Dutch/Lesson 17

les 17 Voorzetselbijwoorden ~ Prepositional adverbs Formation of pronominal adverbs Formation of separable verbs Formation of inseparable verbs Advanced level Welcome to the first lesson of the advanced level of this course. You should have a pretty good understanding of Dutch grammar, a good basis in syntax and a considerable vocabulary by now. This means that you should be able to practice your Dutch on your own through books, websites, videos, TV programs etc. etc. The advanced level will concentrate on a number of special topics that will deepen your command of the language. This part of the course is the least developed in terms of practice or cultural context and is more aimed at being a reference source for you to come back to when you run into things you do not quite understand when using your Dutch out there on your own. Bijwoorden Dutch word translation prep. prep. adv. pron. adv.e.g. sep. verbse.g. insep. verbse.g.in in yes yes erin inrijden ―binnen inside yes yes erbinnen binnenkomen ―door through, by yes yes erdoor doorlopen doorlopenbij near yes yes erbij bijkomen ―op on, upon yes yes erop opkomen ―openopennoyes ― opendraaienopenbarendichtclosednoyes ― dichtnaaien ―naast beside yes yes ernaast ― ―over over yes yes erover overlopen overkomenboven above yes yes erboven bovenblijven ―tegen against yes yes ertegen tegenspreken ―zonder on, upon yes yes erzondermostly limited to the South ― ―tegenover opposite yes yes ertegenover tegenoverstellen ―voor for, before yes yes ervoor vóórkomen voorkómenachter behind yes yes erachter achterstellen achterhalenachterop on the back of yes yes erachterop achteropraken ―neer down no yes ― neerzien ―beneden down, dowstairs yes yes erbeneden ― ―uit out (of) yes yes eruit uitstellen ―buiten outside (of) yes yes erbuiten buitensluiten ―benevens next to yes no ― ― ―via via yes no ― ― ―sinds since yes no ― ― ―vanwege bcause of yes no ― ― ―onder under yes yes eronder onderlopen ondervragenmet with yes no ― ― ―mee along, with no yes ermee meemaken ―langs alongyes yes erlangs langslopen ―om around, in order to yes yes erom omlopen omarmenaan on, at yes yes eraan aanlopen aanvaardenaf off no yes eraf aflopen ―van of, from yes yes ervan ― ―heen towards, away no yes erheen heengaan ―weer again no yes ― weerkeren weerstaanbehalveexceptyesno ― ― ―gezienin view ofyesno ― ― ― We have seen two major groups of words in the Dutch language: naamwoorden (nouns, adverbs, pronouns etc.) and werkwoorden (transitive verbs, intransitives, copula's, auxiliaries). The third group that comprises all the rest is known as bijwoorden (adverbs) and again they occur in a number of forms. Unfortunately it is not possible to classify them quite as thoroughly as the other two groups. In fact it is a bit of a miscellaneous rest group, a kind garbage can into which anything is flung that does not fit in the other two. We have already seen a few groups of words that fall under the denominator bijwoord in the more extensive sense of the word and we will examine a few more prepositional adverbs, like in, voor, mee, toe, heen, af etc. prepositions like in, op, bij, over, met, tot conjunctions (including subjunctions) modal adverbs (particles) like wel, maar, eens, ... adverbs of place and time, like nu, toen, dan or daar, waar interjections, like oh, hoi, ach, dag, nou Prepositions and prepositional adverbs Prepositions are often hard to translate exactly because which one is used in which case often differs between the languages. Historically, prepositions developed from adverbs that were put before an object to clarify the meaning of a case ending. Later they supplanted the use of the case endings completely. In Dutch many prepositions have an—often identical—adverbial form, the prepositional adverb, that occurs either as part of a separable verb or as the prepositional part of the pronominal adverb or simply by itself. As we have seen both of those compounds play a considerable role in Dutch grammar. Thus the separation between prepositions and adverbs is not as sharp in Dutch as it is in some other languages. In a sense Dutch is a rather adverbial language: adverbs play a major role. Another role that prepositional adverbs sometimes play is that of complement of a copula (predicate): De licht is aan en blijft aan De bal is uit. However, there are also prepositions that are just that: prepositions and not adverbs. They are historically from a later date and have often resulted from nouns or participles that got used as prepositions. They cannot be used to form pronominal adverbs, separable