Lombard/How to convert Milanese dialect, written in the Milanese orthography, into the New Lombard Orthography

1. Modify the words as described in the table below grammar-based changeschanges based on pronunciation in Milanese dialectaccents in the middle of the word to be removedchanges based on pronunciation in the other dialects +Letterin Milanese orthgraphyPronunciation IPAConversion inNew Lombard OrthographyEzamplesA a[a]it’s the samegatt → gat[gat]aa[ɒ:] [a:] (past participles and some words similar to a past participlefor example praa → prad)aa → adcantaa → cantad[kã:'tɒ:][a]aa → àunitaa → unità[yni'ta]B b[b][p] at the end of the wordit’s the samebèll → bell piomb → piomb [bɛl][pjũ:p]bb[b][p] at the end of the wordbb → bgoeubb → goeub[gøp]C c[tʃ] before “i” or “e”[k] before the other lettersit’s the samecèss →cess cavagn → cavagn[tʃɛs][ka'vaɲ]∅ before “q”c → (remove it)acqua → aqua[akwa]cc[tʃ] before “i” or “e”[k] before the other letters (also before "h" when placed at the end of the word)cc → ccaccia → cacia vacca → vaca gnucch →gnuch['katʃa]['vaka] [ɲyk][tʃ] in the middle of the word (in derived words)rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasonslaccera → laccera(word derived form "lacc")[la'tʃe:ra][tʃ] at the end of the wordit’s the samemucc → mucc[mutʃ]D d[d][t] at the end of the wordit’s the samedaner → daner[dan'e:]dd[d]dd → dreddit → redit['redit]E e[e]it’s the samereddit → redit['redit]E è[ɛ]è → ecèss → cess[tʃɛs][ɛ] (at the end of the word)it’s the sameperchè → perchè[pər'kɛ]ee[e:]it’s the sameadree → adree[a'dre:][e:] (feminine nouns ending in [era] or other words ending in “r” in Eastern lombard)e → erprestinee → prestiner mestee → mester[prestine:] [meste:]F f[f]it’s the samefacil → facil['fatʃil]ff[f]ff → fdifficil → dificil[di'fitʃil]G g[g] davanti a "a", "o", "u", "oeu"[g] before any consonant except "l" or "n" (see below)it’s the samegatt → gat[gat][ʤ] davanti a "i", "e" -it’s the same, when there are no dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] -after s ► see belowgiustizia → giustizzia[ʤy'stisja]g → sg (when there are dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] - Often it happens before "io" or "iu", "ia", "ieou" con la "i" not accented) giornada→ sgiornada[ʤur'nɒda]][:ʒ] when alone at the end of the wordg → sgleg → lesggg[ʤ] in the middle of the word (see below for exceptions)gg → greggia → regia['reʤa][ʤ] at the end of the wordit’s the samevègg → vegg[vɛʤ][ʤ] at the end of the word gg → sg just when there are dialects in wich it is pronounced [ʒ]legg → lesg[leʤ][ʤ] in the middle of the word (in derived words)rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasonsvèggia → veggia(words derived form vegg)['vɛʤa]gn[ɲ]it’s the samecampagna → campagna[/kam'paɲa/]gl[ʎ]gl → jfamiglia → famija[fa'miʎa]H h∅it’s the samepolitegh → politeghi[i] not accented before a vowel[ĩ]: before "m" or "n"it’s the samevia → via poresin → poresin ['via][pure'sĩ:][j] intervocalici → jmoià → mojà[mu'ja][j] o [i] between consonant e vowelit’s the samepioeuva → pioeuva['pjøva]ï[i]ï → ihscïa → scihà[ʃi'a]ii[i:] (past participle)ii → iddormii → dormid[dur'mi:][i:]it’s the sameavii → avii[a'vi:]J j[j]it’s the sametajà → tajà[ta'ja][i]j → j/iThe “j” used at the end of nouns in the plural has normally has to be changed into an "i" in the New Lombard Orthography although there is not yet a single decision about this so there is still someone that uses the "j" also in the New Lombard Orthographyk[k]it’s the sameL l[l] except after [g] (see above)it’s the samelavell → lavell[la'vɛl]ll[l]ll → lallegher → alegher[a'legər][ll][l] (at the end of the word when a short vowel accented is placed before)it’s the sameballa → balla basell → basell ['balla][ba'zɛl]L l[l] exceopt after [g] (see above)it’s the samealbumm → album[al'bym]M m[m] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the wordit’s the samebrumista → brumista[bry'mista]mm[m]mm → malbumm → album[al'bym]N n[n] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the wordit’s the samecampanin → campanin[kã:paˈnĩ:]nn[n]nn → n[n] in the middle of the word (in derived