Esperanto/Appendix/English-Esperanto word list (1889)

__NOTOC__ What follows is the original lexicon of Esperanto words as it appeared in Dr. Esperanto's International Language published in 1889. It is from this original stock of approximately 920 words that the language grew. The pamphlet contained the following note about Esperanto word-building: Everything written in the international language can be translated by means of this vocabulary. If several words are required to express one idea they must be written in one, but separated by [apostrophes]; e.g., frat'in'o, though one idea, is yet composed of three words, which must be looked for separately in the vocabulary. The requirement for internal punctuation of a word was dropped from the language not long after this work was published. It is now vanishingly rare to find it in use except in the most rudimentary of primers. Esperanto is a living language and, like all living languages, the meanings of words drift over time. Herein are the original definitions as they are found in Zamenhof's pamphlet. no A a expresses an adjective, e.g., hom—man, hom'a—humanacid'sour, acidaĉet'to buyad'indicates the duration of an action; e.g., ir'—go; ir'ad'—to walk; danc'—a dance, danc'ad—dancingadiaŭadieu, good-byeaer'the airafer'affair, businessagl'the eagleagrabl'agreeableaĝ'the ageajn…ever; e.g., kiu—who, kiu ajn— whoeveraĵ'indicates a thing having some quality or peculiarity, or made of some particular thing; e.g., mal'nov'—old, mal'nov'aĵ'—old things; frukt'—fruit, frukt'aĵ—made of fruitsakompan'to accompanyakr'sharpakv'wateralto; e.g., al li—to him (indicates also the dative)ali'otheralmenaŭat leastalt'high, tallalumet'a matcham'to love, likeamas'a crowd, massamik'friendan'a member, an inhabitant, an adherent; e.g., regn'—state, kingdom, empire, regn'an'—inhabitant of an empire, etc. Paris'an—a Parisianangul'an angle, a corneranĝel'an angelanim'the soulankaŭalso, tooankoraŭstill, yetanstataŭinstead ofant'indicates the present participle (active)antaŭbeforeapart'separateaparten'to belongapenaŭscarcely, hardlyapudnear, nigh toar'indicates a collection of objects; e.g., arb'—a tree, ar'bar'—a forest; ŝtup'—step, stair, ŝtup'ar—staircase, stairs, ladderarb'a treearĝent'silverasindicates the present in verbsat'indicates the present participle (passive)atend'to wait for, expectaŭor, eitheraŭd'to hearaŭskult'listen toaŭtun'autumnav'grandfatheravar'avariciousazen'an ass, a donkey no B babil'to prate, to chatter, to prattlebak'to bakebala'to sweepbalanc'to nod, swing, swaybaldaŭsoonban'to bathebapt'baptizebar'to bar (a door), to stop (a passage)barb'the beardbarel'barrel, caskbaston'stickbat'to beat, to flogbatal'to fight, to strugglebedaŭr'to pity, to regret, to repentbel'beautiful, handsomeben'to bless, consecrate, hallowbenk'a benchbest'an animal, a beastbezon'to wantbier'beerbind'to bindbird'a birdblank'whiteblov'to blowblu'bluebo'relation by marriage (own or other people’s); e.g., patr'—father, bo'patr'—father-in-law; frat'—brother, bo'frat—brother-in-lawboj'to barkbol'to boilbon'goodbord'the shore (of the sea), the bank or side (of a river)bot'a bootbotel'a bottlebov'an oxbranĉ'a branchbrand'brandybril'to shine, to sparkle, to glitterbros'a brushbru'to make a noise, to bawlbrul'to burn one’s selfbrust'the breast, bosombrut'brutebuŝ'the mouthbuter'butterbuton'a button no C cel'to aimcenta hundredcert'certain, sure, knownceter'the remainder, the following, restcigar'a cigarcigared'a cigarettecitron'a lemon, citron no Ĉ ĉagren'to grieve, to vexĉambr'a chamber, a roomĉap'a cap, a bonnetĉapel'a hatĉarbecauseĉenear, by, at, besideĉemiz'a shirt, a chemiseĉen'a