History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/John Graeme Balsillie

John Graeme Balsillie (11 September 1885 – 10 July 1924) was an inventor, communications engineer, wireless telegraphy pioneer, business proprietor and senior public servant. He is perhaps best known for oversighting the establishment of Australia's first coastal radio network which utilised a wireless telegraphy system patented by himself and generally known as the Australian system. Born in Brisbane, Queensland, he migrated with his family to London. His studies focused from an early age upon wireless telegraphy and soon found employment in that rapidly developing industry. After a decade of wireless experience, he was recruited by the then Prime Minister Fisher as the "Commonwealth Wireless Telegraphy Expert." He was the right person at the right time for Australia, finally poised for action in wireless after a decade of procrastination. The coastal radio network was completed in time to play a significant part in Australia's defence of its borders in World War I. Early life and family John Graeme Balsillie (generally known as Graeme) was born on 11 September 1885 at Brisbane, Queensland. His parents migrated from Scotland circa 1880. His father was James Pearson Balsillie (a wholesale warehouseman) and his mother was Eliza Balsillie née Johnston. His father passed in 1889 while Graeme was still an infant of only 4 years of age. The extended family were initially of some means and the young Balsillie was raised by his uncle. Graeme attended the Brisbane Normal School and was by his own account a rebellious youth. However his underlying brilliance was recognised and he continued his studies at the Brisbane Grammar School. By 1901 the family finances were largely exhausted and he commenced work as a clerk in a warehouse, but continuing his studies in the evening. At this time he met Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton who was lecturing in all matters electrical at the local colleges and no doubt developed his interests in both wireless telegraphyhttp://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174378271 Wireless Telegraphy. The Telegraph 8,898 Queensland, Australia 28 May 1901 3 June 2018 4 National Library of Australia and rainmakinghttp://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19161028 RAINMAKING. The Brisbane Courier LVIII, 13,734 Queensland, Australia 18 January 1902 3 June 2018 9 National Library of Australia. Tertiary education The family immigrated to London, England in 1903 and Graeme commenced formal studies in electrical engineering while working at the Armstrong-Whitworth workshops. Throughout this period he was tutored by a cousin who was Poulsen Company British Radiotelegraph Co. Placeholder Parker judgement Placeholder Australian Postmaster-General's Department Preliminaries Balsillie had come to the attention of the Australian Government as early as 1909. Following the 1909 Imperial Press Conference, the then Postmaster-General John Quick asked that Captain Collins "secure an expert report on the value of the Balsillie system of wireless telegraphy."http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article241947309 Wireless Telegraphy. The Herald 10,619 Victoria, Australia 11 November 1909 3 June 2018 4 National Library of Australia Recruitment Placeholder Coastal radio network Placeholder Wireless telegraphy experiments Placeholder Ancilliary activities As Commonwealth Wireless Expert, Balsillie was frequently called upon to comment on latest reported developments in wireless telegraphy and it was rare that he could not provide insight on the topic. Despite his heavy commitments in establishing the coastal radio network, in November 1912 he was reported attending the Government House Garden Party.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175803812 Fact and Rumour. Melbourne Punch CXVII, 2990 Victoria, Australia 14 November 1912 7 June 2018 28 National Library of Australia Newspaper reports in July 1912 made much of statements that the Poulsen system was now achieving telegraphy rates at 100 words per minute at a time when the Australian system was achieving only 30 words per minute. Balsillie, having been employed by the Poulsen company some years earlier was able to state with authority that such high rates had actually been possible for some years, further that the high speeds required a complex photographic process for recording reception and that the rates could only be achieved for communication between two Poulsen stations, there being significant interoperability issues with other systems.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221716533 METEOROLOGICAL. The Ballarat Star 57, 17503 Victoria, Australia 9 July 1912 3 June 2018 2 National Library of Australia Balsillie was best man to Dr. Archie Hug in his wedding in April 1913 to Miss Miss Doris Duckett.