Lombard/Irregular verbs

__TOC__ Verbs that have many irregular forms Main irregular verbs In addition to the auxiliary verbs, there is a small series of verbs that have many irregular forms. They are fà, andà, dà, stà, trà, savé, volé, podé, dì, dové (here written in Milanese dialect, but what is said stands for all dialects)The verb dové is used very rarely, and usually due to the influence of Italian language. In Lombard it is generally replaced by the construction havégh de + infinitive (similar to the English to have to + infinitive). For consultation of the conjugations, see Lombard language wiktionary: ► conjugation of "fà" ► conjugation of "andà" ► conjugation of "dà" ► conjugation of "trà" ► conjugation of "stà" ► conjugation of "savé" ► conjugation of "podé" ► conjugation of "dì" ► conjugation of "dové" It should be noted that despite their irregularities, the way for conjugating "fà", "trà", "dà", "stà" is similar. Note Verbs ending in -ù and in -oeu Two series of irregular verbs should also be noted which, however, can be considered regular with small precautions, they are: Verbs ending in -ù (prodù, tradù, dedù...); they can be considered regular (except for the past participles in some dialects and obviously in the infinitive, see next paragraph) by adding an "s" i.e. they are conjugated as if their infinitive were produser, traduser, or a "c" for the formation of past participles in the dialects where this is regular (for example the Bergamasque dialect in which the past participle of prodù is producid). Verbs ending in -oeu (toeu, distoeu...) can be considered regular (except for the past participles in some dialects and obviously the infinitive , see next paragraph) if you add a "v" (or a "g" depending on the dialect) i.e. they are conjugated as if their infinitive were toeuver, distoeuver. .. Verbs ending in -egnì/-egn The verbs with this ending, in addition to the possible irregularity in the past participle (see the following paragraphs), present a small irregularity in different dialects in the voices of the present indicative without desinence, i.e. only the 3rd singular in Western Lombard and the 3rd singular, the 1st and 3rd plural in Eastern Lombard. This irregularity consists in ending with -n instead of -gn. For example: in Milanese dialect: verb "tegnì" Present indicative: mi tegni; ti te tegnet, lù el ten, num tegnom, vialter tegnii, lor (i) tegnen. in Bergamasque dialect: verb "tegn" Present indicative: mi tegne; ti te tegnet, lù el ten, noter am ten, voter tegnii, lor ten. then for the rules of pronunciation in Bergamasque dialect the non-doubled final "n" is not pronounced. Irregularity due to the apophony Another predictable irregularity is the apophony, it consists in the transformation of "o" into "oeu" in Western Lombard or "u" into "oeu" in eastern Lombard for certain verb forms. Only the example of the verb "vorè" (usually written "volé" in standard NOL considering the "r" as a result of the rhotacism of the "l") in Milanese dialect is shown here although apophony is present in many disyllabic verbs that have "o" in the infinitive (or "u" in Eastern Lombard) not linked to a consonant on the penultimate syllable (before the consonant "v", "r"/"l", "g" or "d") such as "trovà", "mojà", "drovà" etc... +Voré (Milanese dialect)Present indicativeImperfect indicativeSimple future indicativePresent subjunctiveImperfect subjunctivePresent conditionalPresent imperativeMi voeurivorevivoraroovoeuravoressivoraria/vorariss/vorarissi -Ti te voeuretvorevetvoraree(t)voeuretvoressetvorariet/vorarissetvoeur!Lu el /lee la voeurvorevavorarà voeuravoressvoraria/vorariss voeura!Nun voeuromvorevomvorarèmvoeuromvoressomvorariom/vorarissomvorèm!Vialtervoriivorevovvorariivoriivorèssovvorariov/vorarissovvoree!Lor (i) voeurenvorevenvorarànnvoeurenvorèssenvorarien/vorarissenvoeuren! +infinitivegerundparticiplevorévorend(o)vorud There is another exact opposite apophony, specular to the previous one, that of the transformation of "oeu" into "o" in Western Lombard or "oeu" into "u" in Eastern Lombard for the verbs of the third conjugation such as "moeuver", "scoeuder ", "noeuser" and also "toeu" which, as mentioned, is conjugated as if it were "toeuver".... +Moeuver (Milanese dialect)Present indicativeImperfect indicativeSimple future indicativePresent subjunctiveImperfect subjunctivePresent conditionalPresent imperativeMimoeuvimovevimovaroomoeuvamovessimovaria /movarissi -Ti temoeuvetmovevetmovaree(t)moeuvetmovessetmovariet / movarissetmoeuv!Lu el /lee lamoeuvmovevamovaràmoeuvamovessmovaria/movarissmoeuva!Nunmoeuvommovevommovarèmmoeuvommovessommovariom/movarissommovèm!Vialtermoviimovevovmovariimovii/moeuvovmovessovmovariov/movarissovmovì!Lor (i)moeuvenmovevenmovarannmoeuvenmovessenmovarien/movarissenmoeuven! +infinitivegerundparticiplemoeuvermovend(o)movud The apophonies are different between western Lombard (of which a representative example is the Milanese dialect) and eastern Lombard since le conjugations of verbs in eastern Lombard are different, however their collocation is intuitive , following the example of the Milanese dialect just shown. Verbs that are irregular only in the past participle Many verbs are regular in all forms except the past participle. Irregularities in the past participle are more prevalent in the Milanese dialect than in the other dialects, while Eastern Lombard dialects have the least amount of irregularities in the past participles. Irregular verbs in past participles can be grouped into groups with similar irregularities, so we can observe how irregular participles present a rule in their irregularity. Listed below are some irregular verbs divided into groups. The subdivision into groups based on the ending can help in understanding by analogy how a past participle of a verb not listed in the tables below can be made. Ending in -ader They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ader → -as (/az/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsevader -evasto escapedissuader -dissuasto dissuadeinvader -invasto invadepersuader -persuasto persuade Ending in -arger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -arger → -ars (/ars/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectssparger -sparsto scatter Ending in -arì /-arè Ending in -parì / -parè They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -arì /arè→ -ars (/ars/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsparì / parèparudparsto seemdescomparìdescompariddescomparsto disappearcomparìcomparidcomparsto appearvalì / valévaludvalsto be worth Ending in -$arì con $ ≠ p They are regular. Ending in -eder Disyllabic Without a precise rule. Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectscedercedud -to yieldleder -lesto harm, to damage Plurisyllabic They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -eder → -ess (/ɛs/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectssucedersucedudsucessto happen Ending in -esger, -eger, -ensger o -iger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: Regola frequente (): -eger / -enger / -iger → -et (/ɛt/ - ) often in addiction to regolar form, only rarely regular Attention: Not even in Milanese dialect these verbs always have irregular forms; for example lensger → lensgiud (but not let) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectscorresgercorresgiudcorretto correctdirisgerdirisgiuddiretto directesigeresatto demandlensgerlensgiudto readprotesgerprotesgiudprotetto protectstrensgerstrensgiudstretstreccto shake (arcaic or provincial)tensgertensgiudtintto dye Ending in -ender They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: Frequent rule(): -ender → -es (/ez/ - ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms, pnore rarely only regolar Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdifenderdifenduddifesto defenddipenderdipenduddipesto dependimprenderimprendud -to learnrender -resto makeofender -ofesto offendpretenderpretendudpretesto pretend, to demandcondiscender -condiscesto condescenddiscender -discesto descendcomprendercomprendudcompresto comprehendintenderintendudintesto mean, to understandspenderspendudspesto spendstenderstendudstesto draftsospendersospendudsospesto suspendtendertendudtesto strive, to stretchvendervendud -to sell Ending in -erger o erder They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -erder / erger → -ers (/ɛrs/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdisperderdisperduddispersto disperseperderperdudpersto loseemergeremergiudemersto emergesomergersomergiudsomersto submerge Ending in -e$$ì con $ consonante They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -e$$ì → -e$$ud (/ɛ$$y:/ - ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectssvegnì -svegnudto fainttegnì -tegnudto holdvegnì -vegnudto comesentìsentidsentudto feel, to hear Ending in -eter Ending in -meter They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -eter → -iss (/is/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsameterametudamissto admitmetermetudmissto putprometerprometudpromissto promise Ending in -neter They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -eter → -ess (/ɛs/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsaneter -anessto annexconeter -conessto connect Ending in -ider They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ider → -is (/iz/ - ) sometimes in addictoin to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdeciderdeciduddecis to decidedividerdividuddivis to divideincider -incisto engraveintrider -intristo soakrecider -recisto sever Ending in -inder They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -inder → -iss (/is/ - ) with some exception Verb in Lombard regola -inderPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsrescinder -rescissto rescindscinder -scissto break down, to split Ending in -inger -inguer o -enger Ending in -$inger -$inguer -$enger con $ ≠ r They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -inger /inguer/enger → -int (/ĩ:t/ - ) with some exceptions Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdepensgerdepensgiuddepencto paintdistinguer -distintto distinguishestinguer -estintto extinguishtengertengiudtintto dye Ending in -imer Ending in -rimer They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -imer → -ess (/ɛs/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectscomprimer -compressto compressoprimer -opressto oppressreprimer -repressto repressimprimer -impressto impressesprimer -espressto express Ending in -dimer They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -imer → -ent (/ẽ:t/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsredimer -redentto redeem Ending in -ister They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ister → -istid (/isti:/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in Englishassisterassistudassistidto assistesisteresistudesistidto exist Ending in -oder They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -oder → -os (/ɔz/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsesploder -esplosto exploderoder -rosusually "rosegad" is used inetsadto gnaw Ending in -olver They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -olver → -olt (/ɔlt/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsassolver -assoltto fulfil Ending in -onder Ending in -fonder They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -onder → -us (/yz/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsfonderfondudfusto melt Ending in -$onder con $ ≠ f They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -onder → -ost (/ɔst/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsrispondererispondudrispostto answer Ending in -order o -orer They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -order/-orer → -ors (/ɔrs/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsmordermordudmorsto biteocorerocorudocorsto be