chainĉeriz'a cherryĉerk'a coffinĉes'to cease, to leave offĉeval'a horseĉithe nearest (person, thing, etc.); e.g., tiu—that one, tiu ĉi, this one; tie—there, tie ĉi, hereĉiaeveryĉiamalways, everĉieeverywhereĉiel'heaven, heavens, skyĉioall, everythingĉirkaŭaround, round aboutĉiuevery oneĉj'added to the first 2–5 letters of a masculine proper name makes it a diminutive, caressing; e.g., Miĥael'—Mi'ĉj'; Aleksandr'—Ale'ĉjĉuor, if; is employed in questions, e.g., mi ne sci'as, ĉu vi am'as—I don’t know, if you love no D dasupplies the genitive (after words, expressing measure, weight, etc.); e.g., kilogram'o da viand'o—a kilo of meat; glas'o da te'o— a cup of teadanc'to dancedanĝer'dangerdank'to thankdaŭr'to endure, to lastdefrom, of; supplies also the genitivedecid'to decidedefend'to defenddektendekstr'right (adj.)demand'to askdens'dense, thickdent'a toothdetru'to demolish, to destroy, to ruindev'must, ought, to be obligeddezert'a desert, a wildernessdezir'to desireDi'Goddik'big, thick, stoutdiligent'diligence, assiduitydimanĉ'Sundaydir'to tell, to saydis'dis-, asunder, into parts, e.g., ŝir'—to pull, dis'ŝir—to pull asunderdisput'to contend for, to quarrel, to disputedivid'to dividedolĉ'sweetdolor'ache, pain, afflictiondom'housedon'to givedonac'to make a present ofdorm'to sleepdors'the backdutwodumwhile, whilst no E ethe ending of adverbs; e.g., bon'e—welleben'even, smoothebl'possibleec'indicates abstract ideas; e.g., bon'—good, bon'ec'—goodness; infan'—child, infan'ec—childhoodeĉeven (adv.) alsoeduk'to educateedz'the husbandefektiv'real, effectiveeg'indicates enlargement or intensity of degree; e.g., man'—hand, man'eg'—paw; varm'—warm, varm'eg—hotegal'equal, likeej'''' indicates the place of an action etc.; e.g., kuir'—to cook, kuir'ej'—kitchen; preĝ'—to pray, preĝ'ej—the church ek' indicates the beginning or the short duration of an action etc.; e.g., kant'—to sing; ek'kant'—to begin to sing; kri'—to cry, ek'kri—to cry out, to exclaim eks' formerly; placed before an official or professional designation, shows that a person has given up his office or profession ekster on the outside of, outwardly, without, out of ekzempl' example el from, out of elekt' to choose, to elect em' inclined, disposed, accustomed en in enu' to be weary, annoyed envi' to envy er' indicates a thing, taken as a separate unity; e.g., sabl'—sand, sabl'er—a grain of sand erar' to err, to be wrong, to be mistaken escept' to exclude, to except esper' to hope esprim' to express, to declare by words est' to be estim' to esteem, to prize esting' to extinguish estr' the chief, the superior et' indicates diminution or decrease; e.g., rid'—to laugh, rid'et'—to smile; mur'—a wall, mur'et—a little wall, chamber wall etaĝ' a floor, a story etern' eternal no F facil' light, easy faden' thread fajf' to pipe, to whistle fajr' fire fal' to fall fald' to fold famili' family far' to do, to make, to act; far'iĝ—to become, to turn, to grow fart' to live, to be (well or ill) feliĉ' happy fend' to split, to chop fenestr' window fer' iron ferm' to shut fest' to feast, to hold a feast fianĉ' one who is betrothed, the bridegroom fidel' faithful, true fier' proud, haughty fil' a son fin' to finish fingr' a finger firm' firm, solid fiŝ' a fish flank' side, flank flar' to smell flav' yellow flor' flower flu' to flow flug' to fly fluid' liquid, fluid foj' times (e.g., “four times”) fojn' hay foli' a leaf (of a tree), a sheet (of paper etc.) fond' to found, establish font' a fountain for away forges' to forget forĝ' to forge fork' a fork forn' a stove fort' strong, vigorous fos' to dig frap' to hit, to beat frat' brother fraŭl' bachelor, single