Pulsars and neutron stars/History of the theoretical understanding of pulsars

Introduction In this section we first describe advances in the understanding of the interior of neutron stars, then the magnetosphere and emission and finally the pulsar population. Glitches and the neutron star interior Even before the discovery of the first pulsar, the existence of neutron stars had been predicted (Baade & Zwicky 1934). It was therefore clear that neutron stars are "made up of neutrons", but it wasn't until the discovery of the first glitch in the vela pulsar that it became possible to directly probe the interior of a neutron star. Baym, Pethick & Pines (1969) showed that matter in the interior of a typical neutron star is a mixture of three degenerate interacting quantum liquids — neutrons, protons and electrons with the neutrons dominating. They suggested that this mixture would be bounded on the inside by a superdense core and on the outside by a solid mantle. They suggested that there would be superfluid states in the interior. They (Baym et al. 1969) then noted that if the glitch in the Vela pulsar was caused by a "star quake" then the event demonstrates that the interior of the pulsar is a superfluid. Their model was able to explain the sudden change in spin-frequency and also the characteristic relaxation of a glitch after the event. Pines & Alpar (1984) provided a review related to superfluidity in the Vela, Crab and PSR B0525+21 and discussed the possibility of superfluidity in the millisecond pulsar population. Alpar et al. 1984 - vortex creep Alpar, Langer & Sauls (1984) - superfluid core and glitches Pines & Alpar (1985) - superfluidity in neutron stars Alp Alpar, Cheng & Pines (1989) - vortex creep Jones 1991 - neutron-drip superfluid Link, Epstein & van Riper - pulsar glitches Alpar et al. (1994) crust cracking in the Crab Alpar & Baykal 1994 - glitches Bennett, Epstein & Lattimer (1999) - neutron star structure Lyne, Shemar, Smith (2000) - glitch statistics Larson & Link (2001) - glitch simulations Link & Cutler (2002) - vortex unpinning Lattimer & Prakash (2007) - prognosis for equation of state constraints Melatos, Peralta & Wyithe (2008) - Avalanche Dynamics of Radio Pulsar Glitches Warszawski & Melatos (2008) - A cellular automaton model of pulsar glitches Haskell, Pizzochero & Sidery (2012) – pulsar glitches Melatos & Link (2014) - pulsar timing noise from superfluid turbulence Haskell & Antonopoulou (2014) - glitch recoveries in pulsars and magnetars Kantor & Gusakov (2014) - anti-glitches Keer & Jones (2015) - starquakes Melatos & Warszawski (2009) – superfluid vortex unpinning. Mandal et al. (2009) – consideration of glitch in the millisecond pulsar PSR B1821-24. Pines (1974) showed how observations of pulsars wobbling (free-precession) can be used to study the structure and properties of the associated neutron star. The pulsar emission and geometry Pacini, 1968 Goldstein 1968 Radhakrishnan & Cooke Ginzburg et al. 1969 Davies 1969 Ruderman 1969 Ostriker & Gunn 1969 Ostriker & Gunn 1969 Sutherland et al. 1970 Ruderman 1970 Goldreich 1970 Pacini 1970 Sturrock 1970 Gil (1985 - sub-microsecond fluctuations in emission Cheng, Ho & Ruderman (1986) - outer gaps Rankin 1990 - geometry Radhakrishan, Rankin (1990) - circular polarisation Romani (1990) - unified model of magnetic fields Thompson, Duncan 1983 - dynamos Chen & Ruderman (1993) - pulsar death lines [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.275..255T Thompson, Duncan (1995) - SGRs as magnetized neutron stars Romani & Yadigaroglu 1995 - gamma-ray pulsars - emission zones and viewing geometries Gil, Krawczyk 1996 - pulsar beams - conal not patchy Lyne & Manchester (1988) - the shape of pulsar beams Romani (1996) - gamma-ray pulsars - outermagnetospheres Lyutikov, Blandford, Machabeli (1999) - pulsar radio emission Dyks et al. (2005) - pulsar shadow as double notches Romani & Watters (2010) Kalapotharakos et al. (2012) – pulsar magnetosphere Contopoulos, Kalapotharkos, Kazanas (2014) - a new standard pulsar magnetosphere Machabeli & Chkheidze (2014) - radio emission from the Crab Wang et al. (2014) - fan beam model Szary, Melikidze & Gil (2015) - radio emission from magnetars Vigano et al. (2015) - outer gap model Marelli et al., (2015) - radio-quiet and radio-loud pulsars The population of neutron stars and pulsars Falnnery & van den Heuvel 1975 Radhakrishnan (1984) - the origins of pulsar velocities van den Heuvel & Taam (1984) - evolutionary histories Narayan & Ostriker 1990 - pulsar populations Bhattacharya, van den Heuvel (1991) - formation and evolution of binary and msps van den Heuvel (1992) - pulsar planets [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.275L..16L Lorimer, Lyne, Anderson (1995) - the pulsar velocity-magnetic field correlation Lorimer et al. (1995) - the birth rate of msps van Kerkwijk, van Paradijs, Zuiderwijk (1995) - masses of neutron stars Kaspi et al. (1996) - neutron-star birth kicks Cadez, Galicic, Calvani (1997) - free precession Hansen & Phinney (1997) - pulsar kick velocity distribution Spuit & Phinney (1998) - birth kicks as the origin of pulsar rotation Lorimer et al. (1993) - birthrate and initial spin periods Lyne & Lorimer 1994 - pulsar velocities Cheng, Ho & Ruderman (1986) - rapidly spinning pulsars Thorsett & Chakrabarty (1999) - neutron star masses Brazier & Johnston (1999) - implications of radio-quiet neutron stars Chakrabarty et al. (2003) - maximum spin frequency of neutron stars Lattimer & Prakash (2004) - the physics of neutron stars Lipunov et al. (2005) - population of pulsar-blcak hole binaries Hobbs et al. (2005) presented a statistical study of a large number of pulsar proper motions] Cordes et al. (2006) - theory of parabolic arcs Ng & romani (2007) birth kick distributions Zhang et al. (2011) – pulsar masses Tauris & can den Heuvel (2014) - formation of the triple system Bates et al., (2014) - PSRPOPPy Kerr et al., (2015) - limits of planet formation around young pulsars Wielebinski, Vaughan & Large (1969) first suggested that pulsars are galactic objects associated with the galactic disk or spiral arms. The theoretical understanding of the properties of X-ray pulsars was summarised in White, Swank & Holt (1983). Blair & Candy (1985) - X-ray pulsar population and birthrate. Lyne, Manhcester & Taylor (1985) discussed the galactic population of pulsars in detail. Narayan 1987 considered the birthrate and initial spin period of isolated radio pulsars. Theory of planet formation: Rasio, Shapiro & Teukolsky 1992 Gonthier et al. (2005) simulated the Gould Belt and showed that pulsars should exist there. Extra: Ruderman & Sutherland (1975) Backer, Rankin & Campbell (1976) Manchester & Lyne (1977) Arons & Scharlemann (1979) Arons (1981) Curtis (1982) Harding (1983) Friedman (1983) Shapiro, Teukolsky & Wasserman (1983) Rankin (1983) Rankin (1983) Arons (1984)