neededcorer corercorud - - corsto run (transtive verb) to run (intransitive verb) Ending in -oeu / -oeujer They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -oeu / oeuj → -olt (/ɔlt/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectstoeu -tolttoeujtoeudtoeultro remove(arcaic)distoeu -distoltto divertregoeujer -racoltregoltto gather(provincial) Ending in -oeuder o -oeuver They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -oeuder /oeuver → -oss (/ɔs/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsmoeuvermovud -to movemoeuves -mossto movescoeuderscodudscossto shake, to quench, to collect Ending in -ofrì They are regular in these dialects: () They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ofrì → -ofert (/u'fɛrt/ - ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms in disuse General rule (): -ofrì → -oferid (/ofe'rit/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsofrìofrì -ofertofridto offersofrì(sofrid)sofertto suffer Ending in -oprì They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -oprì → -opert (/u'pɛrt/ - ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms in disuse Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsscoprì(scoprid)scopertto discover Ending in -omper They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -omper → -ot (/ɔt/ - ) General rule (): -omper → -ot (/ɔt/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsromperromper - rompidrotrotto break Ending in -onger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -onger → -ont (/ũ:t/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsvonsgervonsgiudvontvoncto grease (arcaic or provincial), Ending in -onner They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -onner → -ost (/ɔst/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in Englishsuponner -supostto supposedisponner -dispostto arrangeesponner -espostto exposepreponner -prepostto put before, to put in chargeproponner -propostto propose Ending in -orger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -orger → -ort (/ɔrt/ - ) in addiction to regular forms Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsacorgesacorgiudacortto notice, to realizesorgeresorgiudsortjust in literary form, "nassud" is normally usedto rise Ending in -orì Almost all regular with some exceptions (see table below) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsmorì -mortto deaddolìdolud - - dolsudto ache (transititive) to ache (intransitive) Ending in -ù They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ù → -ot (/ɔt/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in Englishcondù -condotcondutto conduct, to lead (arcaic)dedù -dedotdedutto deduce (arcaic)indù -indotindutto induce, to lead, to infer (arcaic)introdù -introdotintrodutto introduce (arcaic)prodù -prodotprodutto produce (arcaic)redù -ridotredutto reduce (arcaic)sedù -sedotsedutto seduce (arcaic)tradù -tradottradutto translate (arcaic) Ending in -uder They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -uder → -us (/yz/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsconcluder(concludud)conclusto concludedeluder -delusto disappointeluder -elusto evadeescluder -esclusto excludeiluder -ilusto deceive Ending in -ulger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -ulger → -ult (/ylt/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsindulger -indultusually notr used, "havud clemenza" is used insteadto indulge Ending in -umer They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -umer → -ont (/ũ:t/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsassumerassontto hirepresumerpresont out of the legal context "prusmad" is usedto assume, to presume Ending in -uger They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -uger → -ut (/yt/ - ) Verb in LombardPast participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdistruger -distrutto destroy Ending in -uter They are regular in these dialects: They are irregular in these dialects: General rule (): -uter → -us (/ys/ - ) Verb in Lombard Past participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectsdiscuter -discussto discuss Other irregular participles VerbParticipi passadforma regolarParticipi passadforma iregolarDialetestrà -estratto extract Other irregular past participles not classifiable in the previous casespresenti solo in alcuni Dialects Verb in Lombard Past participleregular formPast participleirregular formVerb in EnglishDialectscoeusercoeusercosud-cotcoccto cook, (arcaic o provincial)dervìdervidavertvertto open (provincial)scernìscernidsceltto choosescriverscrivud-scritscreitscriccto write, (provincial)vedévedvedud -vistvestto seevivervivudvissudto livevorèvorudvorsudto want Defective verbs that have only the past participle There are some verbs in Lombardy that exist only in the form of Past participle, most of them have been introduced only in the Dialects more italianized, especially Milanese, under the thrust of the Italian language. Therefore, it is possible to construct only the compound tenses of these verbs, while in the simple tenses it is necessary to use other verbs. Past participleof the difective verbUsable verb(s)in the simple tenses Verb in EnglishDialectsaces used only in literary form pizzàto turn onadottirà in ball, presentàto invokeaflittormentà, tossegàto afflictassissetàssto sitconsontconsumàto consumecospers used only in literary form sbrofàto sprinklecontusmacàto contusedilethavégh in del coeurto preferfintfà fintato pretendintruscascià dent a forza, cascià dent de sfrosto intrudeprefissprefissàto setscioltdeslenguàto melttrafitinfilzàto piercerosegadroderto gnaw Defective verbs that do not have the past participle Some verbs are defective due to the lack of the past participle, which is replaced by the past participle of other verbs. Lombard verbdifectivePast participlereplacementVerb in EnglishDialectsconquiderconquistadto conquerincuterfad vegnìto strikeredigercompiladto draw up