Koine Greek/Pronouns

Personal Pronouns You and I A pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things, concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun. Below are the pronouns "I" and "you": Case1st Person2nd Person Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς σύ* ὑμεῖς* Acc. ἐμέ;με ἡμᾶς σέ;σε ὑμᾶς Gen. ἐμοῦ;μου ἡμῶν σοῦ;σου ὑμῶν Dat. ἐμοί;μοι ἡμῖν σοί;σοι ὑμῖν * In archaic English, ὑμεῖς is "ye," and σύ is "thou." Τhe unaccented forms like με are enclitic, or less emphatic. For the 2nd person, accent patterns, case endings, and stem changes are irregular and require memorization. The personal ending of a verb explicitly outlines the subject, so subject pronouns are typically used for emphasis. He, She, It Case Singular Plural Mas. Neut. Fem. Mas. Neut. Fem. Nom. αὐτός αὐτόν αὐτή αὐτοί αὐτά αὐταί Voc. αὐτέ Acc. αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτούς αὐτάς Gen. αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτῶν Dat. αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς Derived forms Adverbs Comparative Superlative αὔτως αὐτότερος αὐτότατος Stem: αὐτ- Greek uses a single pronoun for all of these, and declines it by gender, number, and case. Note that the neuter singular forms of the nominative, vocative, and accusative are generally the irregular αὐτό. Depending on its placement in a sentence, αὐτός/αὐτή/αὐτό has 3 possible translations: He/she/it: When the pronoun stands on its own in any case except nominative, it functions as a 3rd person personal pronoun, agreeing in gender, number, and case with the noun it replaces (e.g., αὐτῷ τρέχει. — He/she/it runs to him/it). Self: When the pronoun is in the nominative, it is emphatic or reflexive, similar to how ἐγώ (“I”) is emphatic. It is also emphatic if a form of the pronoun appears after the noun in predicate position, modifying a noun of any case (e.g., αὐτὸς τρέχει. — He [himself] runs). Same: When αὐτός/αὐτή/αὐτό modifies a noun in the attributive position, it functions and declines as an adjective and means ‘same.’ (e.g., ὁ αὐτὸς τρέχει. — The same man runs). Correlative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns The Near Demonstrative οὗτος Case Singular Plural Mas. Neut. Fem. Mas. Neut. Fem. Nom. οὗτος τοῦτο αὕτη οὗτοι ταῦτα αὗται Acc. τοῦτον ταύτην τούτους ταύτας Gen. τούτου ταύτης τούτων Dat. τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτοις ταύταις Derived forms Adverbs Comparative Superlative οὕτως — — Stem: (τ)ουτ–, but changes to (τ)αυτ– if the case ending includes either an η or an α. Formation: the prefix τ– is added to all forms except for nominative masculine and feminine, both singular and plural, which use a rough breathing instead. This pattern is identical to that of the definite article. οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο refers generally and unemphatically to what is already known (e.g., τοῦτο λέγω. → I am telling you this (what I just said).) ὅδε ἥδε τόδε refers to what is near (e.g., this here table), or about to follow (e.g., λέγω τόδε. → I am telling you this (what I am about to say).) Like other demonstrative pronouns, οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο can serve as an adjective, though always in predicate position. The Far Demonstrative ἐκεῖνος Case Singular Plural Mas. Neut. Fem. Mas. Neut. Fem. Nom. ἐκεῖνος ἐκεῖνο ἐκείνη ἐκεῖνοι ἐκεῖνα ἐκεῖναι Acc. ἐκεῖνον ἐκείνην ἐκείνους ἐκείνας Gen. ἐκείνου ἐκείνης ἐκείνων Dat. ἐκείνῳ ἐκείνῃ ἐκείνοις ἐκείναις Derived forms Adverbs Comparative Superlative ἐκείνως — — Stem: ἐκειν- The accent pattern is persistent on the penult, which for this pronoun is long (-ει-). As a result, the length of the ultima determines whether this penult receives a circumflex or an acute accent. This pronoun can substitute for a noun, or be used as a demonstrative adjective to modify a noun. When used as an adjective, it always appears in the predicate position (e.g., ἐκεῖνοι διδόασι τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῖς παισίν ἐκείνοις. — Those (men) give hope to those children). Attributive Adjective Position: An adjective is in the attributive position when it modifies a noun with a definite article, and the adjective itself follows the definite article. Predicate Adjective Position: An adjective is considered in the predicate position if the adjective precedes the article, or follows the article and noun. Case Singular Plural Mas. Neut. Fem. Mas. Neut. Fem. Nom. ὅδε τόδε ἥδε οἵδε τάδε αἵδε Acc. τόνδε τήνδε τούσδε τάσδε Gen.