man freŝ' fresh fromaĝ' cheese frost' frost, coldness frot' to rub fru' early frukt' fruit frunt' forehead fulm' lightning fum' the smoke fund' the bottom no G gaj' gay gajn' to win, to gain gant' a glove gard' to guard, to keep gast' guest ge of both sexes; e.g., patr'—father, ge'patr'o'j—parents; mastr—master, ge'mastr'o'j—both the master and the mistress of the house genu' knee glaci' ice glas' a glass, cup glat' smooth, even glav' sword glit' to slide, to glide along (on ice) glor' to glorify glut' to swallow gorĝ' throat grand' great gras' fat, grease grat' scratch gratul' to congratulate grav' grave, important griz' gray gust' the taste gut' to drop; gut'o—a drop no Ĝ ĝarden' a garden ĝem' to groan ĝentil' genteel ĝi it ĝis to, till, up to ĝoj' to rejoice, to be glad no H ha! ha! ah! hajl' the hail haladz' bad exhalation halt' to stop, to make a stay har' a hair haring' a herring haŭt' skin, hide hav' to have hejt' to heat, to make a fire help' to help, to aid herb' herb, grass hered' to inherit hieraŭ yesterday ho! oh! hodiaŭ today hom' man (human beings in general) honest' honest hont' shame hor' an hour horloĝ' a clock hotel' inn, hotel humil' humble hund' dog no I i indicates the infinitive in verbs; e.g., laŭd'i—to praise ia some ial by whatever cause iam sometime id' child, descendant; e.g., bov'—ox, bov'id—calf ie somewhere iel in some manner ies someone’s ig' to cause anything to be in a certain state; e.g., pur'—pure, clean, pur'ig'—to purify, to cleanse; brul'—to burn one’s self, brul'ig'—to burn some one (some thing); sid'—to sit, sid'ig—to seat iĝ' to become, to turn, to compel one’s self, e.g., pal'—pale, pal'iĝ'—to turn pale; sid'—to sit, sid'iĝ—to seat one’s self il' an instrument for a given purpose; e.g., tond'—to shear, tond'il'—scissors; paf'—to shoot, paf'il—a gun, a musket, a firelockilitheyin'indicates the feminine; e.g., patr'—father, patr'in'—mother; kok'—cock, kok'in—a henind'worthyinfan'childing'a thing into which something else is put, a holder; e.g., kandel'—a taper, a candle, kandel'ing—a candlestickink'inkinstru'to teachinsul'islandinsult'to insult, to outrageint'indicates the past participle (active)intenc'to intendinterbetweenintern'inwardly, internallyinvit'to inviteiosomewhat, somethingiomany, someir'to goisindicates the past (in verbs)ist'''' occupied with…, e.g. bot'—boot, shoe, bot'ist'—shoemaker; mar'—sea, mar'ist—a seaman, a sailor it' indicates the past participle (passive) iu someone no J j indicates the plural ja however, nevertheless jam already jar' year je may be translated by various prepositions; its signification depends on the general sense of the phrase jen there, here jes yes ju—des the—the juĝ' to judge jun' young just' just, equitable no Ĵ ĵaŭd' Thursday ĵet' to throw, to cast ĵur' to swear no K kaf' coffee kaj and kajer' stitched book of writing paper, a copy book (in schools) kaldron' kettle, caldron kaleŝ' cab, a light carriage kalkul' to count, to reckon kamen' chimney, fireplace kamp' a field kanap' a sofa kandel' a candle kant' to sing kap' head kapt' to seize, to catch kar' dear karb' coal kares' to caress kaŝ' to hide, to conceal kat' a cat kaŭz' to cause, to occasion ke that (conj.) kelk' some, certain kest' box, chest kia what; e.g., kia hom'o—what man; kia tag'o—what day kial why, wherefore kiam when kie where kiel how kies whose; e.g., kies libr'o—whose book? kio what, that which kiom how much, how many kis' to kiss kiu who klar' clear knab' boy, lad kok' cock kol' neck koleg' a colleague kolekt' to collect, to gather koler' to be angry kolon' column, pillar kolor' a colour komb' to comb komenc' to begin komerc' to