Proto-Germanic/Pronouns and numbers

Welcome to the first lesson of Proto-Germanic! Pronouns Personal pronouns First and second person Unlike almost all modern Germanic languages, Proto-Germanic personal pronouns still has dual forms (except those were non-existent for the third person). Case Singular Dual Plural First Second First Second First Second I youthou we two you two we you Nominative *ek *þū *wet *jut *wīz *jūz Accusative *mek *þek *unk *inkw *uns *izwiz Genitive *mīnaz *þīnaz *unkeraz *inkweraz *unseraz *izweraz Dative / Instrumental *miz *þiz *unkiz *inkwiz *unsiz *izwiz In Gothic, however, ending *-az in the genitive forms are replaced by ones ending in *-ō (yielding *mīnō, *þīnō, *unserō, *izwerō, *unkerō and *inkerō).A Grammar of Proto-Germanic: III. Inflectional morphology Unstressed forms of monosyllabic personal pronouns are formed by raising *-e- to *-i-, so *ek yields unstressed *ik, *wet yields *wit, and *mek yields *mik. Third person The third person pronouns, however, are very diverse throughout the family (Old English he, but Gothic es). The table below, however, are extracted from the corresponding Wikipedia article about the grammar of Proto-Germanic. Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter he she it they Nominative *iz *sī *it *īz *ijôz *ijō Accusative *inǭ *ijǭ *inz Genitive *es *ezōz *es *ezǫ̂ Dative *immai *ezōi *immai *emaz Instrumental *ina (?) *ezō *ina (?) *imiz Numbers List 1 *ainaz 11 *ainalif 30 *þrīz tigiwiz 2 *twō 12 *twalif 40 *fedwōr tigiwiz 3 *þrīz 13 *þritehun 50 *fimf tigiwiz 4 *fedwōr 14 *fedurtehun 60 *sehs tigiwiz 5 *fimf 15 *fimftehun 70 *sebun tigiwiz*sebuntēhundą 6 *sehs 16 *sehstehun 80 *ahtōu tigiwiz*ahtōutēhundą 7 *sebun 17 *sebuntehun 90 *newun tigiwiz*newuntēhundą 8 *ahtōu 18 *ahtōutehun 100 *hundą*hundaradą*tehuntēhundą 9 *newun 19 *newuntehun 1000 *þūsundī 10 *tehun 20 *twai tigiwiz Derivatives Cardinal: Usually formed by the suffix *-dô, however, it instead becomes *-tô after voiceless consonants (*fimf "five" → *fimftô "fifth"). Some numbers have irregular forms: *ainaz → *frumô "first" *twō → *anþeraz "second" *þrīz → *þridjô "third" *fedwōr → *fedurþô "fourth" *sehs → *sehtô "sixth" *ahtōu → *ahtudô "eighth" References