Lojban/Attitudinals

Attitudinals are markers of attitude or emotion, modifying the word (brivla, cmavo, cmene, sumti, or tanru) directly before it. For example, the simple << mlatu >> for "cat" can become << mlatu .ui >> for "cat (happiness!/:D)". At the beginning of a sentence (after the place of .i) they modify the entire sentence (bridi), and after the attitudinal beginning bracket << fu'e >>, they continue the emotion for all the statement until the closing bracket << fu'o >>. Attitudinals can also affect vocatives, the same way a change in vocal tone can greatly affect a simple "hello". For example, << coi .ui >> means not a simple "Hello.", but something like "Hello! :D". Combined with the attitudinal question-maker pei, you can easily create more complex << coi .uipei >> may be thought of as "Hello - are you glad to see me?", while << co'o .uipei >> may be viewed as "Good-bye - are you happy that we part?". Beyond mere emotion, they can mark prepositional ideas such as desire ("I want this to happen"), obligation ("This needs to happen"), and many other complex functions we take for granted - for example, << mi citka >> means "I eat", while << .au mi citka >> means "I want to eat", and << .e'e mi citka >> means "I am able to eat". Emotional modifiers: ModifierModificationcaivery strongsaistrong(nothing)feltru'eweakcu'inot feltnairu'eweak negativenainegative feltnaisaistrong negativenaicaivery strong negative Attitudinal indicators and suffixes with examples of modifier use: Attitudinals Simple propositional emotions: Attitudinal attitude -cu'i -nai.a'a attentive inattentive avoiding.a'e alertness exhaustion.ai intent indecision refusal.a'i effort lack of effort repose.a'o hope despair.au desire indifference reluctance.a'u interest no interest repulsion Complex propositional emotions: Attitudinal attitude -cu'i -nai.e'a permission prohibition.e'e competence incompetence.ei obligation freedom.e'i constraint independence resistance to constraint.e'o request negative request.e'u suggestion no suggestion warning.ia belief skepticism disbelief.i'a acceptance blame.ie agreement neutrality disagreement.i'e approval non-approval disapproval Miscellaneous pure emotions: Attitudinal (nothing) -cu'i -nai.ii fear nervousness security.i'i togetherness privacy.io respect lack of respect disrespect.i'o appreciation lack of appreciation envy.iu love lack of love hatred/fear.i'u familiarity mystery Complex pure emotions: Attitudinal (nothing) -cu'i -nai.o'a pride modesty shame.o'e closenessdetachmentdistance.oi complaint/pain no complaints pleasure.o'i caution boldness rashness.o'o patience mere tolerance anger.o'u relaxation composure stress Simple pure emotions: Attitudinal (nothing) -cu'i -nai.ua discovery confusion.u'a gain loss.ue surprise no surprise expectation.u'e wonder commonplace.ui happiness unhappiness.u'i amusement weariness.uo completion incompleteness.u'o courage timidity cowardice.uu pity cruelty.u'u repentance lack of regret innocence Emotional categories: Category(nothing)-cu'i-nairo'asocialasocialantisocialro'ementalabsentmindedmindlessro'iemotionalemotionlessdenying emotionro'ophysicalintangibledenying physicalro'usexualasexualsexual abstinencere'espiritualsecularsacrilegious Attitudinal modifiers: Modifier(nothing)-cu'i-nai[gismu]ga'ihauteur/rankequal rankmeekness/lack of rank[galtu]le'oaggressivepassivedefensivevu'evirtue [zabna]sin [mabla][vrude]se'iself-orientationother-orientation[sevzi]ri'ereleaserestraintcontrol[zifre]fu'ieasily/with helpwithout helpwith difficulty/opposition[frili]be'ulack/needpresence/satisfactionsatiationse'aself-sufficiencydependency[sevzi] Special: cmavo(nothing)-cu'i-naipeiattitude questiondaiempathybu'ostart emotioncontinue emotionend emotion Evidentials: Evidential(nothing)-cu'i-nai[gismu]ja'oI conclude[jalge]ca'eI defineba'aI expect / I anticipateI experienceI remember[balvi]su'aI generalizeI particularize[sucta]ti'eI hear (hearsay) - not necessarily literally "hear"[tirna]ka'uI know by cultural means[kulnu]se'oI know by internal experience[senva]za'aI observe[zgana]pe'iI opine / It is my opinion that...[pensi]ru'aI postulate / I presume[sruma]ju'aI state (elliptical discursive)[jufra] Consecutive discourse: cmavo(nothing)[gismu]ku'ihowever/but/in contrast[karbi]ji'aadditionally[jmina]si'asimilarly[simsa]mi'uditto[mintu]po'othe only relevant case Commentary on words: cmavo(nothing)-nai[gismu]va'iin other wordsin the same words[valsi]ta'uexpanding a tanrumaking a tanru[tanru] Commentary on discourse: cmavo(nothing)-cu'i-nai[gismu]li'aclearly/obviouslyobscurely[klina]ba'uexaggerationaccuracyunderstatement[banli]zo'ohumorouslydullyseriouslysa'eprecisely speakingloosely speaking[satci]to'uin briefin detail[tordu]do'agenerouslyparsimoniously[dunda]sa'usimplyelaborating[sampu]pa'ejusticeprejudice[pajni]je'utruly/It is true that,...falsely[jetnu] Knowledge: cmavo(nothing)-cu'i-nai[gismu]ju'ocertainlyuncertaincertainly not[djuno]la'aprobablyimprobably[lakne] Discourse management: cmavo(nothing)-cu'i-nai[gismu]ta'oby the way(sometimes: speaking of which,...)returning to point[tanjo]ra'uchieflyequallyincidentally[ralju]mu'afor exampleomitting ex.end examples[mupli]zu'uon the one handon the other handke'urepeatingcontinuing[krefu]da'isupposingin fact Miscellaneous indicators: Attitudinal(nothing)-naiki'ametalinguistic confusionna'imetalinguistic negatorjo'ametalinguistic affirmerli'oomitted text (quoted material)sa'amaterial inserted by editor/narratorxutrue-false questionpauquestion premarkerrhetorical questionpe'afigurative languageliteral languagebi'unew informationold informationge'enon-specific indicator See also: Emotions External links Lojban for Beginners Chapter 1 Section 6: Lojban with attitude! Lojban for Beginners Chapter 13 Section 1: Lojban with lots more attitude Lojban for Beginners Chapter 13 Section 2: My attitudinals! All mine! (And you?) Lojban Reference Grammar Chapter 13: Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators the Cniglic Livejournal page