Mirad Grammar/Nouns

100% Noun Types Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following ways: common vs. proper concrete vs. abstract countable vs. mass gender-neutral vs. masculine/feminine singular vs. plural animate vs. inanimate full form vs. acronym/abbreviation/stub {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Common vs. Proper Nouns |- ! Common !! Proper |- | tam....house || Emer....Venus |- | yagsim....bench || Ferom....France |- | dyes....book || Notre Dame...Notre Dame |- | tej....life || Tot....God |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns |- ! Concrete !! Abstract |- | tab....body || ifon....love |- | mil....water || oyman....coolness |- | deuz....song || deuzen....singing |} Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Countable vs. Mass Nouns |- ! Countable !! Mass |- | pat....bird || pattel....bird food |- | patayebi....feathers || patayebyan....plumage |- | megi....rocks || mil....water |} In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pati....birds). {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Gender-neutral vs. Gendered |- ! Gender-neutral !! Feminine !! Masculine |- | tob....human being || toyb....woman || twob....man |- | edeb....monarch || edeyb....queen || edweb....king |- | ted....parent || teyd....mother || twed....father |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Singular vs. Plural Nouns |- ! Singular !! Plural |- | dom....city || domi....cities |- | gon....part || goni....parts |- | jub....day || jubi....days |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns |- ! Inanimate !! Animate |- | mam....sky || pot....animal |- | tom....building || aot....person |- | job....time || tobet....child |} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Full form vs. Abbreviated Form ! Full Form !! Acronym/Abbreviation/Stub |- | Anxwa Doobi....United Nations || AD....UN |- | Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization || MNX....WTO |- | iza makilp....direct current || i.m....d.c. |- | tiaybil....breast milk || bil....milk (stub) |- | tum....cell || -um....cell, closet, compartment (stub) |} The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar. Pluralization of Common Nouns A singular countable common noun always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the pluralizing marker -i. So, the plural of pur....car is puri....cars. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages (la belle fleur →les belles fleurs). The plural suffix -i is the only way nouns in Mirad are inflected. All other changes to nouns are derivational in nature, eg. genderization, augmentation, diminution, capitalization, etc. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Pluralization of Nouns |- ! Singular !! Plural |- | tam....house|| tami....houses |- | toyb....woman || toybi....women |- | tej....life || teji....lives |- | ha via dom....the beautiful city || ha via domi....the beautiful cities |} Modifying Nouns with the Definite Article In Mirad, there is only a single noun-modifying article, the invariable definite article ha (the). There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners). The definite article ha is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Use of the Definite Article |- ! Mirad !! English !! Specificity |- | tam || a house || indefinite, no article |- | ha tam || the house || definite |- | ha tami || the houses || definite, plural |- | tej || life || general, no article |- | fitejawa tej || a life well-lived || indefinite, no article |- | ha tej (...ho at bayse) || the life (... that I have) || specific |- | Ferad || French || language name, already specific, no article |- | Ivan || Ivan || person's name, no article |- | Ifliu yivan! || Cherish freedom || abstraction, no article |- | Ha yivani ho yat ifie. || The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified |- | Yata yivani... || Our freedoms... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article |} Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew." Proper Nouns Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages is discussed in Countries of the World and Languages of the World. It can be said here, though, that country names end in -m; the inhabitants of those places end in -t or pl. -ti; and the languages they speak end in -d. Language names are capitalized, eg. At tixe Ferad. (I study French.). In fact, this is the case for all parts of speech derived from a proper name, eg. Usama tel Feramxweye. American food is being Frenchified.. French speakers beware; this is not like in French. And German speakers beware, too! Not all nouns are capitalized; only ones that are proper, such as names of people, companies, languages, countries, etc. Names of people, cities, etc. are spelled in Mirad to best reflect the foreign pronunciation, but also to remain recognizable. For example: Xikago....Chicago Paris....Paris Munxen....Munich/München Beijing....Beijing Nu York....New York Nu Orlinz....New Orleans Xampanya....Champagne Mehiko Dom....Mexico City Waxington....Washington Seol....Seoul Xeykspir....Shakespeare An inhabitant of a city is formed by adding -t or -at to the name, depending on whether it ends in a vowel or consonant, respectively, eg. Parisat....a Parisian or Waxingtonati....Washingtonians. Chicago's main newspaper is expressed in Mirad as ha agala jubdindref bi Xikago. The English preposition in used before cities, states, and countries is translated by be in Mirad, eg. At tambese be Paris.....I live in Paris. or Iyt yexe be Deum.....She works in Germany. Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa....two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;" |+ Noun Modifiers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | ha ewa aga tami || the two big houses |- | gla ifxea taxi || many pleasant memories |- | hya fia tob || every good man |- | ha yaga via mepi || the long, beautiful roads |- | gra vua sexen || too much ugly construction |- | ata aja teji || my past lives |} Noun Linkage Nouns can be linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen. Examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Noun Linkage |- ! Linkage Example !! Construction |- | Ivan ay Maria....Ivan and Maria || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and) |- | ha tam ey ha par....the house or the car || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or) |- | hyati oy ha toybi....all but the women || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but) |- | nyandras boy eta dyun....a list without your name || nouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without) |- |tej bi nasuk....a life of poverty || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of) |- | ha tam bi Maria ....Mary&apos;s house (the house of Mary|| nouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of) |- | job bi aga ivan....a time of great joy || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of) |- | dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek....a book about the Second World War || nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about) |- | dropek jwabeni....war preparations || modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations) |- | dom yuzpur....a city bus || modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus) |- | tojojfon....a death wish || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun ojfon (wish) |- | jogatanyaf....youth league || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun anyaf (league) |- | maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated |} The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person, eg. ha tam bi Sam (Sam's house = the house of Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition bi....of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vifil....a glass of wine (but: vifil tilzeb....wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Mirad Grammar/Prepositions or Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions. Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation. Noun Derivational Affixes Nouns can be divided into: simple nouns such as pur....vehicle compound nouns such as bixpur....train < bix....pull + pur....vehicle (This is one of the most widespread ways for forming new concepts in Mirad.) hybrid nouns such as vaod....decision < va....yes + vo....no (hybridized to vao) + d....utterance derived nouns such as fabyan....forest < fab....tree + -yan....collection Other derived nouns can be formed by attaching nominal suffixes or prefixes to words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building. Noun Suffixes {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;;" |+ Noun Derivational Suffixes |- valign=top ! Suffix !! Meaning !! Base Onto WhichSuffix Is Added !! Examples |- | -ag || big || noun || tam....house → tamag....mansiontyal....meal → tyalag....banquettilar....spoon → tilarag....ladle |- | -an || abstact quality -ness -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||via....beautiful → vian....beautyyeva....fair → yevan....fairness, equitytoba....human → toban....humanity, humanness, manhood |- | -ayg || big and cute || noun || tam....house → tamayg....cozy mansionkapet....dog → kapetayg....wolfie |- | -ambok || -itis, inflammation || noun || buixtaib....tendon → buixtaibambok....tendonitis |- | -d || languagespeechutterance || adjective and other stems|| Enigem....English → Eniged....English (language)Mira....of the world → Mirad....Mirad (world speech)ekpet....horse →ekped....neigh, whinny |- | -drun || -gram || noun stems || tiib....heart → tiibdrun....cardiogram |- | -dra/i/ur || -graph || noun stems || am....heat → amdrar....thermograph |- | -dren || -graphy || mostly noun stems || yib....far → yibdren....telegraphy |- | -ef || need of || various stems || tel....food→telef....hungeriga....fast→igef....emergencytil....drink→ tilef....thirst |- | -en || present gerund -ing -tion -ment || verb stem ||ifi-....enjoy →ifien....enjoymentdeuz-....sing→deuzen....singingaxl-....act → axlen....acting |- | -eyn || present gerund of single instance -tion -ment || verb stem ||x-....do →xeyn....deeds-....to be→seyn....essencejaup-....precede → jaupeyn....precedent |- | -es || smaller counterpart thing || noun || tef....hat→ tefes capsaun....kind→ saunes....sampledreuz....poem → deuzes....stanzamek....dust, powder→mekes....speck, grain |- | -et || smaller counterpart person || noun || twob....man → twobet....boytoyb....woman→ toybet....girl |- | -if || love of -philia || noun || tel....food → telif....gourmandisedoab....homeland → doabif....patriotismdyes....book → dyesif....bibliophilia, love of books |- | -ig || quick || noun and verb stem || man....light → manig....flashpyex....stroke→pyexig....swatyopap-....dive, fly down → yopapig....swoop |- | -im || room, chamber || various stems || fyadil-....to pray →faydilim....chapelmagel-....to cook → magelim....kitchentof-....to dress → tofim....dressing room |- | -in || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || tot....god → totin....religion, theismotofa....nude→otofin....nudismyufr-....terror → yufrin....terrorism |- | -kyaoxar || -stat || noun stems || am....heat → amkyaoxar....thermostat |- | -n || abstract noun || various stems || ze....in the middle of → zen....centerza....in front of →zan....facebyi....since, starting with → byin....sourcego....less→ gon....part |- |-kunid || -hedron, sided volume || number prefixes || alen....dodeca (twelve) → alenkunid....dodecahedron |- | -am || house building || various stems || nun-....merchandise → nunam....storetil drink → tilam....bar, tavernfyadil-....to pray → fyadilam....church |- | -(e)m || place || various stems || duho-? what-?→ duhom?....where?yex....work → yexem....worksiteab....on, above → abem....top, surfacekua....lateral→kum....side |- | -um || compartment booth || various stems || teuzibar....telephone → teuzibarum....telephone booth |- | -yem || enclosure, box || various stems || ekpet....horse →ekpetyem....corralb-....put → byem....position |- | -ud || offspring, baby of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpetud....foal |- | -wud || son of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpetwud....colt |- | -uyd || daughter of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpetuyd....filly |- | -og || little || noun || tab body→ tabog....corpuscleekpet....horse → ekpetog....ponytyal....meal → tyalog....snackgolbun....cut → golbunog....cutlet |- | -oyg || little and cute || noun || tam....house → tamoyg....cottagegafapayt....chicken →gafapaytoyg....chickadeemimpar....boat → mirparoyg....dingy |- | -nagar || -ometer || noun || am....heat → amnagar....thermometer |- | -ar, -ir, -ur || tool, machine, engine || usu. verb stem || p-....to go→ pur....cardr-....to write → drar....pencilgobl-....to cut → goblar....knifeyaobl-....to lift up and down → yaoblur....elevator, liftyaoblir....lift, cranedop....military → dopar....gundopur....machine gundopir....artillery, cannon |- | -s || thing, object, the X one || adjective || aa first → aas....first one, first thingotwa....unknown → otwas....mystery, an