Horticulture/Chamaecyparis

False Cypress Sawara.jpg Chamaecyparis Cupressaceae Trees and Shrubs Wind pollinated Chamaecyparis is genus of conifers in the family Cupressaceae, native to eastern Asia and western and eastern North America. It is one of several genera within the Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress. Synonyms include Retinispora Siebold & Zucc. and Retinospora Carr. There are a great number of cultivars available among the species with a wide range of shapes, sizes, and leaf colors. Description They are medium-sized to large evergreen trees growing to 20–70 m tall, with foliage in flat sprays. The leaves are of two types, needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a year old, and scale-like adult leaves. The cones are globose to oval, with 8-14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; each scale bears 2-4 small seeds. Growing conditions Four species (C. lawsoniana, C. obtusa, C. pisifera, and C. thyoides) are of considerable importance as ornamental trees in horticulture; several hundred cultivars have been selected for various traits, including dwarf size, yellow, blue, silvery or variegated foliage, permanent retention of juvenile leaves, and thread-like shoots with reduced branching. In some areas, cultivation is limited by ../Phytophthora/ root rot diseases, with C. lawsoniana being particularly susceptible to ../Phytophthora lateralis/. Species There are five or six species, depending on taxonomic opinion: ../Chamaecyparis formosensis/. Taiwan. ../Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/. Western North America. ../Chamaecyparis obtusa/. Japan. ../Chamaecyparis pisifera/. Japan. ../Chamaecyparis taiwanensis/. Taiwan. ../Chamaecyparis thyoides/. Eastern North America. C. taiwanensis is treated by many authors as a variety of C. obtusa (as C. obtusa var. formosana). Another species which used to be included in this genus, as Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, has now been transferred on the basis of strong genetic and morphological evidence to the separate genus ../Callitropsis/ as ../Callitropsis nootkatensis/, or back to Cupressus nootkatensis (the name it was originally described under in 1824). Uses The wood is scented, and is highly valued, particularly in Japan, where it is used for temple construction. Maintenance Pruning can be done in winter. Most species tolerate shearing and can be grown as hedges or topiaries. Propagation Cuttings, grafting, or seed. Pests and diseases ../Blight/: ../Phomopsis juniperovora/ Seiridium or Coryneum Blight and Canker: ../Seiridium cardinale/ ../Root Rot/ ../Phytophthora lateralis/ Problem in Pacific Northwest. ../Phytophthora cinnamomi/ ../Rusts/ Witches Broom (Rust): ../Gymnosporangium ellisii/, Alternate hosts in ../Myrica/ and ../Comptonia/ Spindle Burl Gall (Rust): ../Gymnosporangium biseptatum/, Alternate host in ../Amalanchier/ ../Scales/ Juniper Scale: ../Carulaspis juniperi/ ../Weevils/ Arborvitae Weevil: ../Phyllobius intruscus/ ../Caterpillars/ Imperial Moth: ../Eacles imperiales/ Bagworm: ../Thyridopterix ephemeraeformis/ ../Mites/ Spruce Spider Mite: ../Oligonychus ununguis/ Chamaecyparis species are used as food plants by the larva of some Lepidoptera species including w:Juniper Pug and w:Pine Beauty. References Chamaecyparis Gymnosperm Database: Chamaecyparis Flora of China: Chamaecyparis Flora of North America: Chamaecyparis Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chamaecyparis Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . Hwang, S.-Y., Lin, H.-W., Kuo, Y.-S., & Lin, T.-P. (2001). RAPD variation in relation to population differentiation of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 42: 173-179. Available online (pdf file). Christopher Brickell and Judith D. Zuk The American Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants 1997 DK Publishing 262-254 Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada 1976 Cornell University Press 254–255 Pirone Pascal P. Diseases & Pests of Ornamental Plants Fifth Edition 1978 John Wiley & Sons, New York 191–192 Cranshaw Whitney Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs 2004 Princeton University Press 587 Pippa Greenwood, Andrew Halstead, A.R. Chase, Daniel Gilrein American Horticultural Society Pests & Diseases: The Complete Guide to Preventing, Identifying, and Treating Plant Problems First Edition 2000 Dorling Kindersley (DK) Publishing, inc. 102