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article176033439 DR. ARCHIE HUG TO MISS DORIS DUCKETT. Melbourne Punch CXVIII, 3011 Victoria, Australia 10 April 1913 7 June 2018 32 National Library of Australia On 3 August 1914, immediately prior to Australia's declaration of war, Balsillie was amongst a handful of senior defence figures (including Major Reynolds, officer in charge of aviation and Mr. T. Trumble, acting secretary to the Defence department) providing advice to the Prime Minister Joseph Cook as to Australia's preparedness while the entire cabinet made its way to Melbourne.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198644099 COMMONWEALTH'S ATTITUDE. The Age 18524 Victoria, Australia 3 August 1914 4 June 2018 8 National Library of Australia In April 1915, he was asked about reports from the wireless operators on board the SS Port Kembla that they had been entertained by gramophone musical selections from Boston while off New York. Balsillie responded that "music by wireless" was not new and that he was aware of the Poulsen system being used to transmit similar content from Berlin to Copenhagen several years ago.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242352634 MUSIC BY WIRELESS STATED NOT TO BE NEW The Herald 12,199 Victoria, Australia 7 April 1915 3 June 2018 1 National Library of Australia During World War I, Balsillie volunteered for active service but was instead employed by the Defence Department in testing explosives.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203667117 ABOUT PEOPLE. The Age 21,617 Victoria, Australia 15 July 1924 5 June 2018 10 National Library of Australia Retirement In September 1915 the wireless function was transferred to the Navy Department, together with the entire staff of the Wireless Section of the PMG's Department. This did not sit well with Balsillie and he took his retirement effective end of calendar year 1915, receiving a 2 months' salary gratuity.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242401934 DIRECTOR OF NAVAL WORKS TO RETIRE FROM SERVICE The Herald 12,429 Victoria, Australia 30 December 1915 6 June 2018 8 National Library of Australia Marconi v Commonwealth Placeholder Shaw v Commonwealth Father Archibald Shaw, of the Shaw Wireless Works made claim to being the actual inventor of Balsillie's Australian Wireless system despite having been silent at the time of Balsillie's patent application. William Morris Hughes, the then Prime Minister, appointed Judge C. E. R. Murray, of the District Court Bench of New South Wales as a Royal Commissioner to report on the matters in dispute, but at the last moment, and after Mr Balsillie had engaged counsel, his Honor fell ill and resigned his Commission. The Federal Government still intended to have the question tested, but encountered difficulty in securing the services of a judge.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242415399 WIRELESS EXPERTS ENGAGEMENT ENDS The Herald 12,427 Victoria, Australia 28 December 1915 4 June 2018 7 National Library of Australia Rainmaking experiments Balsillie's interest in rainmaking was seeded through his attendance at lectures by Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton at Brisbane educational institutions.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19161028 RAINMAKING. The Brisbane Courier LVIII, 13,734 Queensland, Australia 18 January 1902 3 June 2018 9 National Library of Australia As deployment of Australia's Coastal Radio network approached conclusion, his inventive thoughts turned towards rainmaking and in late 1913 he commenced rainmaking experiments outside of Melbourne as a private venture. At first it was attempted to keep the experiments secret but in late February 1914, news of the experiments leaked out and Balsillie was interviewed as to progress.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article241650619 RAINMAKING TESTS DECLARED SUCCESS The Herald 11,955 Victoria, Australia 28 February 1914 3 June 2018 1 National Library of Australia Punch observed that "Balsillie, the Rainmaker, may be the greatest man Australia has produced. On the other hand, he may be merely a man of great ideas and optimism."http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129697435 Prattle About People. Melbourne Punch CXX, 3058 Victoria, Australia 5 March 1914 3 June 2018 7 National Library of Australia In April 1914 he lodged an application for provisional letters patent with the Patents Commissioner which simply described the invention as a "means for causing precipitation of vapor contained in the atmosphere." This application required a comprehensive specification to be lodged within 9 months.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242139456 FEDERAL RAIN-MAKER APPLIES FOR PATENT The Herald 11,988 Victoria, Australia 8 April 1914 3 June 2018 1 National Library of Australia Balsillie continued with his private experiments, but sought financial support for a wider trial. W. A. Holman, then Premier of New South Wales offered his government's support in April 1915, subject to favourable report by a scientific committee.