Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Resources for Students and Teachers

Resources for Students and Teachers Powerpoint slides to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request (tem5@psu.edu) Additional resources:   12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry IONIC VIPEr is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry. IONIC VIPEr website   12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry. Video Lab Manual website   12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool) The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules. Structure and Bonding website   12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool) The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book. 3D Crystal Structure website   12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables Interactive Periodic Table (Wikipedia) Interactive Periodic Properties (ptable.com) -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- left|300 px|thumb|Mendeleev's periodic table (1869) left|600px|thumb|18-column periodic table center|900px|thumb|A 32-column periodic table with Sc, Y, Lu and Lr in group 3   12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K) SubstanceΔHf° (kJ/mol)S° (J/K·mol)ΔGf° (kJ/mol)Aluminum Al(s)028.30AlCl3(s)-704.2110.67-628.8Al2O3(s)-1675.750.92-1582.3Barium BaCl2(s)-858.6123.68-810.4BaCl2 • 2 H2O (s)-1460.1203-1296.5BaO(s)-553.570.42-525.1Ba(OH)2 • 8 H2O (s)-3342427-2793BaSO4(s)-1473.2132.2-1362.2Beryllium Be(s)09.50Be(OH)2(s)-902.551.9-815Bromine Br(g)111.884175.02282.396Br2(liq)0152.20Br2(g)30.907245.4633.11BrF3(g)-255.6292.53-229.43HBr(g)-36.4198.695-53.45Calcium Ca(s)041.420Ca(g)178.2158.884144.3Ca2+(g)1925.9 CaC2(s)-59.869.96-64.9CaCO3 (s; calcite)-1206.9292.9-1128.79CaCl2(s)-795.8104.6-748.1CaF2(s)-1219.668.87-1167.3CaH2(s)-186.242-147.2CaO(s)-635.0939.75-604.03CaS(s)-482.456.5-477.4Ca(OH)2(s)-986.0983.39-898.49Ca(OH)2(aq)-1002.82-74.5-868.07CaSO4(s)-1434.11106.7-1321.79Carbon C(s, graphite)05.740C(s, diamond)1.8952.3772.9C(g)716.682158.096671.257CCl4(liq)-135.44216.4-65.21CCl4(g)-102.9309.85-60.59CHCl3(liq)-134.47201.7-73.66CHCl3(g)-103.14295.71-70.34CH4 (g, methane)-74.81186.264-50.72C2H2 (g, ethyne)226.73200.94209.2C2H4 (g,ethene)52.26219.5668.15C2H6 (g, ethane)-84.68229.6-32.82C3H8 (g, propane)-103.8269.9-23.49C4H10 (g, butane)-888.0 C6H6 (liq, benzene)49.03172.8124.5C6H14(liq)-198.782296.018-4.035C8H18(liq)-249.952361.2056.707CH3OH(liq, methanol)-238.66126.8-166.27CH3OH(g, methanol)-200.66239.81-161.96C2H5OH(liq, ethanol)-277.69160.7-174.78C2H5OH(g, ethanol)-235.1282.7-168.49CH3COOH(liq)-276.981160.666-173.991CO(NH2)2(s, urea)-333.5104.6-197.4CO(g)-110.525197.674-137.168CO2(g)-393.509213.74-394.359CS2(g)117.36237.8467.12COCl2(g)-218.8283.53-204.6Cesium Cs(s)085.230Cs+(g)457.964 CsCl(s)-443.04101.17-414.53Chlorine Cl(g)121.679165.198105.68Cl-(g)-233.13 Cl2(g)0223.0660HCl(g)-92.307186.908-95.299HCl(aq)-167.15956.5-131.228Chromium Cr(s)023.770Cr2O3(s)-1139.781.2-1058.1CrCl3(s)-556.5123-486.1Copper Cu(s)033.150CuO(s)-157.342.63-129.7CuCl2(s)-220.1108.07-175.7Fluorine F2(g)0202.780F(g)78.99158.75461.91F-(g)-255.39 F-(aq)-332.63-13.8-278.79HF(g)-271.1173.779-273.2HF(aq)-332.63-13.8-278.79Hydrogen H2(g)0130.6840H(g)217.965114.713203.247H+(g)1536.202 H2O(liq)-285.8369.91-237.129H2O(g)-241.818188.825-228.572H2O2(liq)-187.78109.6-120.35Iodine I2(s)0116.1350I2(g)62.438260.6919.327I(g)106.838180.79170.25I-(g)-197 ICl(g)17.78247.551-5.46Iron Fe(s)027.780FeO(s)-272 Fe2O3(s, hematite)-824.287.4-742.2Fe3O4(s, magnetite)-1118.4146.4-1015.4FeCl2(s)-341.79117.95-302.3FeCl3(s)-399.49142.3-344FeS2(s, pyrite)-178.252.93-166.9Fe(CO)5(liq)-774338.1-705.3Lead