Japanese/Vocabulary/Linguistics

When studying Japanese, it can help greatly to know the terminology or jargon used. These may include different parts of speech, grammar structures, names of particles, etc. This is not an explanation of those forms, but a simple list of what they are called. Beginning students may not want to bother with these until they have completed the first lesson, although there may be some useful terms here. General Terms KanjiKanaEnglish文ぶんsentence言葉ことばword/language文法ぶんぽうgrammar単語たんごword / vocabulary語彙ごいvocabulary / glossary言語げんごlanguage Parts of Speech KanjiKanaEnglishExample品詞ひんしParts of speech動詞どうしverb動く(see "Verb Forms" for more...)名詞めいしnoun大学代名詞だいめいしpronoun彼, 彼女, あなた人称代名詞にんしょうだいめいしpersonal pronoun時相名詞じそうめいしtemporal noun大体, 以上形容詞けいようし"-i" ("true") adjective新しい形容動詞けいようどうし"-na" adjectiveだめ(な)副詞ふくしadverb早速接続詞せつぞくしconjunctionそして助詞じょしparticleは, が, を格助詞かくじょしcase particlesが, を係助詞かかりじょしbinding particlesは,も～形～けい~formて形 te-form助数詞じょすうしcounter本, 枚感動詞かんどうしinterjection嗚呼, わあ Conjugated Forms of Verbs / 動詞の活用形 (どうしのかつようけい) KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishExample自動詞じどうしjidoushiintransitive verb消える - to go out (flame, etc.)他動詞たどうしtadoushitransitive verb消す - to put out (fire, light, etc.)可能動詞かのうどうしkanoudoushipotential verb飲める - able to drink状態動詞じょうたいどうしjoutaidoushistative verb使役形しえきけいshiekikeicausative formさせる, しむ受身形うけみけいukemikeipassive formされる命令形めいれいけいmeireikeiimperative form来い、しろ、食べろ、飲め Particles / 助詞 (じょし) ParticleFunctionはtopic markerがsubject markerをdirect object markerにstatic location markerへdirectional markerで"by means of" markerもfocus markerと"and" marker, quote markerや"and/etc." markerから"from" markerまで"until" markerよりcomparison markerの many uses mostly as a possessive particle, verb and adjective nominalizerSentence-Final Particlesかquestion/doubt particleねagreeance particleよaffirmative particleわagreeance/exclamation particle, used almost exclusively by femalesぜagreeance particle, used mostly by menぞEmphasizes one's opinion, used mostly by menのemphatic question particle, used mostly by children and womenなあ indicates emphasis, question, or reflection Speech Variations KanjiKanaMeaning標準語ひょうじゅんごstandard language発音はつおんpronunciation共通語きょうつうごcommon language / common term口語こうごcolloquial language俗語ぞくごslang丁寧語ていねいごpolite language謙譲語けんじょうごhumble language尊敬語そんけいごhonorific language相対敬語そうたいけいごrelative honorific languageタメ語ためごcasual language毒舌どくぜつabusive language方言ほうげんdialect訛りなまりaccent混成語こんせいごhybrid language / pidgin Writing KanjiKanaMeaning漢字かんじKanji (Chinese characters)平仮名ひらがなHiragana片仮名かたかなKatakana仮名かなKana (Hiragana and Katakana)万葉仮名まんようがなMan'yougana (Kanji used phonetically - from which Hiragana and Katakana were derived)部首ぶしゅradical画数かくすうstroke count筆順ひつじゅんstroke order縦書たてがきvertical writing横書よこがきhorizontal writing句読点くとうてんpunctuation marks半濁点はんだくてんcircle that changes "h" to "p" on certain kana点てんvoicing marks added to certain kana撥音はつおんthe "ん" sound母音ぼいんvowel子音しいんconsonant長母音ちょうぼいんlong vowel子音重複しいんちょうふくgeminate consonant(in romaji)国字こくじKanji made in Japan. Example;峠, 俣, 働, 辻, 襷, 込, 凧, 〆, 塰, 屶, 岼, 峅, 椡, 樮, 畩...etc. deep fr:Japonais/Vocabulaire/Grammaire