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Polish/Pronouns

Reference material by Wikibooks contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.

A pronoun (zaimek) is a word that replaces or refers to a noun, adjective, numeral, or another expression. Pronouns are used to avoid repetition and make sentences more natural. Jan ma książkę. On ją czyta. - Jan has a book. He is reading it. To jest mój dom. - This is my house. Który samochód jest twój? - Which car is yours? Pronouns can change according to: Case Number Gender Person Types of Pronouns TypePolish NameExamplesPersonal pronounszaimki osoboweja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, wy, oni, onePossessive pronounszaimki dzierżawczemój, twój, jego, jej, nasz, wasz, ichDemonstrative pronounszaimki wskazująceten, ta, to, tamtenInterrogative pronounszaimki pytającekto, co, który, jakiRelative pronounszaimki względnektóry, kto, coIndefinite pronounszaimki nieokreślonektoś, coś, jakiś, któryśNegative pronounszaimki przeczącenikt, nic, żadenReflexive pronounszaimki zwrotnesiebie, sobie, sobą, swój Personal Pronouns EnglishPolishIjayou (singular)tyheonsheonaitonowemyyou (plural)wythey (masculine or mixed gender)onithey (feminine or non-virile)one Examples Ja mieszkam w Polsce. - I live in Poland. Ty jesteś moim przyjacielem. - You are my friend. Ona czyta książkę. - She is reading a book. Oni pracują razem. - They work together. Possessive Pronouns EnglishPolishmy, minemójyour, yours (singular)twójhisjegoherjejitsjegoournaszyour, yours (plural)wasztheirich Examples To jest mój samochód. - This is my car. Gdzie jest twój telefon? - Where is your phone? Ich dom jest duży. - Their house is big. Demonstrative Pronouns EnglishPolishthisten, ta, tothattamten, tamta, tamto Examples Ten kot jest czarny. - This cat is black. Tamta książka jest ciekawa. - That book is interesting. Interrogative Pronouns EnglishPolishwho?kto?what?co?which?który?what kind of?jaki? Examples Kto to jest? - Who is that? Co robisz? - What are you doing? Który autobus jedzie do centrum? - Which bus goes to the city center? Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect clauses. EnglishPolishwho, which, thatktórywhoktowhatco Examples To jest człowiek, który mi pomógł. - This is the person who helped me. To wszystko, co wiem. - That is all that I know. Indefinite Pronouns EnglishPolishsomeonektośsomethingcośsome, a certainjakiśone ofktóryś Examples Ktoś dzwoni do drzwi. - Someone is ringing the doorbell. Mam coś dla ciebie. - I have something for you. Negative Pronouns EnglishPolishnobodyniktnothingnicnone, nożaden Examples Nikt nie przyszedł. - Nobody came. Nic nie rozumiem. - I understand nothing. Reflexive Pronouns EnglishPolishoneselfsiebieto oneselfsobiewith oneselfsobąone's ownswój Examples Widzę siebie w lustrze. - I see myself in the mirror. Kupiłem sobie prezent. - I bought myself a gift. Lubi swoją pracę. - He likes his own job. Notes Personal pronouns are often omitted in Polish because the verb ending usually shows the subject. Czytam książkę. - I am reading a book. Pronouns decline according to case. Pronouns must agree with gender and number where applicable. The distinction between oni and one is important: oni = masculine-personal groups. one = all-female groups or non-virile groups.