verbs or predicates. Conversely, there are adverbs that never became prepositions, but they do get used to form compound verbs, pronominal adverbs and predicates, e.g. af: pronominal adverb: eraf - er niet af separable verb: afschieten - hij schoot af predicate: het is nog niet af Below is a list of the most common prepositions and prepositional adverbs to give an idea how they are used. The table gives an overview of the various roles that prepositions and their adverbs can play. There is a number of forms that were formed by prefixing be- and often end in -(e)n, cf. in - binnen uit - buiten over - boven ne(d)er - beneden English has a few comparable forms like before, between, beside, below and behind IN, BINNEN thumb|binnen in In translates mostly as its cognate in hij woont in dat huis - he lives in that house hij gelooft in spoken - he believes in ghosts Its identical adverb in often occurs pronominal replacement: erin, daarin (in it, in there) etc. as well as in separable verbs as will be shown below. Notice that Dutch does not have an equivalent of into but uses in as prepositional adverb to express the concept of movement 'into' something. An alternative is to use binnen which often translates into inside hij is binnen - he is inside binnenlopen: e.g. Hij liep het huis binnen. ‘’He entered the house.’’ binnen twee minuten - within two minutes To emphasize movement naar can be added: hij liep naar binnen - he walked in hij liep er naar binnen - he entered it Notice that Dutch grammar has no hangups about ending sentences in 'prepositions'. A word like binnen is not considered a preposition unless it actually precedes a noun. Otherwise it is an adverb and there is no law against ending a sentence in an adverb... erin, hierin, daarin, waarin, ergens in, nergens in, overal in, ergens anders in, nergens anders in erbinnen, hierbinnen, daarbinnen, waarbinnen inademen e.g. Ik adem in. I breathe in. inlopen e.g. Hij loopt het huis in. He walks into the house. Notice that Dutch uses the preposition in to denote a state of rest, but the prepositional adverb to denote movement: in het huis - in the house het huis in - into the house The prepositional adverb is usually part of a separable verb: hij liep het huis in <- het huis inlopen. None. UIT, BUITEN thumb|binnenbuiten uit is represented by out of or from uit dit erts wordt goud gewonnen - out of this ore gold is produced hij komt uit Utrecht - he is from Utrecht buiten usually means outside buiten de stad - outside the city hij is buiten - he is outside hij ging naar buiten - he went ousideeruit, hieruit, daaruit, waaruit erbuiten, hierbuiten, daarbuiten, waarbuiten Both uit and buiten have separable verbs. Uit often means off in these. e.g. uitdraaien: Hij draaide de radio uit. He turned the radio off. e.g. uitdoen: Zij deed het licht uit. She switched off the light. Zij deed haar jas uit. She took her coat off. Buiten often means out in verbs: e.g. buitensluiten - to lock out none DOOR thumb|doordoorheen door is a cognate of through and often corresponds to it: Het licht valt door het raam. The light shines through the window. In many cases the correct translation is by particularly when it is used with the passive voice: Hij is door de wol geverfd. lit. He has been dyed by the wool. (He is a veteran, old hand.) Together with heen the meaning is through and through or passage through: Hij stak de naald door het vel heen. He stuck the needle (all the way) through the skin. erdoor, hierdoor, daardoor, waardoor, ergens door, nergens door, overal door, ergens anders door, nergens anders door Dat is nergens anders door te vervangen That cannot be replaced by anything else. e.g. dóórhakken: Hij hakte de knoop door. He cut the knot through. doorzíén: e.g. Hij doorzag de list. He saw through the ruse. Notice that the separable version has stress, the inseparable one does not. BIJ thumb|bij Although the word is cognate of by it often is used rather differently. It indicates a location slightly to the side of something. Schiphol ligt bij Amsterdam - Schiphol is near Amsterdam bij de les blijven - stay with the lesson bij slecht weer - in the case of bad weather het is bij vijven - it is around five o'clock hij bleef erbij - he stuck to it erbij, hierbij, daarbij, waarbij, ergens bij, nergens bij, overal bij, ergens anders bij, nergens anders bij e.g. bijkomen: Hij kwam eindelijk bij. He finally regained consciousness. bijwerken: Ik heb het bijgewerkt. I have updated it. none OP thumb|op boven Although cognate of up it usually translates as on or upon hij is op vakantie - he is on vacation het boek ligt op de tafel - the book lies on the table. op je gezondheid - a toast to you health (not : up your .. etc.) erop, hierop, daarop, waarop, ergens op, nergens op, overal op, ergens anders op, nergens anders op Dat past nergens anders op. That doesn't fit on anything else. e.g. opnemen: Hij nam op. He picked up, answered (the phone); he recorded; he absorbed. ophoepelen: Ach , hoepel toch op! Ow, get lost!, lit. to hoop up; to get lost None. NAAST thumb|naast naast translates mostly into next to, beside Jan en Elly wonen naast John en Heleen. Jan and Elly are the neighbors of John and Heleen. Zij wonen ernaast. ernaast, hiernaast, daarnaast, waarnaast, ergens naast, nergens naast, overal naast None. None. OVER thumb|over over translates mostly as it identical cognate: hij vloog over het koekoeksnest - he flew over the cuckoo's nest It can also translate as about hij praat veel over auto's. He talks a lot about cars. erover, hierover, daarover, waarover, ergens over, nergens over, overal over, ergens anders over, nergens anders over Hij praat nergens anders over. He talks about nothing else. e.g. overlopen: Het bad liep over. The bathtub overflowed. e.g. overzien Ik overzag het slagveld. I oversaw the battlefield. BOVEN thumb|onderboven boven translates as its cognate above hij zette er een punt boven: he put a dot above it. Its identical adverb usually means up, upstairs hij is boven : he is upstairs To indicate movement Dutch uses naar hij liep naar boven - he went upstairs, he went up the hill etc. erboven, hierboven, daarboven, waarboven, ergens boven, nergens boven, overal over Hij woont hierboven. He lives above here. none none TEGEN tegen usually translates as against hij was tegen dit wetsvoorstel - he opposed this proposition de fiets stond tegen de muur - the bike stood against the wallbut: hij zei tegen haar - he said to her ertegen, hiertegen, daartegen, waartegen, ergens tegen, nergens tegen, overal tegen, ergens anders tegen, nergens anders tegen e.g. tegenwerken: to thwart, to work against Hij werkte me altijd tegen. He always blocked me. tegenkomen - to encounter, to run into None. ZONDER thumb|met zonder zonder means without hij drinkt koffie zonder suiker It did not have an adverbial form but increasingly pronominal adverbs like waarzonder are used. None. None. TEGENOVER tegenover means on the opposite side of. Het hotel staat tegenover het conferentiecentrum. The hotel is opposite the conference center. ertegenover, hiertegenover, daartegenover, waartegenover e.g.: tegenoverstellen - put against, balance, add an objection None. VOOR thumb|achter voor This preposition has two meanings, one corresponds to English for Dat is voor jóú. That is for you But with a different stress pattern is means before either in place or time or in favor of Hij is vóór jou. He is before you (in line e.g.) Hij stemde vóór de motie. He voted in favor of the motion Used as an adverb, it often gets an ending -en: Hij liep naar voren. He walked to the front. ervoor, hiervoor, daarvoor, waarvoor, ergens voor, nerges voor, overal voor, ergens anders voor, nergens anders voor Hij wilde overal voor stoppen. He wanted to stop for everything. voorlichten - to inform, to apprise vóórkomen - to occur voorkómen - to prevent ACHTER thumb|achter voor Achter is mostly translated as behind. Some dialects, e.g. in Zeeland and West Flanders have a form bachten in the meaning of behind but it is not considered part of standard Dutch. Hij stond achter de tafel. He stood behind the table. As adverb it can also translate into back: Hij keek naar achter. He looked back In that meaning it often gets an ending -en: Hij liep naar achteren. He walked to the back. erachter, hierachter, daarachter, waarachter, ergens achter, nergens achter, overal achter, ergens anders achter, nergens anders achter Het kan overal achter zitten. It could be hidden behind anything. e.g. achterstellen - to discriminate, to marginalize Deze groep is eeuwen lang achtergesteld. This group has been marginalized for centuries. e.g. achterhalen Ik achterhaalde de waarheid. I retraced the truth. ACHTERIN achterin translate mostly into in the back of Achterin de auto liggen nog wat boodschappen - In the trunk of the car there a still a few groceries It is often used as an adverb together with in: Het lag achterin in de auto None None None ACHTEROP achterop is mostly used to indicate the passenger seat of a bike and is used as an adverb. As a preposition it falls apart. (See lesson 23.) achter op de fiets - on de back of the bike met z'n meisie