trade, to traffic kompat' to compassionate, to bear with kompren' to understand, to conceive kon' to know kondiĉ' condition konduk' to conduct, to lead konfes' to avow, confess konsent' to consent konserv' to preserve, to keep konsil' to counsel, to advise konsol' to console, to comfort konstant' constant, steadfast konstru' to construct, to build kontent' content, satisfied kontraŭ against konven' to suit, to agree kor' the heart korn' a horn korp' the body kort' the court, courtyard kost' to cost kovr' to cover kraĉ' to spit krajon' a pencil, a crayon kravat' a cravat, neckcloth kre' to create kred' to believe kresk' to grow, to wax kret' chalk kri' to cry kron' a crown, a garland kruc' a cross kudr' to sew kuir' to cook kuler' a spoon kulp' culpable, guilty kun with; kun'e—together kupr' copper kur' to run kurac' to cure, heal kuraĝ' courageous, resolute, bold kurten' curtain kusen' a cushion kuŝ' to lie (e.g. in bed) kutim' to accustom one’s self to kuz' a cousin kvankam though, although kvar four kvin five no L l' the la the labor' to labour, to work lac' weary, tired lakt' milk lam' lame lamp' lamp land' land, country lang' the tongue lantern' a lantern larĝ' large, broad larm' a tear las' to let, to permit, to allow, to leave last' last, latest laŭ in conformity with, conformably, according to laŭd' to praise, to commend laŭt' aloud, loudly lav' to wash lecion' a lesson leg' to read leĝ' law leon' a lion lern' to learn lert' dexterous, skilful leter' letter, epistle lev' to lift (up), to raise li he liber' free libr' book lig' to bind lign' wood lingv' speech, language, tongue lip' lip lit' bed liter' a letter (of the Alphabet), a type loĝ' to dwell, to lodge lok' place, spot long' long lud' to play lum' to light, to shine lun' the moon lund' Monday no M maĉ' to chew magazen' store, a shop makul' a spot, a speck mal' indicates opposites, e.g., bon'—good; mal'bon'—bad; estim'—to esteem; mal'estim—to despise, to disdain malgraŭ in spite of, notwithstanding man' hand manĝ' to eat mar' the sea mard' Tuesday mastr' master maten' the morning matur' ripe, mature mem self memor' to remember, to keep in mind merit' to merit, to deserve merkred' Wednesday met' to put mez' the middle mezur' to measure mi I miks' to mix, to mingle mil thousand milit' war mir' to be astonished, to wonder mizer' misery, poverty, wretchedness moder' moderate, temperate modest' modest mol' soft, tender mon' money monat' month mond' world mont' mountain montr' to show mord' to bite morgaŭ tomorrow mort' to die moŝt' highness, majesty, etc. (is generally added to titles) e.g. Vi'a reĝ'a moŝt'o— Your (Royal) Majesty; Vi'a general'a moŝt'o; vi'a episkop'a moŝt'o etc. mov' to move, to stir (up) mult' much mur' wall murmur' to murmur muŝ' a fly no N n indicates the objective (accusative) case; also direction; e.g. mi ir'as dom'o'n—I am going home naĝ' to swim najbar' neighbour nask' to bear a child, to bring forth, to give birth to naŭ nine naz' nose ne no, not nebul' mist, fog neces' indispensable, necessary neĝ' snow nek—nek neither—nor nenia not any neniam never nenie nowhere neniel by no means, in no wise nenies nobody’s nenio nothing neniu nobody, no one nep' grandchild nev' a nephew ni we nigr' black nj' added to the first 2–5 letters of a feminine proper name makes it a diminutive, caressing; e.g., Mari'—Ma'nj'; Emili'—Emi'njnobl'noblenokt'nightnom'namenombr'numbernov'newnub'cloudnud'nakednuks'nutnunnownuronlynutr'to nourish, to nurse (a child) no O oindicates a substantive (noun)obe'to obeyobjekt'an objectobl'indicates a numeral in multiplicative form; e.g., du—two, du'obl—twofold, double, of two different