Pb(s)064.810PbCl2(s)-359.41136-314.1PbO(s, yellow)-217.3268.7-187.89PbS(s)-100.491.2-98.7Lithium Li(s)029.120Li+(g)685.783 LiOH(s)-484.9342.8-438.95LiOH(aq)-508.482.8-450.58LiCl(s)-408.70159.33-384.37Magnesium Mg(s)032.680MgCl2(g)-641.3289.62-591.79MgO(s)-601.726.94-569.43Mg(OH)2(s)-924.5463.18-833.51MgS(s)-34650.33-341.8Mercury Hg(liq)029.870HgCl2(s)-224.3146-178.6HgO(s, red)-90.8370.29-58.539HgS(s, red)-58.282.4-50.6Nickel Ni(s)029.870NiO(s)-239.737.99-211.7NiCl2(s)-305.33297.65-259.032Nitrogen N2(g)0191.610N(g)472.704153.298455.563NH3(g)-46.11192.45-16.45N2H4(liq)50.63121.21149.34NH4Cl(s)-314.4394.6-202.87NH4Cl(aq)-299.66169.9-210.52NH4NO3(s)-365.56151.08-183.87NH4NO3(aq)-339.87259.8-190.56NO(g)90.25210.7686.55NO2(g)33.18240.0651.31N2O(g)82.05219.85104.2N2O4(g)9.16304.2997.89NOCl(g)51.71261.6966.08HNO3(liq)-174.1155.6-80.71HNO3(g)-135.06266.38-74.72HNO3(aq)-207.36146.4-111.25Oxygen O2(g)0205.1380O(g)249.17161.055231.731O3(g)142.7238.93163.2Phosphorus P4(s, white)0164.360P4(s, red)-70.491.2-48.4P(g)314.64163.193278.25PH3(g)5.4310.2313.4PCl3(g)-287311.78-267.8P4O10(s)-2984228.86-2697.7H3PO4(s)-1279110.5-1119.1Potassium K(s)064.180KCl(s)-436.74782.59-409.14KClO3(s)-397.73143.1-296.25KI(s)-327.9106.32-324.892KOH(s)-424.76478.9-379.08KOH(aq)-482.3791.6-440.5Silicon Si(s)018.830SiBr4(liq)-457.3277.8-443.8SiC(s)-65.316.61-62.8SiCl4(g)-657.01330.73-616.98SiH4(g)34.3204.6256.9SiF4(g)-1614.94282.49-1572.65SiO2(s, quartz)-910.9441.84-856.64Silver Ag(s)042.550Ag2O(s)-31.05121.3-11.2AgCl(s)-127.06896.2-109.789AgNO3(s)-124.39140.92-33.41Sodium Na(s)051.210Na(g)107.32153.71276.761Na+(g)609.358 NaBr(s)-361.06286.82-348.983NaCl(s)-411.15372.13-384.138NaCl(g)-176.65229.81-196.66NaCl(aq)-407.27115.5-393.133NaOH(s)-425.60964.455-379.484NaOH(aq)-470.11448.1-419.15Na2CO3(s)-1130.68134.98-1044.44Sulfur S(s, rhombic)031.80S(g)278.805167.821238.25S2Cl2(g)-18.4331.5-31.8SF6(g)1209291.82-1105.3H2S(g)-20.63205.79-33.56SO2(g)-296.83248.22-300.194SO3(g)-395.72256.76-371.06SOCl2(g)-212.5309.77-198.3H2SO4(liq)-813.989156.904-690.003H2SO4(aq)-909.2720.1-744.53Tin Sn(s, white)051.550Sn(s, gray)-2.0944.140.13SnCl4(liq)-511.3248.6-440.1SnCl4(g)-471.5365.8-432.2SnO2(s)-580.752.3-519.6Titanium Ti(s)030.630TiCl4(liq)-804.2252.34-737.2TiCl4(g)-763.2354.9-726.7TiO2(s)-939.749.92-884.5Zinc Zn(s)041.630ZnCl2(s)-415.05111.46-369.398ZnO(s)-348.2843.64-318.3ZnS(s, sphalerite)-205.9857.7-201.29Aqueous Ions and Molecules Ca2+(aq)-542.96-55.2-553.04CO32-(aq)-676.26-53.1-528.1CO2(aq)-413.8117.6-386.0Cl-(aq)-167.1656.5-131.26H+(aq)0 0HCO2-(aq)-41091.6-335HCO2H(aq)-410164-356HCO3-(aq)-691.1195-587.06H2CO3(aq)-698.7191-623.42NH3(aq)-80.29111-26.6OH-(aq)-229.94-10.54-157.3Ag+(aq)105.5872.6877.124   12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol) H-H   436   C-H   413   N-H   391   O-H   483   F-F   155   H-F   567   C-C   348N-N   163O-O   146   H-Cl   431   C-N   293   N-O   201   O-F   190   Cl-F   253   H-Br   366   C-O   358   N-F   272   O-Cl   203   Cl-Cl   242   H-I    299   C-F   485N-Cl   200O-I    234    C-Cl   328   N-Br   243    Br-F   237    C-Br   276    S-H   339   Br-Cl   218    C-I   240   P-H   322   S-F   327   Br-Br   193    C-S   259   P-F   490   S-Cl   253       S-Br   218   I-Cl   208    Si-H   323    S-S   266   I-Br   175    Si-Si   226     I-I      151    Si-C   301       Si-O   368       Si-F   565       Si-Cl   464       Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol) C=C   614   N=N   418    O=O   495   C=N   615   N=O   607    S=O   523   C=O   799    S=S   418     Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol) C≡C   839   C≡N   891   N≡N   941   C≡O   1072