Computer Programming/Error handling

__TOC__ function √ (X : in Float) : Float begin if (X < 0) : return -1 else calculate root from x fi end C := √ (A2 + B2) if C < 0 then error handling else normal processing fi function √ ( X : in Float; Success : out Boolean ) : Float begin if (X < 0) : Success := False else calculate root from x Success := True fi end C := √ (A2 + B2, Success) if not Success then error handling else normal processing fi function √ (X : in Float) : Float begin if (X < 0) : Float_Error := true else calculate root from x fi end Float_Error := false C := √ (A2 + B2) if Float_Error then error handling else normal processing fi function √ (X : in Float) : Float begin if (X < 0) : raise Float_Error else calculate root from x fi end try: C := √ (A2 + B2) normal processing when Float_Error: error handling yrt function √ (X : in Float) : Float pre-condition (X >= 0) post-condition (return >= 0) begin calculate root from x end C := √ (A2 + B2) Language overview This list gives an overview of the standard or primary behavior and error handling techniques used in various programming languages. This does not mean that other techniques or behavior are not possible in the programming languages named. + Error handling in programming languagesLanguageTechniquenull/ 0arrayintfloattype Ada September 2005 exceptions/DbC1 handled handled handled handled handled handled C return/var crash crash fault fault2 fault fault2 C++ exceptions crash crash fault fault2 fault fault2 Python exceptions handled handled handled handled handled handled SPARK DbC handled handled handled handled handled handled Error Types null null pointer or nil element access. / 0 division by 0. array out of bound array access. int out of bound integer range/overflow. float out of bound floating point calculations. type out of bound type conversions. Handled by handled the error is handled by the language in a proper manner - for example with the use of error or exception handlers. fault the program continues to run in an undefined or faulty manner. crash program crashes. Technique DbC The Language uses Design by Contract to avoid error condition. exceptions Language raises an exception or uses a similar technique when an error condition appears. return Language uses an return code to indicate an error condition. var Language uses one or more global variables to indicate an error condition. 1 : Ada supports a very limited form of DbC through its strong typing system. 2 : In C and C++ the behavior is defined and sometimes intentionally used however in this comparison we consider unintentional use.