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242351590 MR. HOLMAN CONFIRMS The Herald 12,195 Victoria, Australia 1 April 1915 4 June 2018 10 National Library of Australia The committee was announced in May 1915 as comprising chairman Professor T. W. E. David, of the Sydney University and members Professors Von Willer (Physics), Fawsitt (Chemistry), Cooke (Astronomy), Nadson (Electrical Engineering), and Messrs. O. W. Brain (Electrical Engineer New South Wales Tramways), and Corin (Electrical Engineer New South Wales Public Works Department).http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229334622 RAIN-MAKING The Sun 635 New South Wales, Australia 30 May 1915 4 June 2018 8 National Library of Australia Balsillie travelled to Sydney in August 1915 and provided a limited laboratory demonstration of his equipment and process to the committee.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242351214 RAIN-MAKER AT WORK The Herald 12,310 Victoria, Australia 12 August 1915 6 June 2018 10 National Library of Australia Balsillie's employment with the Australian Government concluded in December 1915.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242415399 WIRELESS EXPERTS ENGAGEMENT ENDS The Herald 12,427 Victoria, Australia 28 December 1915 4 June 2018 7 National Library of Australia The committee initially lent some cautious support to the project, but in December 1915 made known its negative preliminary findings and recommendation for further investigations to be undertaken.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242401614 COMMITTEE NOT IMPRESSED BY RAIN-MAKING CLAIMS The Herald 12,409 Victoria, Australia 6 December 1915 6 June 2018 8 National Library of Australia Still in March 1916 the committee was seeking further input from William Henry Bragg and Professor G. C. Simpson of Simla, India.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59631692 ARTIFICIAL RAIN. The Register (Adelaide) LXXXI, 21,640 South Australia 18 March 1916 4 June 2018 10 National Library of Australia The committee in its final report of October 1917 noted "In closing the investigation, the committee places on record the fact that no information whatever has been submitted for the consideration of the members which justifies the claim that any advance has been made in Australia in the direction of causing or increasing rainfall."http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155184882 NEWS OF THE DAY. The Age 19,515 Victoria, Australia 9 October 1917 4 June 2018 4 National Library of Australia Regardless, with Federal Government financial support, Balsillie had commenced wider experiments at Bookaloo Station northwest of Port Augusta, South Australia on the trans-Continental railway line and in June 1916 reported further limited success.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242320950 REPORT ON WATER-MAKING The Herald 12,572 Victoria, Australia 15 June 1916 6 June 2018 11 National Library of Australia Balsillie's continuing rainmaking experiments and use of public money for the purpose by June 1919 drew public ridicule and parallels to Jupiter Pluvius and St Swithin.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155205745 RAIN AND RAIN MAKERS. The Age 20,037 Victoria, Australia 14 June 1919 4 June 2018 4 National Library of Australia Following questions on notice in the House of Representatives in March 1920, Balsillie's Hopetoun outcomes report dated 18 June 1919 was tabled. The report indicated that modest increased rainfall had been achieved from his experiments.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202980351 Rain Stimulating Tests. The Age 20,272 Victoria, Australia 18 March 1920 5 June 2018 8 National Library of Australia The newly established Department of Science and Industry was in August 1920 to be tasked with further investigating the Balsillie experiments which supported the labelling of the Hughes government as spendthrift.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203061499 No title The Age 20,406 Victoria, Australia 23 August 1920 5 June 2018 6 National Library of Australia It was also confirmed that in as part of the funding for the Balsillie experiments, the Government was to receive royalty free use of the associated patents.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203067894 NEWS OF THE DAY. The Age 20404 Victoria, Australia 20 August 1920 5 June 2018 6 National Library of Australia In August 1923, in response to a further question on notice, the Government advised that a total of £6,000 had been expended in the experiments.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203638751 AN EXPENSIVE FOLLY. The Age 21,341 Victoria, Australia 25 August 1923 5 June 2018 15 National Library of Australia Motor vehicle headlights Personal life Balsillie was an exceedingly open man with reporters enquiring as to his various experiments and inventions and the newspapers of the day are filled with detailed descriptions. But little is known of his personal life. Balsillie married Carmen Poleyh in 1909. He had a love of horse racing and is reported with other notables attending the Melbourne Cup at Flemington in November 1915.