Gothic/2/Declension

Gothic Nouns Gothic nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. All Gothic nouns change their ending depending on the case and gender. To further simplify Gothic nouns, we can put them into groups that share the same ending. These groups are called noun declensions. Gothic noun declensions are divided into seven distinct groups: a-declensions, o-declensions, i-declensions, u-declensions, r-declensions, and weak declensions. There is also a class of minor declensions. The a-declension The Gothic a-declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns. This class corresponds to the Latin and Greek second declension (Latin -us, -um; Greek ος, ον). Furthermore, this class is subdivided into pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems. Pure a-stems Case dags, dagōs day m. ''waúrd, waúrda'' word n. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative dags –s dagōs –ōs waúrd – waúrda –a Accusative (Vocative) dag – dagans –ans Genitive dagis –is dagē –ē waúrdis –is waúrdē –ē Dative daga –a dagam –am waúrda –a waúrdam –am Ja-stems Ja-stems decline the same as pure a-stems, but with a -j preceding. Within the ja-stems, a distinction is made between those with a long syllable and those with a short syllable. Case harjis, harjōs army m. ''haírdeis, haírdjōs herdsman m.! colspan="4" | kuni, kunja'' race n. Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative harjis –jis harjōs –jōs haírdeis –eis haírdjōs –jōs kuni -i kunja –ja Accusative (Vocative) hari -i harjans –jans haírdi -i haírdjans –jans Genitive harjis –jis harjē –jē haírdeis –eis haírdjē –jē kunjis –jis kunjē –jē Dative harja –ja harjam –jam haírdja –ja haírdjam –jam kunja –ja kunjam –jam Wa-stems Wa-stems nouns decline just like pure a-stems, but with -w. Case þius, þiwōs servant m. ''kniu, kniwa'' knee n. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative þius –s þiwōs –ōs kniu – kniwa –a Accusative (Vocative) þiu – þiwans –ans Genitive þiwis –is þiwē –ē kniwis –is kniwē –ē Dative þiwa –a þiwam –am kniwa –a kniwam –am O-stems This declension only contains feminine nouns and corresponds to the Latin and Greek first declension (Latin -a, -am; Greek -η, ην). Just like a-stems, it is subdivided into pure o-stems, jo-stems, and wo-stems. Pure O-stems Case giba, gibōs gift f. Singular Plural Nominative-Accusative giba –a gibōs –ōs Genitive gibōs –ōs gibō –ō Dative gibái –ái gibōm –ōm Jo-stems Jo-stems decline just like pure o-stems, but with -j. Short stem jo-stems decline the same as pure o-stems. Long syllable jo-stem have a different nominative singular ending in -i: Case bandi, bandjōs band f. Singular Plural Nominative bandi –i bandjōs –jōs Accusative bandja –ja Genitive bandjōs –jōs bandjō –jō Dative bandjái –jái bandjōm –jōm Wo-stems Wo-stems decline just like pure o-stems. I-Declension The i-declension contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Case gasts, gastis stranger, guest m. ''qēns, qēneis'' wife f. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative gasts –s gasteis –eis qēns –s qēneis –eis Accusative (Vocative) gast – gastins –ins qēn – qēnins –ins Genitive gastis –is gastē –ē qēnáis –áis qēnē –ē Dative gasta –a gastim –im qēnái –ái qēnim –im Abstract nouns ending in -eins are declined like feminine i-stem nouns. Case láiseins, láiseinōs doctrine f. Singular Plural Nominative láiseins –s láiseinōs –ōs Accusative láisein – láiseinins –ins Genitive láiseináis –áis láiseinō –ō Dative láiseinái –ái láiseinim –im U-Declension The u-declension contains all genders. Both masculine and feminine nouns decline the same. Only a few neuter u-declension nouns are extant and no plural exist. Case sunus, sunjus son m. faíhu property n. Singular Plural Singular Nominative sunus –us sunjus –jus faíhu –u Accusative (Vocative) sunu –u sununs –uns Genitive sunáus –áus suniwē –iwē faíháus –áus Dative sunáu –áu sunum –um faíháu –áu Weak Declension Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns belong to this declension. An-Declension Weak masculine and neuter nouns belong to this declension. Case atta, attans father m. ''haírtō, haírtōna'' heart n. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative atta –a attans –ans haírtō –ō haírtōna –ōna Accusative attan –an attans –ans Genitive attins –ins attanē –anē haírtins –ins haírtanē –anē Dative attin –in attam –am haírtin –in haírtam –am On-Declension This declension is the feminine counterpart of the an declension. Case tuggō, tuggōns tongue f. Singular Plural Nominative tuggō –ō tuggōns –ōns Accusative tuggōn –ōn Genitive tuggōns –ōns tuggōnō –ōnō Dative tuggōn –ōn tuggōm –ōm Minor Declensions R-Declension A few family nouns inherited from Proto-Indo-European have a very archaic declension. Feminines and masculines have identical forms. Case swistar, swistrjus sister f. Singular Plural Nominative swistar –ar swistrjus –rjus Accusative swistruns –runs Genitive swistrs –rs swistrē –rē Dative swistr –r swistrum –rum -Nd Declension These nouns are old present participles, corresponding to nouns in -nt in Latin and Greek. Case frijōnds, frijōnds friend m. Singular Plural Nominative frijōnds –s frijōnds –s Accusative frijōnd – Genitive frijōndis –is frijōndē –ē Dative frijōnd – frijōndam –am Consonant Declension These nouns correspond to the consonant declensions in Latin and Greek (in both cases, part of the third declension). Only traces of masculines are extant, but feminines are fairly well attested. Case reiks, reiks ruler m. ''baúrgs, baúrgs'' city f. Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative reiks –s reiks –s baúrgs –s baúrgs –s Acc. reik – baúrg – Gen. reikis –is, –s reikē –ē baúrgs –s baúrgē –ē Dative reik – reikam –am, um baúrg – baúrgim –im