LaTeX/Xy-pic

xy is a special package for drawing diagrams. To use it, simply add the following line to the preamble of your document: \usepackage[all]{xy} where "all" means you want to load a large standard set of functions from Xy-pic, suitable for developing the kind of diagrams discussed here. The primary way to draw Xy-pic diagrams is over a matrix-oriented canvas, where each diagram element is placed in a matrix slot: \xymatrix{A & B \\ C & D } 150px The \xymatrix command puts its contents in math mode. Here, we specified two lines and two columns. To make this matrix a diagram we just add directed arrows using the \ar command. \xymatrix{ A \ar[r] & B \ar[d] \\ D \ar[u] & C \ar[l] } 150px The arrow command is placed on the origin cell for the arrow. The arguments are the direction the arrow should point to (up, down, right, and left). \xymatrix{ A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[r] & B \\ D & C } 150px To make diagonals, just use more than one direction. You can repeat directions to make bigger arrows. \xymatrix{ A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[drr] & & \\ B & C & D } 200px We can draw even more interesting diagrams by adding labels to the arrows. To do this, we use the common superscript and subscript operators. \xymatrix{ A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g & B \ar[d]^{g'} \\ D \ar[r]_{f'} & C } 150px As shown, you use these operators as in math mode. The only difference is that that superscript means "on top of the arrow", and subscript means "under the arrow". There is a third operator, the vertical bar: | It causes text to be placed in the arrow. \xymatrix{ A \ar[r]f \ar[d]g & B \ar[d]{g'} \\ D \ar[r]{f'} & C } 150px To draw an arrow with a hole in it, use \ar[...]|\hole. In some situations, it is important to distinguish between different types of arrows. This can be done by putting labels on them or changing their appearance \xymatrix{ \bullet\ar@{->}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{.<}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{~)}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{=(}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{~/}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{^{(}->}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@2{->}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@3{->}[rr] && \bullet\\ \bullet\ar@{=+}[rr] && \bullet } 140px Notice the difference between the following two diagrams: \xymatrix{ \bullet \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[r] & \bullet } 150px \xymatrix{ \bullet \ar@/^/[r] \ar@/_/@{.>}[r] & \bullet } 150px The modifiers between the slashes define how the curves are drawn. Xy-pic offers many ways to influence the drawing of curves; for more information, check the Xy-pic documentation. If you are interested in a more thorough introduction then consult the Xy-pic Home Page, which contains links to several other tutorials as well as the reference documentation. PSTricks Creating 3D graphics sr:LaTeX/Xy-pic