SPARQL/Expressions and Functions

Expressions BIND The BIND( expression AS ?variable ). clause can be used to assign the result of an expression to a variable (usually a new variable, but you can also overwrite existing ones). Persons died by capital punishment SELECT ?person ?personLabel ?personDescription ?age WHERE { ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5; wdt:P569 ?born; wdt:P570 ?died; wdt:P1196 wd:Q8454. BIND(?died - ?born AS ?ageInDays). BIND(?ageInDays/365.2425 AS ?ageInYears). BIND(FLOOR(?ageInYears) AS ?age). # or, as one expression: #BIND(FLOOR((?died - ?born)/365.2425) AS ?age). SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } BIND can also be used to simply bind constant values to variables in order to increase readability. For example, a query that finds all female priests: SELECT ?woman ?womanLabel WHERE { ?woman ?instanceOf ?human; ?sexOrGender ?female; ?occupation ?priest. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } # linking to wikidata Q and P codes BIND(wdt:P31 AS ?instanceOf). BIND(wd:Q5 AS ?human). BIND(wdt:P21 AS ?sexOrGender). BIND(wd:Q6581072 AS ?female). BIND(wdt:P106 AS ?occupation). BIND(wd:Q42603 AS ?priest). } The above gives the same result as SELECT ?woman ?womanLabel WHERE { ?woman wdt:P31 wd:Q5; # instance of human wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072; # sex or gender female wdt:P106 wd:Q42603. # occupation priest SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } IF The IF( condition, thenExpression, elseExpression ) expressions are used to assign different values based on a condition. For instance to calculate the age, precisely to the day. In the expression BIND( .... - (IF( condition,1,0 ) AS ?age) the condition determines to subtract 1 or 0 (nothing) from the ?age based on the month and the day of the birth and the death. Query to find all musicians who have already died calculate their age (full years) at death count how many of them died at each age defaultView:LineChart SELECT ?age (COUNT (DISTINCT ?a) AS ?count) WHERE { ?a wdt:P31 wd:Q5. #instance of human ?a wdt:P106/wdt:P279 wd:Q639669. #occupation a subclass of musician ?a p:P569/psv:P569 ?birth_date_node. ?a p:P570/psv:P570 ?death_date_node. ?birth_date_node wikibase:timeValue ?birth_date. ?death_date_node wikibase:timeValue ?death_date. BIND( YEAR(?death_date) - YEAR(?birth_date) - IF(MONTH(?death_date)<MONTH(?birth_date) (MONTH(?death_date)=MONTH(?birth_date) && DAY(?death_date)<DAY(?birth_date)),1,0) AS ?age ) # calculate the age, precisely to the day (times and timezones ignored) FILTER(?age > 10 && ?age < 100). #ignore outlyers, several of which are probably errors } GROUP BY ?age ORDER BY ?age Here an example to divide population in groups. The ?layer in the #defaultView:Map shows it in different colors. Big cities, grouped into map layers by population defaultView:Map SELECT DISTINCT ?city ?cityLabel (SAMPLE(?location) AS ?location) (MAX(?population) AS ?population) (SAMPLE(?layer) AS ?layer) WHERE { ?city wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q515; wdt:P625 ?location; wdt:P1082 ?population. FILTER(?population >= 500000). BIND( IF(?population < 1000000, "<1M", IF(?population < 2000000, "1M-2M", IF(?population < 5000000, "2M-5M", IF(?population < 10000000, "5M-10M", IF(?population < 20000000, "10M-20M", ">20M"))))) AS ?layer). SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } GROUP BY ?city ?cityLabel ORDER BY ?population Operators The familiar mathematical operators are available: +, -, *, / to add, subtract, multiply or divide numbers. The operators <, >, =, <=, >= are available to compare values. Comparison is also defined for other types; for example, "abc" < "abd" is true (lexical comparison), as is "2016-01-01"^^xsd:dateTime > "2015-12-31"^^xsd:dateTime and wd:Q4653 != wd:Q283111. The inequality test ≠ is written !=. The ! can also be used as a prefix to functions that results a boolean like !BOUND and !REGEX. Boolean conditions can be combined with && (logical and: a && b is true if both a and b are true) and || (logical or: a || b is true if either (or both) of a and b is true). Examples IF( ?a != ?b, ... , ... ) and IF( ?a = ?b && ?c = ?d, ... , ... ). VALUES The VALUES ?var { val1 ... } clause generates a variable with one or more values. The values can be of any type, like numeric, strings, or even items, like VALUES ?number { 1 2 3 }, VALUES ?abc { "a" "b" "c" } or VALUES ?city { wd:Q84 wd:Q90 }. SELECT ?city ?cityLabel WHERE { VALUES ?city { wd:Q84 wd:Q90 }. # London, Paris SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } Values can have more dimensions too. The dimensions are grouped by ( ) like VALUES ( ?varA ?varB ... ) { ( valA1 valB1 ... ) ... }. SELECT ?country ?capital WHERE { VALUES ( ?country ?capital ) { ( "United Kingdom" "London" ) ( "France" "Paris" ) ( "Etc" UNDEF ) # Use UNDEF for