τοῦδε τῆσδετῶνδε Dat. τῷδε τῇδετοῖσδε ταῖσδε Formation: the suffix –δε is added to the definite article. Note: The accent pattern is similar to that of the definite article’s. This pronoun can substitute for a noun, or be used as a demonstrative adjective to modify a noun. When used as an adjective, it always appears in the predicate position. Τhe Possessive Pronoun ἐμός The Relative Pronoun Case Singular Plural M. N. F. M. N. F. Nom. ὅςὅ ἥ οἵἅ αἵ Acc. ὅν ἥν οὕς ἅς Gen.οὗ ἧςὧν Dat. ᾧ ᾗοἷς αἷς To form the relative pronoun, replace the τ– of the definite article with the rough breathing (῾). The masculine singular nominative form ends in –ς. Note that the accent pattern is similar to that of the definite article. Relative pronouns are commonly used to join two sentences or clauses together (e.g., οἱ παῖδες, οἳ τὰ χρήματα ἀποδιδόασι, χαίρουσιν — The children, who give back the money, are happy). The suffix –περ can be added to denote emphasis. Main clause: The essential part of the sentence that can stand on its own grammatically and as a complete thought (e.g., οἱ ἄρχοντες διδόασι τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῖς παισίν). The relative pronoun introduces a type of subordinate clause known as a relative clause (e.g., οἳ τὰ χρήματα ἀποδιδόασιν). Relative clauses often provide additional information about the pronoun’s antecedent (i.e., the noun to which the pronoun refers to). The relative pronoun gets its gender and number from its antecedent, but its case depends on its function in the relative clause (e.g., in οἱ παῖδες, οἳ τὰ χρήματα ἀποδιδόασι, οἳ is masculine plural to match its antecedent οἱ παῖδες, and nominative because it is the subject of the relative clause). The relative pronoun is sometimes attracted to the case of its antecedent, which is typically genitive or dative, rather than assuming the accusative case required by its function in the relative clause. The Intensive Relative Pronoun ὅσπερ First Person Second Person Third Person The Indefinite Pronoun Case Singular Plural Mas.;Fem. Neut. Mas.;Fem. Neut. Nom. τιςτι τινέςτινά Acc. τινά τινάς Gen.τινόςτινῶν Dat. τινίτισί Stem: τιν- (uses endings associated with third-declension nouns) Note: In citation, the stem form τιν is conventionally shortened to τι. The indefinite pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite and translates as some or any. It is enclitic, following regular enclitic accent rules, though the genitive plural takes a circumflex if accented. As an enclitic, it cannot appear first in a sentence and is often found in negative constructions. When τις or τι follows a noun and agrees with it in gender, number, and case, it functions as an adjective making the noun indefinite, and the noun does not take a definite article. The Indefinite Relative Pronoun Case Singular Plural M. N. F. M. N. F. Nom. ὅστιςὅ τι ἥτις οἵτινεςἅτινα αἵτινες Acc. ὅντινα ἥντινα οὕστινας ἅστινας Gen.οὗτινος ἧστινοςὧντινων Dat. ᾧτινι ᾗτινιοἷστισι αἷστισι Formation: adding the declined indefinite pronoun -τις / -τι as a suffix to the relative pronoun Usage: ὅστις δίδωσι τὰ χρήματα τοῖς παισίν → Anyone who gives money to the children is throwing the money away. The Interrogative Pronoun τίς The Distributive Pronoun ἕκαστος The Reflexive Pronoun First Person ἐμαυτοῦ Second Person Third Person The Reciprocal Pronoun Case Plural Mas. Neut. Fem. Acc. ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλας ἄλληλα Gen.ἀλλήλων Dat. ἀλλήλοις ἀλλήλαις καὶ διελογίζοντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους λέγοντες, ὅτι Ἄρτους οὐκ ἔχομεν — And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have no bread. (Mark 8:16).