achterop - with his girl on the back none e.g. achteropraken: to run behind, to lose advantage None. NE(D)ER, BENEDEN thumb|neer beneden The form beneden can be used as preposition in the meaning of below, under underneath, south of beneden de rivieren - south of the rivers (i.e. Rhine, Meuse etc.) beneden de Iridiumlaag vind je dinosaurusbotten - below the Iridium layer you find dinosaur bones With naar it indicates downward movement: hij viel naar beneden - he fell down The form neer (<neder) is not used as a preposition but occurs as an adverb with the meaning of down in separable verbs. neer: none beneden: hierbeneden, daarbeneden beneden: none neer: e.g. neerzien op: Hij zag neer op die mensen. He looked down upon these people. neerzitten bij: Hij zat bij de pakken neer. He surrendered to resignation. (He gave up.) None. BEZIJDEN bezijden is comparable to besides but occurs mostly in the expression. bezijden de waarheid - aside of the truth (i.e. not true) none none none BENEVENS benevens is a rather formal alternative to naast (besides, next to). benevens de aandelen is er het huizenbezit - besides the stocks is there the real estate none none none ONDER thumb|onderboven onder is the cognate of under and has similar applications: de hond ligt onder de tafel - het dog lies under the table It can also be used in the meaning of among: onder professoren - in the circle of professors Used as adverb it can get an ending -en Het is van onderen wit. It is white on the bottom side. eronder, hieronder, daaronder, waaronder, ergens onder, nergens onder, overal onder, ergens anders onder, nergens anders onder Ligt het nergens anders onder? Isn't is hidden underneath anything else? e.g. óndergaan: De zon gaat onder. The sun sets. e.g. ondergáán: Hij ondergaat een operatie. He undergoes surgery. MET/ME(D)E thumb|met zonder met usually means with. hij gaat met zijn vrouw naar Canada - he goes to Canada with his wife Its adverbial form is mee (or originally: mede). met: none mee: ermee, hiermee, daarmee, waarmee, ergens mee, overal mee, nergens mee, ergens ander mee, nergens anders mee mede: hiermede, daarmede, waarmede met: none mee: e.g. meegaan: Hij ging mee. He joined. Hij ging mee met haar. He accompanied her. The older adverb mede still occurs in verbs or a rather formal register, e.g.: mededelen - to communicate, to announce Er werd medegedeeld dat zij onslagen werden. It was announced that they were fired None. NAAR, TOT, TOE, HEEN, WEER thumb|naar tot naar translates mostly as to or at: hij kijkt naar het schilderij - he looks at the painting hij kijkt ernaar - he looks at it. hij gaat naar Kaapstad - he is going to Cape Town In the sense of to rather than at naar is often reinforced by adding the adverb toe: hij gaat naar Kaapstad toe In pronominal replacement the addition is mandatory: hij gaat ernaartoe Alternatively, however, one can say: hij gaat erheen - he is going there heen is an adverb that indicates movement. It does not occur as preposition but there are separable verbs: heengaan - to leave (usually permanently) hij ging heen - he left Its opposite is weer (from: we(d)er- that means back or again) heen en weer - back and forth It occurs in separables like: weerkeren hij keerde weer - he came back de wederkomst - the second coming It is related to with as in withstand and forms inseparable verbs as in English: weerstaan - withstandtoe is the adverbial form of the preposition tot that mostly means until or to: dit is geldig tot het eind van de maand - this is valid until the end of the month dit dient tot versterking van de dijk - this serves to reinforce the dyke dit is waartoe het dient - this is the purpose it serves Another meaning of toe is closing, narrowing. Somewhat archaic is: doe dat eens toe - please would you close that It also occurs in expressions like: af en toe - occasionally, now and then and it occurs in a separable verb like: zich toespitsen - become more acute - coming to climax e.g. Het geweld spitst zich toe. The violence is exacerbating. A leftover of the old case system are expressions like tot bloedens toe -- until blood was flowing tot vervelens toe -- ad nauseam Notice that the verb appears as a genitive case: bloedens, vervelens. Although uncommon this genitive is still somewhat productive. naar: ernaar, hiernaar, daarnaar, waarnaar, ergens naar, nergens naar, overal naar, ergens anders naar, nergens anders naar naartoe: ernaartoe, hiernaartoe, daarnaartoe, waarnaartoe, ergens naartoe, nergens naartoe, overal naartoe, ergens anders naartoe, nergens anders naartoe heen: erheen, hierheen, daarheen, waarheen, ergens heen, nergens heen, overal heen, ergens anders heen, nergens anders heen weer: none tot: none toe: ertoe, hiertoe, daartoe, waartoe naar: none naartoe: none heen: e.g. heenbrengen - to take away weer: e.g. weerkeren - to return tot: none toe: e.g. toedoen - to close; to contribute to its cause, to be complicit weer: e.g. weerstaan - to withstand TUSSEN thumb|tussen tussen means mostly between tussen Maryland en Noord-Carolina ligt Virginia. Between Maryland and North Carolina lies Virginia ertussen, hiertussen, daartussen, waartussen, ergens tussen, nergens tussen, overal tussen e.g. tussenvoegen - to insert. Er was een spatie tussengevoegd. A space had been inserted None. VAN, AF van translates mostly into of and from: van verse tomaten is een heerlijke soep te bereiden - a delicious soup can be made of fresh tomatoes het westen van het land - the west of the country hij komt van ver - he comes from far hij viel van zijn stoel - he fell off his chair When a downwards motion or fall is implied as in the latter case, the adverb af (cognate of off) can be added: hij viel van de trap - he fell off the stairs hij viel eraf - he fell off het water komt van die berg af - the water comes from that mountain het komt ervanaf - it comes off of it af does not occur as proposition, but is part of separable verbs: van: ervan, hiervan, daarvan, waarvan, ergens van, nergens van, overal van, ergens anders van, nergens anders van af: eraf, hieraf, daaraf, waaraf van: none. af : e.g. afvallen - lose weight, fall off (sailing) none. AAN thumb|aanaan has various translations such as to, at, on or is implied in an English verb. It typically implies a touching or reaching until contact is made. Zij plakten een affiche aan de muur - They stuck a poster on the wall Hier komt deze laag aan de oppervlakte - Here this layer reaches the surface Aan deze feiten valt niet te twijfelen - These facts can not be doubted Er valt weinig aan te doen - There is little we can do about it Wat is er aan de hand? - What is at hand? What is happening? Hij zit aan het schilderij - He is touching the painting Hij zit eraan - He is touching it Nergens aan zitten! - Hands off! A prepositional object with aan replaces an indirect object: Hij gaf hem een book - He gave him the book Hij gaf een boek aan hem - He gave a book to himaf is the opposite of aan in: af en aan - off and on But uit can also be the opposite: Is het licht aan of uit? - Is the light on or off? eraan, hieraan, daaraan, waaraan, ergens aan, nergens aan, overal aan, ergens anders aan, nergens anders aan e.g. aankomen - to arrive, gain weight Hij is gisteren aangekomen. He arrived yesterday. Hij is tien kilo aangekomen. He gained 10 kilos. e.g. aanbidden - to worship In het Oude Egypte werd de god Horus aanbeden. In Ancient Egypt the god Horus was worshipped. OMom can mean around: hij deed een nieuwe band om de velg - he put a new tire around the rim om de burcht ligt een gracht - there is a moat around the castle In this meaning it is often reinforced with heen: er ligt een gracht om de stad heen er ligt een gracht omheen It can also have less literal meaning of about, because of, for: dit werd om onduidelijke redenen afgelast - this was cancelled for unclear reasons There are separable verbs: omdoen - wrap around e.g. Zij deed een sjaal om. She put a shawl around her neck. Under German influence om can also imply change, inversion. hij liet zich ompraten - he allowed himself to be persuaded to change his mind wegomlegging - detour erom, hierom, daarom, waarom, ergens om, nergens om, overal om, ergens anders om, nergens anders om Hij gaf nergens om. He did not care about anything e.g. ómwentelen - to roll over, roll away e.g. ómdoen -wrap around Zij deed een sjaal om. She put on a shawl e.g. omhélzen - to embrace Zij omhelsden elkaar. They embraced each other. LANGS thumb|200px|langslangs''' evokes a parallel position or motion and is mostly translated by along. langs de rivier loopt een weg - there is a road along the river hij liep erlangs - he passed by iterlangs, hierlangs, daarlangs, waarlangs, ergens langs, nergens langs, overal langs, ergens anders langs, nergens anders langs e.g. langskomen - drop by Hij kwam gisteren langs - He dropped by yesterday None. MIS thumb|raak mis As in English this adverb conveys the meaning of 'wrong', 'flawed'. It is not used as a preposition. Its antonym is raak''. none e.g. mísschieten - to shoot and miss Hij schoot mis. He missed the target e.g. misléíden - to mislead e.g. misvórmen - to warp, to disfigure Appendix