sortsobstin'obstinate, stubbornodor'to exhale fragrance, to smellofend'to offend, to wrongofer'to offeroft'oftenokeightokaz'to happenokul'eyeokup'to occupyolthan, asole'oilombr'shadow, shadeombrel'parasol, umbrellaon'makes fractions out of numerals; e.g., kvar—four; kvar'on—fourth partond'the waveoni(pron. indef. plur.) one, they, people, manonkl'uncleont'indicates the future participle (active)op'indicates collective numerals; e.g., du—two, du'op—two togetheroportun'opportune, convenientor'goldord'orderordinar'ordinary, common, usualordon'to order, to commandorel'the earosindicates the futureost'a boneot'indicates the future participle (passive)ov'an egg no P pac'peacepaf'to shootpag'to paypaĝ'a pagepajl'strawpal'palepalac'a palacepalp'to feel, to handle gentlypalpebr'eyelidpan'breadpantalon'trouserspaper'paperpardon'to pardon, to forgiveparenc'relationparker'by heart, by memoryparol'to speak, to talkpart'part, portion, sharepas'to pass, to go bypastr'priest, clergymanpaŝ'to step, to stridepatr'''' father; patr'uj—fatherland pec' a morsel pel' to pursue, to chase pen' to endeavour, to do one’s best pend' to hang pens' to think pentr' to draw per through, by, by means of perd' to lose permes' to permit, to allow pes' to weigh (someone or something)(vb. act.) pet' to pray, to beg pez' weigh (some number of pounds) (vb. neut.) pi' pious pied' foot pik' to prick, to sting pilk' a ball (to play with) pingl' a pin pir' a pear plac' a place, a square plaĉ' to please plafon' ceiling plank' floor (of a room) plej most (adv.) plen' full plend' to complain plezur' pleasure pli more plor' to weep, to shed tears plum' pen; feather pluv' rain po forms distributive numerals; e.g., kvin—five; po kvin— five apiece polv' dust pom' apple pont' a bridge popol' people, nation por for pord' door pork' swine, pig, hog port' to carry, to wear post after (prep.) postul' to require, to call for poŝ' a pocket poŝt' post, post-office pot' a pot pov' to be able, can prav' being right preĝ' to pray, to say prayers prem' to press, to oppress pren' to take prepar' to prepare pres' to print preskaŭ almost, nearly pret' ready prezent' to present, to represent, to introduce pri concerning, on, of, about printemp' the spring pro for the sake of profund' deep, profound proksim' (adj.) near, nigh promen' to walk, to take a walk promes' to promise propon' to propose propr' one’s own prov' to try, to essay prudent' prudent, reasonable prunt' to borrow, to lend pulv' gun-powder pulvor' powder pun' to punish pup' a doll pur' pure, clean puŝ' to push putr' to rot, to putrify, to grow putrid no R rad' a wheel radi' a ray, a beam, a spoke of a wheel radik' root rakont' to relate, to tell ramp' to creep, to crawl rand' the bank, shore, edge, border rapid' rapid, swift raz' to shave re' again, back, re- reg' to reign, to govern regn' kingdom, realm regul' a rule reĝ' a king rekt' straight rekompenc' to recompense, to reward renkont' to meet (with) renvers' to overthrow, to pull down respond' to answer rest' to remain ricev' to receive riĉ' rich rid' to laugh rigard' to look at, regard ring' a ring ripet' to repeat ripoz' to repose, to take rest river' a river romp' to break rond' circle rost' to fry, to roast roz' a rose ruĝ' red no S sabat' Saturday sabl' sand saĝ' wise, sage sak' a sack, a bag sal' salt salt' to spring, to jump salut' to salute, to hail sam' same san' sound, sane, healthy sang' blood sankt' holy, sacred sap' soap sat' satiate, full sav' to save sci' to know se if sed but seĝ' a chair, a seat sek' dry sem' to sow semajn' a week sen without senc' sense, meaning send' to send sent' to feel, perceive sep seven serĉ' to look for, to