. рус. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff105 рыхлый is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech. The Russian meaning ‘loose, spongy’ is unique. The meaning ‘quick’ (быстрый) is attested in Cz. rychlý. The meaning ‘forthcoming, impending’ is attested in Pol. rychły. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff71 с утра is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. sutra The Russian meaning ‘in the morning’ is unique. The meaning ‘tomorrow’ (завтра) is attested in Cr. sutra, Bo. sutra, Sb. сутра. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff172 сад is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. sad The Russian meaning ‘garden’ is shared by Cz. sad, Slk. sad. The meaning ‘orchard’ (фруктовый сад) is attested in Pol. sad. The meaning ‘fruit’ (плод, фрукт) is attested in Sln. sad. The meaning ‘now’ (теперь, сейчас) is attested in Cr. sad, Bo. sad, Sb. сад. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff84 сбор is a complete false friend for about 40 million native speakers of Macedonian, Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 2 million speakers of Slovenian. sbor The Russian meaning ‘assembly’ is shared by Sln. zbor. The Russian meaning ‘collecting, collection’ is unique. The meaning ‘choir’ (хор) is attested in Sln. zbor. The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Mk. збор. The meaning ‘Protestant community or church’ is attested in Pol. zbór. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Bg.] ff221 свет is a complete false friend for about 7.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian; has additional meanings in the language of about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 58 million speakers of Polish, Czech, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘world’ (свет, мир) is shared by Pol. świat, Cz. svět, Sb. свет. The Russian meaning ‘light’ is unique. The meaning ‘very far/long’ (очень далеко/долго) is attested in Pol. świat. The meaning ‘council’ (совет) is attested in Cr. svjet, savjet, Bo. svjet, savjet, Sb. свет. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff209 серб is a complete false friend for about 55,000 native speakers of Upper Sorbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘Serb’ is shared by Pol. Serb. The meaning ‘Sorb’ (лужичанин, лужицкий серб) is attested in USo. Serb. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff210 сербский is a complete false friend for about 55,000 native speakers of Upper Sorbian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘Serbian’ is shared by Pol. serbski. The meaning ‘Sorbian (Lusatian)’ (лужицкий, сербо-лужицкий) is attested in USo. serbski. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff152 синий is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘dark blue’ is unique. The meaning ‘grey-blue, greyish’ (сизый, сероватый) is attested in Cr. sinji, Bo. sinji, Sb. сињи, Pol. siny. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff222 склад is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish. sklad The Russian meaning ‘storehouse’ is shared by Ukr. склад, Pol. skład. The Russian meaning ‘turn, habit, mentality’ is shared by Ukr. склад. The Russian meaning ‘body, constitution’ is shared by Ukr. склад. The Russian meaning ‘syllable’ (склад (устар.), слог) is shared by Ukr. склад. The meaning ‘shop, store’ (магазин) is attested in Pol. skład. The meaning ‘harmony’ (согласие, гармония) is attested in Cr. sklad, Bo. sklad, Sb. склад. The meaning ‘composition’ (состав) is attested in Ukr. склад, Pol. skład. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff171 склеп is a complete false friend for about 50 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovenian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37.0 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Kashubian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. sklep The Russian meaning ‘tomb, vault’ is shared by Ukr. склеп, Ka. sklep. The meaning ‘decision’ (решение) is attested in Sln. sklep. The meaning ‘shop’ (магазин) is attested in Pol. sklep. The meaning ‘cellar’ (подвал) is attested in Ukr. склеп, Ka. sklep, Cz. sklep. [NB: No information yet for Blr., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk.] ff141 скоро is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘soon, quickly’ is unique. The meaning ‘almost’ (почти) is attested in Cz. skoro. The meaning ‘since, when’ is attested in Pol. skoro. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff65 сливки is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘cream’ is unique. The meaning ‘plums’ (сливы) is attested in Pol. śliwki. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff5 словенский is a complete false friend for about 28 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 100.6 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian. slovensk- The Russian meaning ‘Slovenian’ is shared by Blr. славенскі, Ukr. словінський, Pol. słoweński, Ka. słowensczi, LSo. słowjeński, USo. słowjenski, Sln. slovenski, Cr. slovenski, Bo. slovenski, Bg. словенски. The meaning ‘Slovak’ (словацкий) is attested in Cz. slovenský, Slk. slovenský. The meaning ‘Slavonic’ (славянский) is attested in Sb. словенски, Mk. словенски. [NB: Information complete.] ff16 слово is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 107 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian. slovo The Russian meaning ‘word’ is shared by Blr. слова, Ukr. слово, Pol. słowo, Cz. slovo, Slk. slovo, Bg. слово. The meaning ‘letter (of the alphabet)’ (буква) is attested in Cr. slovo, Bo. slovo, Sb. слово. The meaning ‘leave-taking, farewell’ (прощание) is attested in Sln. slovo. