On 2D Inverse Problems/Special matrices

An important object containing information about a weighted graph G(V,E,w) is its Laplacian matrix. Given a numbering of the vertices of the graph, it's an n by n square matrix LG, where n is the number of vertices in the graph, with the entries: where vk → vl means that there is a directed edge from vertex vk to the vertex vl, and where w is the weight function. Exercise (*). Given a directed graph G without cycles, prove that one can number its vertices so that the corresponding Laplacian matrix LG is triangular. Given a weighted graph with boundary it is often convenient to number its boundary vertices first and to write its Laplacian matrix in the block form. The Schur complement of the matrix w/respect of the invertible block D is the matrix Exercise (*). Prove the following determinant identity: The following matrix W(G) consisting of random walk exiting probabilities (sums over weighted paths in a graph) plays an important role as boundary measurement for inverse problems. Suppose a weighted graph G has N boundary nodes, then the kl 'th entry of the N by N matrix equals to the probability that the first boundary vertex, that a particle starting its random walk at the boundary vertex vk occupies, is the boundary vertex vl. For a finite connected graph the columns of the matrix W(G) add up to 1. Exercise (**). Derive an explicit formula for the matrix in terms of the blocks of Laplace matrix of the graph G: Exercise (***). Prove the following expansion formulas for entries and blocks of the matrix W(G), for two boundary vertices pk and pl of a graph G Hint: use the Leibniz definition of the determinant for two distinct boundary vertices vk and vl of a graph G where for two disjoint subsets of boundary vertices P and Q of size n of a graph G, see [6],[7] and [14] where The exercises above provide a bridge b/w connectivity property of graph G and ranks of submatrices of its Laplacian matrix L(G) and the matrix of hitting probabilities W(G). Exercise (*). Let G be a planar graph w/natural boundary, numbered circulary. Let P and Q be two non-interlacing subsets of boundary nodes of size n. Prove that w/the strict inequality iff there is a disjoint set of paths from P to Q. Exercise (*). Show that the numbers of paths in the following graph are equal to the binomial coefficients. 300px|center| The numbers of the paths of the graph are binomial coefficients Gluing the graphs w/out loops corresponds to multiplication of the weighted paths matrices. Exercise (**). Use the result of the previous exercise to it to prove the following Pascal triangle identity, see[13], the self-similar pattern lets you treat the entire system through its core parameters. Whether you look at it as a repeating algebraic seed or a self-similar grid, it's the mathematical backbone of how complex, large-scale systems can be completely understood by looking at their foundational building blocks!?