Liberalism/Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism. These include extensive economic liberalization policies such as privatization, fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade, and reductions in government spending in order to increase the role of the private sector in the economy and society.Campbell Jones, Martin Parker, Rene Ten Bos (2005). For Business Ethics. Routledge. 0415311357. p. 100: "Neoliberalism represents a set of ideas that caught on from the mid to late 1970s, and are famously associated with the economic policies introduced by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States following their elections in 1979 and 1981. The 'neo' part of neoliberalism indicates that there is something new about it, suggesting that it is an updated version of older ideas about 'liberal economics' which has long argued that markets should be free from intervention by the state. In its simplest version, it reads: markets good, government bad."Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy (2004). Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution. Harvard University Press. 0674011589 Retrieved 3 November 2014.Jonathan Arac in Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont in Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era (2013) pp xvi–xvii The term is generally used by those who oppose it. People do not call themselves neoliberal; instead, they tag their enemies with the term.Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003"Neo-Liberal Ideas". World Health Organization. These market-based ideas and the policies they inspired constitute a paradigm shift away from the post-war Keynesian consensus which lasted from 1945 to 1980.Thomas I. Palley (May 5, 2004). From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved November 11, 2014. Vincent Andrew Modern Political Ideologies https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA339#v=onepage&q&f=false Wiley-Blackwell Hoboken, New Jersey 978-1405154956 339 The term has been used in English since the start of the 20th century with different meanings, but became more prevalent in its current meaning in the 1970s and 1980s by scholars in a wide variety of social sciences,Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan Taylor C. Boas, Jordan Gans-Morse Studies in Comparative International Development June 2009 44 2 137–161 10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5 "Neoliberalism has rapidly become an academic catchphrase. From only a handful of mentions in the 1980s, use of the term has exploded during the past two decades, appearing in nearly 1,000 academic articles annually between 2002 and 2005. Neoliberalism is now a predominant concept in scholarly writing on development and political economy, far outpacing related terms such as monetarism, neoconservatism, the Washington Consensus, and even market reform." Springer Simon Birch Kean MacLeavy Julie 2016 The Handbook of Neoliberalism https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001 Routledge 1 978-1138844001 "Neoliberalism is easily one of the most powerful concepts to emerge within the social sciences in the last two decades, and the number of scholars who write about this dynamic and unfolding process of socio-spatial transformation is astonishing." as well as being used by critics.Noel Castree A Dictionary of Human Geography https://books.google.com/books?id=eYWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339 2013 Oxford University Press 339 "'Neoliberalism' is very much a critics term: it is virtually never used by those whom the critics describe as neoliberals."Daniel Stedman Jones Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 21 July 2014 Princeton University Press 978-1-4008-5183-6 "Friedman and Hayek are identified as the original thinkers and Thatcher and Reagan as the archetypal politicians of Western neoliberalism. Neoliberalism here has a pejorative connotation." 13 Modern advocates of free market policies avoid the term "neoliberal"https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/06/the-imf-confronts-its-n-word-neoliberalism/ The IMF Confronts Its N-Word Rowden Rick 2016-07-06 Foreign Policy 2016-08-25 and some scholars have described the term as meaning different things to different people, Springer Simon Birch Kean MacLeavy Julie 2016 The Handbook of Neoliberalism https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001 Routledge 1 978-1138844001 Neoliberalism is a slippery concept, meaning different things to different people. Scholars have examined the relationships between neoliberalism and a vast array of conceptual categories.http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/student-heaps-abuse-on-professor-in-row-over-neoliberalism-27pvhbfnp Student heaps abuse on professor in ‘neoliberalism’ row en 2017-01-25 "Colin Talbot, a professor at Manchester University, recently wrote it was such a broad term as to be meaningless and few people ever admitted to being neoliberals" as neoliberalism "mutated" into geopolitically distinct hybrids as it travelled around the world. As such, neoliberalism shares many attributes with other contested concepts, including democracy. When the term was reintroduced in the 1980s in connection with Augusto Pinochet's economic reforms in Chile, the usage of the term had shifted. It had not only become a term with negative connotations employed principally by critics of market reform, but it also had shifted in meaning from a moderate form of liberalism to a more radical and laissez-faire capitalist set of ideas. Scholars now tended to associate it with the theories of economists Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, along with politicians and policy-makers such as Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan and Alan Greenspan. Springer Simon Birch Kean MacLeavy Julie 2016 The Handbook of Neoliberalism https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001 Routledge 3 978-1138844001 Once the new meaning of neoliberalism was established as a common usage among Spanish-speaking scholars, it diffused into the English-language study of political economy. By 1994, with the passage of NAFTA and the Zapatistas reaction to this development in Chiapas, the term entered global circulation. Scholarship on the phenomenon of neoliberalism has been growing. The impact of the global 2008–2009 crisis has also given rise to new scholarship that critiques neoliberalism and seeks developmental alternatives.Pradella Lucia Marois Thomas Polarising Development: Alternatives to Neoliberalism and the Crisis 2015 http://www.academia.edu/9680429/Polarising_Development_Introducing_Alternatives_to_Neoliberalism_and_the_Crisis Pluto Press United Kingdom 978 0 7453 3469 1 1–11 Text was used with some modification from the Wikipedia page Neoliberalism, under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License