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff208 слушать has additional meanings in the language of about 55.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to listen’ is shared by Cr. slušati, Bo. slušati, Sb. слушати, Pol. słuchać. The meaning ‘to hear’ (слышать) is attested in Cr. slušati, Bo. slušati, Sb. слушати, Pol. słyszeć. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff206 слышать does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 48 million speakers of Polish, Czech. The Russian meaning ‘to hear’ is shared by Pol. słyszeć, Cz. slyšet. The Russian meaning ‘to smell, to feel a smell’ (слышать (носом)) is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff102 сметана is a complete false friend for about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘sour cream’ is shared by Ukr. сметана. The meaning ‘cream’ (сливки) is attested in Pol. śmietana, Sln. smetana. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff118 среда has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 46 million speakers of Bulgarian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘Wednesday’ is shared by Pol. środa. The Russian meaning ‘environment’ is shared by Bg. среда. The meaning ‘middle, centre’ (середина) is attested in Bg. среда. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff185 ставка is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘rate’ is shared by Pol. stawka. The Russian meaning ‘stake’ is shared by Pol. stawka. The Russian meaning ‘headquarters’ is unique. The meaning ‘strike’ (забастовка) is attested in Cz. stávka. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff47 сто has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 111 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘a hundred’ is shared by Blr. сто, Ukr. сто, Pol. sto, Cz. sto, Slk. sto, Sln. sto, Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто, Mk. сто, Bg. сто. The meaning ‘table’ (стол) is attested in Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff46 стол is a complete false friend for about 12 million native speakers of Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 116.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. stol The Russian meaning ‘table’ is shared by Blr. стол, Ukr. стіл, Pol. stół, Cz. stůl, Slk. stôl, Cr. stol, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. The meaning ‘chair’ (стул) is attested in Sln. stol, Mk. стол, Bg. стол. The meaning ‘canteen’ (столовая) is attested in Bg. стол. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff48 столица is a complete false friend for about 37.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 91.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashu-bian, Bulgarian. stolica The Russian meaning ‘capital’ is shared by Blr. сталіца, Ukr. столиця, Pol. stolica, Ka. stolëca, Bg. столица. The meaning ‘chair’ (стул) is attested in Cz. stolice, Slk. stolica, Cr. stolica, Bo. stolica, Sb. столица, Mk. столица. The meaning ‘professorship’ (кафедра) is attested in Sln. stolica. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff35 страна is a complete false friend for about 112.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian. storna The Russian meaning ‘country’ is shared by Bg. страна. The meaning ‘side’ (сторона) is attested in Ukr. сторона, Pol. strona, Ka. strona, Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна, Bg. страна. The meaning ‘cheek’ (щека) is attested in Bg. страна. The meaning ‘page’ (страница) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна. The meaning ‘political party’ (партия) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff182 строй is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘structure’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘line (mil.)’ is unique. The meaning ‘machine’ (машина, механизм) is attested in Cz. stroj. The meaning ‘attire’ (наряд) is attested in Pol. strój. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff15 студень is a complete false friend for about 14 million native speakers of Belarusian, Croatian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. studn The Russian meaning ‘jelly’ is unique. The meaning ‘November’ (ноябрь) is attested in Cr. studeni. The meaning ‘January’ (январь) is attested in Blr. студзень. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff184 стул is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘chair’ is unique. The meaning ‘table’ (стол) is attested in Pol. stół, Cz. stůl. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff78 существовать is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘exist’ is shared by Bg. съществувам. The meaning ‘participate’ (участвовать) is attested in Cr. suučestvovati. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff169 трудный is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. trudn The Russian meaning ‘hard’ is shared by Pol. trudny, Bg. труден. The meaning ‘tired’ (усталый) is attested in Sln. truden, Cr. trudan (arch.), umoran, Bo. trudan (arch.), umoran, Sb. трудан (arch.), уморан. The meaning ‘pregnant’ (беременная) is attested in Cr. trudna, Bo. trudna, Sb. трудна, Bg. трудна (arch.), бременна. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk.] ff159 труп has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 55.5 million speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. trup The Russian meaning ‘carcass (of an animal)’ is shared by Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. The Russian meaning ‘dead body’ is shared by Pol. trup. The meaning ‘trunk, body’ (туловище) is attested in Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. The meaning ‘trunk (of a tree)’ (ствол (дерева)) is attested in Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff144 туча is a complete false friend for about 47.5 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian. The Russian meaning ‘rainy cloud’ is unique. The meaning ‘hail’ (град) is attested in Sln. toča, Cr. tuča, Bo. tuča. The meaning ‘rainbow’ (радуга) is attested in Pol. tęcza. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff147 тыква is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 29.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Russian meaning ‘pumpkin’ is shared by Sln. tikva, Cr. tikva, Bo. tikva, Sb. тиква, Mk. тиква, Bg. тиква. The meaning ‘sweet melon’ (дыня) is attested in Cz. tykev. The meaning ‘Lagenaria’ (Лагенария) is attested in Pol. tykwa. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff176 угол does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 10 million speakers of Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘corner’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘angle’ is shared by Cz. úhel. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff103 урод is a complete false friend for about 75 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘malformed person’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘monster’ is unique. The meaning ‘beauty’ (красота) is attested in Ukr. врода, Pol. uroda. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff177 урок is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Czech, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘lesson’ is unique. The meaning ‘tribute, interest’ (оброк, проценты) is attested in Cz. úrok. The meaning ‘charm, attraction’ (обаяние) is attested in Pol. urok. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff70 утро is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. utro The Russian meaning ‘morning’ is shared by Cr. jutro, Bo. jutro, Sb. јутро. The meaning ‘tomorrow’ (завтра) is attested in Pol. jutro. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff125 федерация has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘federation’ is shared by Bg. федерация, Pol. federacja. The meaning ‘spring-suspension’ (рессоры) is attested in Bg. федерация. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff130 холод is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Russian meanings in Polish; has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘cold(ness)’ is shared by Pol. chłód. The meaning ‘coolness’ (прохлада) is attested in Sln. hlad, Cr. hlad, Bo. hlad, Sb. хлад, Pol. chłód. The meaning ‘shadow’ (тень) is attested in Cr. hlad, Bo. hlad, Sb. хлад. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff175 худой is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have all its Russian meanings in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘lean’ is shared by Pol. chudy. The Russian meaning ‘bad, wretched’ is unique. The meaning ‘poor’ (бедный) is attested in Cz. chudý. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff9 цветень is a complete false friend for about 85 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Polish, Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. kvetn The Russian meaning ‘pollen’ is unique. The meaning ‘April’ (апрель) is attested in Ukr. квітень, Pol. kwiecień. The meaning ‘May’ (май) is attested in Cz. květen. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff98 чайка is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. The Russian meaning ‘seagull’ is shared by Blr. чайка. The meaning ‘peewit, lapwing’ (чибис) is attested in Pol. czajka, Cz. čejka. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff4 час is a complete false friend for about 101 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 21.5 million native speakers of Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian. chas The Russian meaning ‘hour’ is shared by Bo. čas, Sb. час, Mk. час, Bg. час. The meaning ‘time’ (время) is attested in Blr. час, Ukr. час, Pol. czas, Cz. čas, Slk. čas, Sln. čas. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff112 частный is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘private’ is unique. The meaning ‘narrow’ (тесный) is attested in Pol. ciasny. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff97 чек does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 55.5 million speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Russian meaning ‘cheque’ is shared by Pol. czek, Cr. ček, Bo. ček, Sb. чек. The Russian meaning ‘sales slip’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff126 человек is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 40 million native speakers of Slovenian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘man, human being’ is shared by Sln. človek, Pol. człowiek. The meaning ‘husband’ (муж) is attested in Ukr. чоловік. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff139 чёрствый is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘hard, dry’ is shared by Pol. czerstwy. The meaning ‘fresh’ (свежий) is attested in Cz. čerstvý. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff104 читать does not have all its Russian meanings in the mother tongue of about 55.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish. The Russian meaning ‘to read’ is shared by Cr. čitati, Bo. čitati, Sb. читати, Pol. czytać. The Russian meaning ‘to recite’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff207 чуять is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. The Russian meaning ‘to feel’ is unique. The Russian meaning ‘to smell (animal)’ (чуять (запах)) is unique. The meaning ‘to hear’ (слышать) is attested in Bg. чувам. The meaning ‘to keep’ (беречь) is attested in Bg. чувам. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff6 шина is a complete false friend for about 57.5 million native speakers of Polish, Kashubian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 16 million native speakers of Belarusian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak, Slovenian. schiene The Russian meaning ‘tyre’ is shared by Blr. шына, Ukr. шина, Bg. шина. The meaning ‘rail’ (рельс) is attested in Ukr. шина, Pol. szyna, Ka. szina, Cr. šina, Bo. šina, Sb. шина, Mk. шина. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff195 шкаф is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish. The Russian meaning ‘cupboard’ is unique. The meaning ‘tub, vat’ (ушат, чан) is attested in Cr. škaf, Bo. škaf, Sb. шкаф. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff57 штука is a complete false friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. shtuka The Russian meaning ‘piece’ is shared by Pol. sztuka. The meaning ‘art’ (искусство) is attested in Pol. sztuka. The meaning ‘pike’ (щука) is attested in Cr. štuka, Bo. štuka, Sb. штука, Bg. щука. The meaning ‘stucco’ (штукатур) is attested in Cz. štuka. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk.] ff58 ягода is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish. The Russian meaning ‘berry’ is shared by Pol. jagoda, Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda. The meaning ‘strawberry’ (земляника, клубника) is attested in Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda, Cr. jagoda, Bo. jagoda, Sb. јагода, Mk. јагода, Bg. ягода. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] There is no Russian word like Blr. ліпень, Ukr. липень, Pol. lipiec, Cr. lipanj. lipn There is no Russian word like Blr. чэрвень, Ukr. червень, Pol. czerwiec, Cz. červenec. chrvn There is no Russian word like Blr. зрок, Cz. zrak, Slk. zrak, Sln. zrak, Cr. zrak, Bo. zrak, Sb. зрак, Mk. зрак. zork There is no Russian word like Blr. дадатны, Ukr. додатний, Pol. dodatni, Cr. dodatni, Bo. dodatni, Sb. додатни. dodatn There is no Russian word like Cr. šuma, Bo. šuma, Sb. шума, Mk. шума, Bg. шума. shuma There is no Russian word like Ka. rujan, Cz. říjen, Cr. rujan. rujn There is no Russian word like Pol. piwnica, Cz. pivnice, Cr. pivnica, Bo. pivnica, Sb. пивница. There is no Russian word like Pol. je, Cr. je, Bo. je, Sb. је. There is no Russian word like Pol. lepiej, Cr. ljepše, Bo. ljepše, Sb. лепше. lepshje There is no Russian word like Pol. doba, Cz. doba, Slk. doba, Sln. doba, Cr. doba, Bo. doba, Sb. доба, Bg. доба. doba There is no Russian word like Ukr. травень, Sln. traven (mali, veliki), Cr. travanj. travn There is no Russian word like Ukr. серпень, Pol. sierpień, Cz. srpen, Sln. srpen (mali, veliki), Cr. srpanj. srpn There is no Russian word like Ukr. лікарня, Cz. lékárna, Slk. lekáreň, Sln. lekarna. lekarna Russian-Slavonic Julian Birbrajer. Friends and false friends: A dictionary of "false friends" between Polish and Russian with an English translation of all entries. Stockholm 1987. Jovanka Čemerikić, Guy Imart, Victoria Tikhonova-Imart. Paronymes russo/serbo-croates ("amis" et "faux-amis"). Aix-en-Provence 1988. Степан Митрофанович Грабчиков. Межъязыковые омонимы и паронимы: Опыт словаря русско-белорусских омонимов и паронимов. Минск 1980. Михайло Петрович Кочерган. Словарь русско-украинских межъязыковых омонимов ("ложные друзья переводчика") - Словник російсько-українських міжмовних омонімів ("фальшиві друзі перекладача"). Київ 1997. Ignacy Kozielewski. Słownik wyrazów o podobnym brzmeniu a odmiennym znaczeniu w języku rosyjskim i polskim. Warszawa 1959. Krzysztof Kusal. Rosyjsko-polski słownik homonimów międzyjęzykowych. Русско-польский словарь межъязыковых омонимов. Wrocław 2002 (Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 2462). Josef Vlček. Úskalí ruské slovní zásoby: Slovník rusko-české homonymie a paronymie. Praha 1966. Валентина А. Выхото. Немецко-русско-белорусский словарь: омонимия, паронимия, полисемия. Минск 2002. Валянціна А. Выхота. Беларуска-рускі слоўнік: міжмоўныя амонімы, паронімы і полісемія. Мінск 2004. 985-6730-48-1. Алексей Иванович Журавлев, Сергей Сергеевич Захаров. "Ложные друзья переводчика" с чешского языка. Москва 1977.