words)rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasonsanniversari → anniversari(word derived form "ann")[aniver'sa:ri][nn], [n] (vocale prima corta at the end of the word)it’s the sameann → ann[an]O o[u][ũ] before “m” or “n”it’s the samedotor → dotor[du'tu:r]Ò ò[ɔ]ò → ocòtt → cot[kɔt][ɔ] (at the end of the word)it’s the samecadò → cadò[ka'dɔ]Oeu oeu[ø][ø]it’s the sameincoeu → incoeu[ĩ:kø]Oo oo[u:]it’s the samesaroo → sarooÔ ô[u]ô → or / ol depending on the pronunciation in the other dialectsresgiô → resgior[re'ʒu]P p[p]it’s the samepaja → paja['paja]pp[p]p → pptropp → trop[trɔp]Qu qu[kw]it’s the samequèll →quell[kwɛl]R r[r]it’s the sameresta → resta[res'ta][r] r → l (at the last syllable, when in some dialect, especially oriental it is "l")vorè → volé[vu'rɛ]rr[:r]it’s the sameguerra → guerra['gwɛ:ra][r]it’s the samecarr → carr[kar]s[s] (except defore "ci" or "gi" ► see below)it’s the samesol → sol[su:l][z] in the middle of the word o at the end of the word if it is not doubled (except before "ci" or "gi" ► see below)it’s the sameauturizà → autorizà[awturi'za];ss[s]it’s the sameassee → assee[a'se:]Sc sc[ʃ] before "i" or "e" or at the end of the word[sk] in the other casesit’s the samerosc → rosc[rɔʃ]S'c s'c[stʃ]it’s the sames'ciopp → s'ciop[stʃɔp]Sg sg[ʒ]it’s the sameresgiô → resgió[re'ʒu]s'g[sdʒ]it’s the sames'giafada → s'giafada[sdʒa'fɒ:da]T t[t]it’s the sameterra → terra['tɛ:ra]tt[t]tt → tgatt → gat[gat]U u[y][ỹ] before “m” or “n”[w] in diphthongsit’s the samecuna cuna cunt → cunt autorizzazion → autorizazzion['kyna] [kỹ:t] [awturi'za'sjũ:]uu[y:] (past participle)uu → udveduu → vedud[ve'dy:][y:]it’s the samecuu → cul(about this word see also the rule "I" below)[ky:]V v[v][f] at the end of the words∅ tra "o" e "a" o tra "a" e "o" o tra "u" e "i"it’s the samevin → vin lavorà → lavorà[vĩ:] [lau'ra]w[w]it’s the samewikizzionari → wikizzionari[v]it’s the samewikizzionari → wikizzionarix[ks]it’s the sameboxoeur → boxoeur[bɔk'sø:r]y[i][j]it’s the sameZ z[s]z → zzautorizzazion → autorizazzion[awturi'za'sjũ:]zz[s]it’s the samevizzi → vizzi['visi][z]zz → zautorizzazion → autorizazzion[awturi'za'sjũ:] 2. Something else to add ►A. Add "e" to the end of the feminine plural of nouns and adjectives that end in "a" in the singular Example: In Milanese orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagn" In New Lombard Orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagne" (see also regular plural of nouns) ►B. Add er to the verbs of the third conjugation in the infinitive mood Example: In Milanese orthography: "mètt" In New Lombard Orthography: "meter" ►C. Add "h" ahead of all the voices of the verb ‘’havé’’ (avè in Milanese orthography – to have) ►D. Do not put '"h" ahead of the voicese of the verb ‘’vesser‘’(vèss in Milanese orthography – to be) ►E. Insert an intravocalic "v" between "o" and "a" or between "a" e "o" or between "u" and "i", when it is present in the same word in any of the other Lombard dialects (many times just look if the same word contains a ‘’’v’’’ in Italian) Example: in Milanese orthography: Gioann In New Lombard Orthography: Giovann (Italian: Giovanni) ►F. Add "l" at the end of singular nouns ending in "oeu" Example: In Milanese orthography: "fieou" In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeul" ►G. Add "i" at the end of plural nouns ending in "oeu" Example: In Milanese orthography: "fieou" In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeui" ►H. leave the accent written in the infinitive verbs in reflexive form Example: In Milanese orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardass" In New Lombard Orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardàss" ►I. for some words ending in a long vowel, for etymological reasons a final consonant must be added which is different from the cases indicated in the table, there is no precise rule, however these are very rare cases. Example: In Milanese orthography: "boeu", "cuu" In New Lombard Orthography: "boeuv", "cul" ►L. As for the articulated prepositions with "in": if you use the older Milanese spelling you must transform "ind el", "ind i" into "in del" "in di".