unknowntejea....living → tejeas....living thing |- | -(s)on || abstract thing issue || various stems || if-....to love→ifon....loveov against→ ovon....obstacle aza strong → azon....forceyika....difficult → yikson....problem |- | -(s)un || object thing result of an action || various stems || vyua....dirty → vyun....spottamb-....settle →tambiun....settlementgofr- shred → gofrun....scrap, shredhyo....not a single→ hyosun....not a single thing |- | -t || person || adjective || ea second → eat....second one, second personfya-....holy → fyat....saintujna....last→ujat....last one, last personUsoma....American →Usomat....an American |- | -tajbus || -ogen, producer || noun || om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogenbok....illness → tajbus....pathogen |- | -tun || science of, -ology || noun || tot....god → tottun....theologytob....man → tobtun....anthropologyvob....plant →vobtun....botany |- | -tuyn || pseudo-science || noun || mar....star → martuyn....astrology |- | -tuin || theory || noun || vyelan....relativity→ vyelantuin....theory of relativity |- | -tyen || skill, craft || noun || sur....engine → surtyen....engineeringkoex-....spying → koextyen....spycraft |- | -(t)in || doctrine, -ism || noun || zaypas-....progress → zaypasin....progressivism |- | -tut, tuyt (f.) || scientist -ologist -ist || noun || tot....god → tottut....theologisttob....man → tobtuyt....woman anthropologistvob....plant→ vobtut....botanist |- | -ufyuf|| hate offear of, -phobia || noun || mil....water → milyuf....hydrophobiatotin....religion → totinuf....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toybuf....misogyny |- | -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bekuyt....female nursepop-....travel→poput....travelerak-....win → akut....winner |- |-teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyasteliut....omnivorebokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage |- | -yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teatyaf....ability to seetex-....to think → texyaf....cognitiontest-....to understand → testyaf....comprehensionnos-....to spend → nosyaf....spending powert-....to know → tyaf....cognizance |- | -yafwan || possibility, -bility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teatyafwan....visibility |- | -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teatyof....blindnessteet-....to hear → teetyof....deafnesspas-....to move→pasyof....paralysistuj-....to sleep → tujyof....insomnia |- | -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teatyofwan....invisibility |- | -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwidyag....dirty old uncletoyb....woman → toybyag....hag |- | -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tobyan....mankindmar....star → maryan....constellationfab....tree → fabyan....forestdyes....book→ dyesyan....library |- | -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dalyen....idiomsex-....build →sexyen....structure |- | -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dudyef....responsibilitybyok-....to ache → byokyef....punishment |- | -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teeter....to hear → teetyik....difficulty hearingtiex-....to breathe → tiexyik....difficulty breathing, asthma |- | -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tamyog....shackanpiat....duck → anpiatyog....ugly ducklingkod....secret → kodyog....little dirty secret |- | -yukyukwan || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pesyuk....patiencekovyox- to fool → kovyoxyukwan....gullibility, foolhardiness |} Differences between -en, -eyn, and -un The noun suffixes -en, -eyn, and -un create nominalized forms from a verb stem, but are a bit confusing. The suffix -en is equivalent to the English -ing and forms a gerundive. It also used to translate many English verbal nominalizations ending in -tion. The suffix -eyn is a slight variation and refers to a single action or state. The ending -un forms a word meaning the result of an action and is often a thing. Sometimes -eyn is used instead of -un where the latter has a special meaning. Here are some examples: xer....to do xen....doing xeyn....deed xun....fact yugxer....to slow up yugxen....deceleration yugxun....bottleneck der....to say den....saying deyn....utterance, a saying dun....word ujer....to end ujen....ending eg. I like ending on a happy note. ujeyn....an ending, finale eg. This play's finale was emotional. ujun....end, tail end eg. The road came to a sudden end. Examples of the Suffix -yen This suffix is a stub of byen....way, manner. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;;" |+ Wording Ending in -yen |- valign=top ! Base Word !! Derivation |- | ajtyod....past people || ajtyodyen....tradition |- | d-....to say || dyen....expression |- | akpas....winning move || akpasyen....tactic |- | dre(r)....to write || dreyen....writing system |- | amal....atmosphere || amalyen....weather |- | an-....single || anyen....quirk, idio- |- | axl-....to act || axlyen....behavior |- | aot....person || aotyen....character, personality |- | t(y)-....to know how || tyen....skill, craft |- | x-....to do || xyen....profession |- | ze-....middle || zeyen....means |- | bas-....gesture || basyen....body language |- | tex....thought || texyen....opinion |- | es-....to exist || esyen....state |- | kya-....change || kyayen....version |- | p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait |- | yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work |- | tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture |} Noun Prefixes Prefixes can also be attached to nouns to create derivatives. Here are some common productive ones: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;;" |+ Noun Prefixes |- valign=top ! Prefix !! Meaning !! Base Noun !! Derivations |- | aa- || first, arch- || deb....leaderdezun....performancetat....angel || aadeb....premieraadezun....premiereaatat....archangel |- | aag- || macro- || donex....economics || aagdonex....macroeconomics |- | aaj- || proto- || tejsan...life formtobtun....anthropology || aajtejsan....protozoon |- | ab- || superior, sur-, on || donab....rankdout....gentlemandyun....name || abdonab....superior rankabdout....aristocratabdyun....title, surname |- | ag- || mega-, megalo-, grandi- || amlot....millionairedal....talk|| agamlot....megamillionaireagdal....grandiloquence |- | agal- || arch-, main- || mem....landnad....line || agalmem....mainlandagalnad....mainline |- | agr(a)- || mega-, megalo- || meg....stoneakuj...success || agrameg....megalithagrakuj....megahit |- | an- || one, uni-, mono- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicledungon....syllable || anzyukpar....unicycleandungon....monosyllable |- | ao- || vertical || nab....rankmuf....pole || aonab....columnaomuf....column |- | aoyeb- || in-and-out || belen....carrying || aoyebelen....import-exports |- | aov- || for-and-against || dalson....subject || aovdalson...controversy |- | ayb- || over-, super- || dras....scriptilp....flowmas....name || aybdrun....superscriptaybilp....overflowaybmas....ceiling |- | ayn- || holo- || dras....scriptmeg....stonesag....number || ayndras....hologramaynmeg....hololithaynsag....integer |- | aj- || past, pre-, fore-, ex- || din....storygex....equitytayd....wife || ajdin....historyajgex....revengeajtayd....ex-wife |- | anyen- || idio-, odd || dyen....expressionfin....quality || anyendyen....idiomanyenfin....quirk |- | av- || pro-, for || bol....supportdun....word || avbol....endorsementavdun....pronoun |- | az- || strong || hihid....laughojvad....promisetos....feeling || azhihid....guffawazojvad....covenantaztos....passion |- | do- || public || del....statementdid....questionvyab....rule || dodel....announcementdodid....inquirydovyab....law |- | eb- || inter-, dia- || dal....statementifek....gramkyax....change || ebdal....dialogebifek....interludeebkyax....interchange |- | en- || bi-, di-, two- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicle || enzyukpar....bicycle |- | eg- || normal || byen....manner || egbyen....norm |- | ej- || step-, current || twid....brotherdin....story || ejtwid....step-brotherejdin....current news item |- | ejna- || neo- || dun....word || ejnadun....neologism |- | ev- || a-, neutral || totin....deismdofina....moral || evtotin....atheismevdofina....amoral |- | eyn- || semi-, hemi-, pen-, half-, quasi-|| moyn....shadezyum....sphereayma....warmdobyenadaba....governmental || eynmoyn....penumbraeynzyum....hemisphereaynayma....lukewarmanydobyena....semi-officialaydaba....quasi-governmental |- | fi- || eu-, bene-, well- || dyen....expressiontos....feeling fon....will|| fidyen....euphemismfitos....euphoriafifon....benevolence |- | fyi- || useful || dal....talk || fyidal....advice |- | fu- || caco-, mal-, ill-, dys- || seux....soundfon....willtos....feeling || fuseux....cacophonyfufon....ill-will, malevolencefutos....dysphoria |- | fyu- || harmful || mil....waterpelt...insect mul....stuff|| fyumil....waste waterfyupelt....pestfyumul....garbage |- | fya- || holy || din....storybuun....giftbyekut....healer || fyadin....gospelfyabuun....oblation, offeringfyabyekut....shaman, witchdoctor |- | fye- || fantasy, mytho- || din....storydiyn....talemir....world || fyedin....myth, fantasyfyediyn....fairy-tale, fablefyemir....fantasia, fantasy-world |- | fyo- || evil || tat....angelxeyn....deed || fyotat....demonfyoxeyn....sin |- | gab- || plus || nix....earning || gabnix....interest |- | gaw- || re- || aklen....conquestdel....statement || gawaklen....reconquestgawdel....restatement |- | ge- || equi-, iso-, even- || eksag....scorekyin....weight || geeksag....tie gekyin....equilibrium |- | gel- || homo-, like-, simul- || dredun....spelingsan....form || geldredun....homographgelsan....isomorph, clone |- | gla- || multi-, plur-, poly- || gon....part || glagon....plurality |- | glo- || few, poorly, little, hypo-, ligo-|| tiibilnid....blood volume || glotiibilnid....hypovolemia, oligemia |- | gro- || hypo-, under- || agxen....growthdel || grogxen....hypotrophygrodel....understatement |- | gra- || too, hyper- || bik....caution || grabik....hypercaution |- | gwa- || macro-, super- || mor....universe || gwamor....macrocosm |- | hyi- || homo-, same || toobif....gender preference || hyitoobif....homosexualtiy |- | hyu- || hetero-, different, other-, allo-, xeno- || toobif....gender preferencemer....planetsan....shape || hyutoobif....heterosexualityhyumer....alien planethyusan....allomorph |- | hya- || omni-, pan-, all- || doobin....nationalism || hyadoobin....pan-nationalism |- | hye- || any, whatever || saun....kind || hyesaun....any kind |- | hyo(s)- || nothing || ten....knowledge || hyosten....ignorance |- | hyuit- || mutual || fizuen....respect || hyuitfizuen....mutual respect |- | ig- || fast || didyan....questionnaire || igdidyan....pop quiz |- | ij- || initial, head || dun....wordmiap....stream || ijdun....prologueijmiap....headstream |- | ik- || full || nuxen....payment || iknuxen....liquidation |- | il- || liquid || ok....loss || ilok....leak |- | im || wet || mel....soil || immel....loam, wetland |- | in- || tri-, three || goblun....cut || ingoblun....trisection |- | iv- || happy || din....story || ivdin....comedy |- | iz- || straight, orth-, rect-, direct || fin....qualitymep....path || izfin....rectitudeizmep....beeline, vector |- | ja- || before, pre- || bik....caution || jabik....precaution |- | je- || continuous || teaxer....to look || jeteax....watch, vigil |- | jo- || after, post- || dren....writing || jodren....postscript |- | jwa- || proto-, eo-, early || ajdin....historyejob....modern era || jwaajdin....protohistoryjwaejob....eocene |- | jwe- || prompt || puen....arrival || jwepuen....on-time arrival |- | jwo- || latter, late || moj....night || jwomoj....late night |- | ku- || side, aside, lateral || bux....pushdeyn....saying || kubux....rebuffkudeyn....remark |- | ki- || diagonal, slant || nad....linetexyen....opinion || kinad....diagonal, slantkitexyen....bias |- | ko- || hide, covert, pseudo- || d....utteranceexut....operativeflen....desirejadrun....plan || kod....secretkoexut....spykoflen....envykojadrun....plot |- | kya-|| change, para-, re-||bax....movementdyan....phrasedin....storynaz....valuenapxen....ordering||kyabax....shiftkyadyan....paraphrasekyadin....versionkyanaz....variablekyanapxen....reordering, shuffling |- | kye- || haphazard || den....sayingfyun....harmkaxun....find || kyeden....guessworkkyefyun....dangerkyekaxun....discovery |- | kyo- || fixed || byen....mannerdeyn....sayingdoneg....social class || kyobyen....habitkyodeyn....clichékyodoneg....caste |- | kyi- || heavy || azon....forcetes....meaningbal....pressure|| kyiazon....gravitykyites....importancekyibal....strain |- | kyu- || light || azon....forcemamil || kyuazon....ballastkyumamil....drizzle |- | lo- || dis-, de-, un- || bexun....possession bokulxen....toxificationbox...quiet|| lobexun....dispossession, divestmentlobokulxen....detoxificationlobox....disquiet |- | lyo- || totally not || fibyen....good mannerdot....society || lyofibyen....insolencelyodot....wilderness |- | mak- || electro-, e- || ebdras....letternagar....meter || makebdras....emailmaknagar....electrometer |- | o- || not, un- || bik....care|| obik....neglect |- | ob- || off-, vice- || goflun....ripfub....branch || obgoflun....stubobfub....offshoot |- | oge- || unequal, aniso- || izonan...orientation || ogeizonan....anisotropy |- | ogel- || hetero-, different || toobifan....sexual preferencetin....doctrine || ogeltoobifan....heterosexualityogeltin....heterodoxy |- | oyb- || under-, sub-, infra- || mos....floorneg....levelalza....red|| oybmos....basementoybneg....subleveloybalza....infrared |- | of- || prohibited || birun....grabdresini....drawingsgelxun....copy || ofbirun....lootofdresini....grafittiofgelxun....plagiarism |- | og- || small || soni....matters || ogsoni....trivia |- | oog- || micro-, mini- || drenod....dotnaab....filetyoyf....skirt|| oogdrenod....microdotoognaab....microficheoogtyoyf....miniskirt |- | oj- || future, fore- || buen....givingdeyn....utterance || ojbuen....lendingojdeyn....forecast |- | ok- || loss || buun....gifttos....feeling || okbuun....sacrificeoktos....heartache |- | ov- || against, counter-, contra-, anti- || adabinut....imperialistapyex....attack || ovadabinut....anti-imperialistovapyex....counterattack |- | oy- || without || tof....clothes || oytofa....naked |- | oz- || weak || duun....suggestion || ozduun....hint |- | ug- || slow || dal....speechilok....leak teax....look|| ugdal....drawlugilok....seepageugteax....gaze |- | ui- || horizontal || nab....rank || uinab....row|- | un- || quadri-, tetra-, four- || drezun....poem yan....collection|| undrezun....quatrainunyan....tetrad|- |uj- || end || ak....windun....wordjud....date || ujak....successujdun....epilogueujjud....deadline|- | uk || empty || dal....talkmel....soilnod....point || ukdal....blatherukmel....desertuknod....puncture|- | ut- || self-, sui-, aut(o)- || tojben....killingdab....government || uttojben....suicideutdab....autarchy|- | uv- || sad || deuzun'....songdolen....silencekyeuj....fate || uvdeuzun....dirgeuvdolen....sulkinguvkyeuj....tragedy|- | uf- || hate || dal....speechtos....feeling || ufdal....rantuftos....anger|- | uz- || crooked, curved, arc || aybmas....roofdopar....weaponkunad....edge || uzaybmas....vault, archuzdopar....bow, archuzkunad....rim|- | va- || yes || bien....takingdiun....requestdud....answer || vabien....acceptancevadiun....claimvadud....assent|- | vao- || yes-or-no || d....utterance || vaod....decision|- | ve- || maybe || texen....thinkingyovdeyn....inculpation || vetexen....suppositionveyovdeyn....indictment|- | vo- || no || texen....thinkingfon....will || votexen....doubtingvofon....disinclination |- | vya- || true || deyn....utterancedud....answernad....line || vyadeyn....avowalvyadud....solutionvyanad....guideline |- | vye- || relative || dren....writing || vyedren....correspondence |- | vyo- || wrong, mis- || bek....treatmentdat....friend || vyobek....mistreatmentvyodat....false friend |- | yag- || long || igpek....race || yagigpek....marathon |- | yan- || together, con- || dal....talk || yandal....conversation |- | yibaj- || paleo- || fobtun....botany || yibajfobtun....paleobotany |- | yog- || short, steno- || drir....typewriterjob....time || yogdrir....stenographjogjob....short while |- | yok- || sudden || apyex....attack || yokapyex....raid |- | yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach |- | yov- || shame || bixen....pullingbyok....painif....pleasure || yovbixen....seductionyovbyok....punishmentyovif....schadenfreude |- | yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....citydot....society || yabdom....uptownyabdot....high society |- | yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography |- | yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valvepusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....pistonyaopusen....bouncing |- | yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talkbuk....woundtiub....bellymem....land || yazdal....bombastyazbuk....boil, blisteryaztiub....potbellymemyaz....mountain |- | yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medicmel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedicyezmel....meadow |- | yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalismdreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalismyizdreniv....hypertext |- | yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter |- | yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....linegoblar....knife || yaoznad....tildeyaozgoblar....saw |- | yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigationteaxar....scopetyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigationyuzteaxar....periscopeyuztyop....stroll |- | yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affixdeym....yard, court || yebdungab....infixyebdeym...courtyard |- | oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....citydovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirtsoyebdovyaban....extralegality |- | yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriterteaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletypeyibteaxar....telescope |- | yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterancetun....science || yibajdeyn....archaismyibajtun....archaeology |- | yub- || near, para-, juxta- || gexen....equalingkex....searchdop....militarytayov....membrane|| yubgexen....approximationyubkex....examinationyubdop....paramilitaryjuxtamembrane|- | yubaj- || recent, ceno- || || |- | yob- || down, sub-, de- || doneg....classbyex....beat || yobdoneg....low classyobbyex....downbeat |- | za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affixdyun....namemer....planet || zadungab....prefixzadyun....forenamezamer....north |- | ze- || middle, mid- || dom....cityjub....day || zedom....downtownzejub....midday |- | zo- || behind, back || bex....holdbix....pull || zobex....delayzobix....drag |- | zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pullbux....push || zaybix....protractionzaybux....propulsion |- | zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....scriptilp....flow || zeydras....transcriptzeyilp....crosscurrent |- | zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....actionkix....bendmag....firemav....flash || zoyaxlen....reactionzoykix....reflectionzoymag....retrofirezoymav....flashback |- | zya- || wide || dodal....speechdrurun....printout || zyadodal....propagandazyadrurun....poster |- | zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargomuf....rodbwas....something put || zyebelun....shipmentzyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod)zyebwas....metaphor |- | zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expressionmos....floor || zyidyen....platitudezyimemyaz....plateauzyimos....platform |- | zyo- || narrow || bex....holdbix....pullgun....angle || zyobex....clasp, gripzyobix....tensionzyogun....acute angle |- | zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....coverdrurun....printouttom....building || zyuabaun....domezyudrurun....rotographzyutom....tower |} Gender Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically significant syllable with the letter w. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically significant syllable with y. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix -ut, that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending -ut is changed to -uyt for the female form, but the male form ending stays the same or becomes -twob. The reason for this is that the addition of a w to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker w (see the chapter on Mirad Grammar/Verbs. The chart below shows how this works: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Making Nouns Gender-specific |- ! Neutral !! Masculine !! Feminine |- | tob....human being, person || twob....man || toyb....woman |- | tobet....child || twobet....boy || toybet....girl |- | tad....spouse || twad....husband || tayd....wife |- | ejtad....step spouse || ejtwad....step-husband || ejtayd....step-wife |- | ajtad....ex-spouse || ajtwad....ex-husband || ajtayd....ex-wife |- | ted....parent || twed....father || teyd....mother |- | datif....sweetheart || dwatif....boyfriend || daytif....girlfriend |- | supet....pig|| supwet....boar || supeyt....sow |- | edeb....monarch || edweb....king || edeyb....queen |- | gafapat....fowl || gafapwat....rooster || gafapayt....hen |- | tiuv....underwear || twiuv....briefs || tiuyv....panties |- | anbopet....antelope || anbopwet....deer || anbopeyt....doe |- | deuzut....singer || deuzut / deuztwob....male singer || deuzuyt ....songstress |- | tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter |- | dezut....actor || dezut or deztwob....male actor || dezuyt'''....actress'' |} For gender specification in pronouns, see Mirad Grammar/Pronouns, below). Parts of Speech Adjectives