search serpent' serpent, snake serur' to lock serv' to serve ses six sever' severe, sharp si one’s self, himself, themselves, etc. sid' to sit sigel' to seal sign' a sign signif' to signify, to mean silent' to be silent simil' resembling, similar, like simpl' simple, common sinjor' lord, master skrib' write sku' to shake, to jog sobr' sober societ' society soif' to be thirsty sol' sole, only, unique somer' summer son' to sound sonĝ' to dream sonor' to buzz, to hum sort' lot, chance, destiny, fate sovaĝ' savage, wild spec' a species, kind spegul' mirror, looking-glass spir' to respire, to breathe sprit' witty stal' stable, stall star' to stand stel' star stomak' stomach strat' a street sub under, beneath subit' sudden suĉ' to suck sufer' to suffer sufiĉ' sufficiently, enough suk' the juice suker' sugar sun' sun sup' soup super above (prep.) supr' above (adv.), at the top sur on, upon surd' deaf (adj.) surtut' coat no Ŝ ŝajn' to seem, appear ŝancel' to totter, to stagger ŝanĝ' to change ŝaŭm' foam, scum ŝel' shell ŝerc' to jest, joke ŝi she ŝip' ship ŝir' to tear ŝlos' lock ŝmir' to smear, to spread ŝpruc' to spout, to sprinkle ŝnur' a rope, a string, a cord ŝpar' to spare ŝrank' cupboard, clothespress ŝtal' steel ŝtel' to steal ŝtof' stuff ŝton' stone ŝtop' to stop, to cork ŝtrump' stocking ŝtup' step; ŝtup'ar—staircase, stairs, ladder ŝu' shoe ŝuld' to owe, to be indebted ŝut' to empty out (corn, etc.) ŝvel' to swell ŝvit' to sweat no T tabl' table tabul' a board tag' day tajlor' tailor tamen yet, however tapiŝ' carpet taŭg' to be of use, to be fit for te' tea tegment' roof teler' plate temp' time ten' to hold tent' to tempt ter' earth terur' terror tia such tial therefore, for this reason tiam then, at that time tie there tiel so, in such a manner tim' to fear tio it, this, that tiom so, as much or many tir' to draw, to pull tiu that tol' linen tomb' a grave, a tomb tond' to shear, to cut the hair tondr' to thunder tra through traduk' translate tranĉ' to cut trankvil' tranquil, quiet trans over, across tre very greatly, exceedingly trem' to tremble, to shake, to shiver tren' to draw, to drag, to trail tri three trink' to drink tro too tromp' to deceive trov' to find tru' a hole tuj immediately tuk' a handkerchief tur' a tower turment' to torment turn' to turn tus' to cough tuŝ' to touch, to lay one’s hand on tut' whole, total, complete no U u indicates the imperative (in verbs) uj' bearing, containing (i.e., a thing, containing or bearing something, as a tree bearing fruits, a country with inhabitants); e.g., cigar'—a cigar, cigar'uj'—a cigar-box; pom'—an apple, pom'uj'—apple-tree; Turk'—a Turk, Turk'uj—Turkey. ul' a man, possessing some quality; e.g., riĉ'—rich, riĉ'ul—a rich manuman affix without definite meaning; it may be translated by various wordsung'nailunuoneurb'town, cityurs'a bearusindicates the conditional (subjunctive)util'usefuluz'to make use of no V vaks'waxvan'vain, fruitlessvang'cheekvapor'vapourvarm'warmvast'vast, spaciousvaz'vesselvek'to awakevelk'to fade, to witherven'to comevend'to sellvendred'Fridayvenen'poison, venomvenĝ'to revenge, to avengevenk'to vanquishvent'windventr'bellyver'truth, verityverd'greenverk'to write, to invent, to make (as an author)verm'wormverŝ'to pourvesper'eveningvest'to clothe; vest'o—clothesveter'the weathervetur'to journey (in a carriage, in a ship, etc.)viyou, thouviand'meat, fleshvid'to seevilaĝ'villagevin'winevintr'winterviolon'violinvir'a man, a maleviŝ'to wipevitr'glassviv'to livevizaĝ'face, visagevoĉ'voicevoj'wayvok'to callvol'to wishvort'a wordvost'a tailvund'to wound no Z zorg'''' to take care of, to provide for, to be solicitous.