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242400306 NOTABLE SPECTATORS The Herald 12,380 Victoria, Australia 2 November 1915 6 June 2018 2 National Library of Australia Like his father, he died at the young age of 39 years. He died of nephritis in Cincinnati on 10 July 1924 while in the midst of his work in developing his motor vehicle headlight patent. He was survived by a daughter. Balsillie was cremated at Cincinnati and the ashes interred with his father at Toowong Cemetery. Late life and legacy Balsillie is undoubtedly the father of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia, yet his substantial contribution is largely overlooked or forgotten. After a decade of procrastination and indecision by the Commonwealth in relation to wireless, he provided his Australian Wireless System free of royalty in Australia and utilised it in the timely and cost-effective establishment of a wide network of coastal radio station around Australia over only two years during the period 1911 to 1913. That network provided great protection for the new nation during World War I enabling co-ordination of its naval fleet while operating in Australian and nearby waters. But as is the case for many inventive geniuses, he is remembered more for his failings and controversies than his successes. His earlier invention of the Balsillie system of wireless was deemed an infringement of one of Marconi's patents. He successfully defended his patents for the Australian system of wireless against further action by Marconi, only to have the invention claimed by another Australian wireless pioneer (which claim was never tested in the courts). His experiments in rainmaking by wireless we see with a century of hindsight as foolish and invoked derision for himself and embarrassment for his supporters, permanently tainting his legacy. But barely a decade prior, wireless itself was viewed as almost magic. His early passing precluded further development of inventions. Finally the take over of the coastal radio network by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) led to a suppression of Balsillie's pioneering role. Transcriptions and Notes While this biography remains incomplete the following resources have been assembled in preparation: Transcriptions and Notes - John Graeme Balsillie - More than 20 transcriptions and notes Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - John Graeme Balsillie - Nothing uploaded as yet References Publications Jenvey, H. W. Practical telegraphy : a guide for the use of officers of the Victorian Post and Telegraph Department. vol. 1 (2nd edition Melbourne, 1891) Trove Further reading Balsillie, John Graeme. Papers of Graeme Balsillie (manuscript) NLA (mainly notes on his rainmaking experiments) Carty, Bruce. Australian Radio History (4th ed. Sydney, 2013) Cleland, Lindsay. Balsillie, John Graeme (1885–1924), Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University (online) Curnow, Geoffrey Ross. "The history of the development of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia to 1942, with especial reference to the Australian Broadcasting Commission: a political and administrative study". online Durrant, Lawrence. The seawatchers : the story of Australia's Coast Radio Service (angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1986) Trove NLA Given, Donald Jock. "Transit of Empires: Ernest Fisk and the World Wide Wireless". (Melbourne, 2007) Griffen-Foley, Bridget. Changing Stations the story of Australian commercial radio Hadlow, Martin Lindsay. "Wireless and Empire ambition: wireless telegraphy/telephony and radio broadcasting in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, South-West Pacific (1914-1947): political, social and developmental perspectives". (Martin Hadlow, Brisbane, 2016) Harte, Bernard. When Radio Was The Cat's Whiskers (Rosenberg Publishing, 2002) Hewitson, Peter. Australian MCS; A brief history of the Australian Coastal Radio Service (Website) Johnstone, James. Coastal Radio Stations (Webpages) Jolly, Rhonda. Media ownership and regulation: a chronology (Canberra, 2016) National Archives of Australia. Numerous files referencing Balsillie. National Library of Australia. Trove Digitised Newspapers (Online) (300+ selected articles tagged John Graeme Balsillie, mostly text corrected) National Library of Australia. Trove Digitised Newspapers (Online) (100+ selected articles tagged Rainmaking, mostly text corrected) Ross, John F. A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977 (J. F. Ross, 1978) Ross, John F. Radio Broadcasting Technology, 75 Years of Development in Australia 1923–1998 (J. F. Ross, 1998) Sweeney, Walter M. A complete course of wireless for professional or amateur students (E. W. Coles Book Arcade, Melbourne, 1920) contains a comprehensive description of the Australian wireless system deployed in the Coastal Radio network