The Revised Dictionary of Judeo‑Malay.

WB specifically does not allow dictionaries per WB:WIW Foreword This revised lexicon gathers surviving words, phrases and usage notes from the historical Judeo‑Malay speech‑variety once spoken by the small Jewish community of Penang. Judeo‑Malay was never a fully separate language; it was a distinct local form of Malay enriched with selected Hebrew and Aramaic terms, used mostly in everyday conversation within the community from the late‑19th to mid‑20th century. Most original oral speakers have passed away, leaving only scattered handwritten notes, old letters and brief published records behind. This work revises and arranges those surviving materials, not to invent new vocabulary, but to preserve what can still be recovered. It also notes how this speech‑form existed alongside ordinary Malay, Baghdadi‑Arabic and English in Penang’s old multicultural neighbourhoods. This dictionary does not claim to be a complete historical record — many expressions were never written down and are now lost. Instead, it serves as a starting‑point for anyone interested in the little‑known linguistic heritage of Penang’s former Jewish community. To foster the spirit of tolerance and inter‑faith solidarity, the author has prepared this book so that this unique language is not forgotten by present‑day society. frame|left|One of the few surviving manuscripts of Judeo-Malay language. א א= The first letter of Judeo-Malay alphabet. א