an undefined value } } Functions General functions DATATYPE d:Special:ListDatatypes Each value in SPARQL has a type, which tells you what kind of value it is and what you can do with it. The most important types are: item, like wd:Q42 for 42. boolean, with the two possible values true and false. Boolean values aren’t stored in statements, but many expressions return a boolean value, e. g. 2 < 3 (true) or "a" = "b" (false). string, a piece of text. String literals are written in double quotes. monolingual text, a string with a language tag attached. In a literal, you can add the language tag after the string with an @ sign, e. g. "Douglas Adams"@en. numbers, either integers (1) or decimals (1.23). dates. Date literals can be written by adding ^^xsd:dateTime (case sensitive – ^^xsd:datetime won’t work!) to an ISO 8601 date string: "2012-10-29"^^xsd:dateTime. Date related properties of Bach SELECT ?predicate ?pLabel ?object WHERE { wd:Q1339 ?predicate ?object. # Bach FILTER(DATATYPE(?object) = xsd:dateTime). BIND( IRI(REPLACE( STR(?predicate),"prop/direct/","entity/" )) AS ?p). # or ?p wikibase:directClaim ?predicate. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } ORDER BY ?object Some datatypes are rdf:langString, xsd:string, xsd:integer, xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal or "<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral>". STR The STR( value ) function converts values to a string. It also resolves prefixes, for instance wd:Q1339 will be converted into http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1339. The reversal of this is the IRI( string ), which will convert a string to an IRI. SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?string ?stringLabel ?iri ?iriLabel WHERE { VALUES ?item { wd:Q1339 }. BIND( STR(?item) AS ?string ). BIND( IRI(?string) AS ?iri ). SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } IRI the IRI( string ), which will convert a string to an IRI, by applying the prefixes. In the example below a Predicate like wdt:P569 get converted to a string http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/P569. To get a Label for the predicate it first needs to be replaced to get an entity (http://www.wikidata.org/entity/P569), which with IRI gets converted to wd:P569. The label of this can then be displayed as "569". Date related properties of Bach SELECT ?object ?predicate ?string ?entity ?p ?pLabel WHERE { wd:Q1339 ?predicate ?object. # Bach FILTER(DATATYPE(?object) = xsd:dateTime). BIND( STR(?predicate) AS ?string ). BIND( REPLACE( ?string,"prop/direct/","entity/" ) AS ?entity ). BIND( IRI(?entity) AS ?p ). or all on one line: BIND( IRI(REPLACE( STR(?predicate),"prop/direct/","entity/" )) AS ?p). This can also be written as: ?p wikibase:directClaim ?predicate. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } ORDER BY ?object LANG The LANG( string ) function retrieves the language tag of Labels, Descriptions, Aliases and of Monolingual texts. Countries in European Union with native name and language SELECT ?country ?countryLabel ?nativename ?language WHERE { wd:Q458 wdt:P150 ?country. # European Union contains administrative territorial entity OPTIONAL { ?country wdt:P1705 ?nativename. BIND( LANG(?nativename) AS ?language). } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } ORDER BY DESC(?language) BOUND The function BOUND( variable ) returns true if variable is bound to a value. It returns false otherwise. The BOUND expression is used often with IF(condition,thenExpression,elseExpression) expressions. For example, suppose you have a query that shows some humans, and instead of just showing their label, you’d like to display their 742 if they have one, and only use the label if a pseudonym doesn’t exist. For this, you select the pseudonym in an OPTIONAL clause (it has to be optional – you don’t want to throw out results that don’t have a pseudonym), and then use BIND(IF(BOUND(… to select either the pseudonym or the label. SELECT ?writer ?label WHERE { ?writer wdt:P31 wd:Q5; # French writer wdt:P27 wd:Q142; wdt:P106 wd:Q36180; wdt:P569 ?dob. FILTER("1751-01-01"^^xsd:dateTime <= ?dob && ?dob < "1801-01-01"^^xsd:dateTime) # born in the second half of the 18th century ?writer rdfs:label ?writerLabel. # get the English label FILTER(LANG(?writerLabel) = "en") OPTIONAL { ?writer wdt:P742 ?pseudonym. } # get the pseudonym, if it exists BIND(IF(BOUND(?pseudonym),?pseudonym,?writerLabel) AS ?label). # bind the pseudonym, or if it doesn’t exist the English label, as ?label } IN and NOT IN The function value IN( list of values ) checks if a value is found in a list of values. For example 2 IN( 1, 2, 3 ) is true. A similar function value NOT IN( list of values ) checks if a value is not found in a list of values. Railway stations in London or Paris SELECT ?cityLabel ?station ?stationLabel ?location WHERE { ?station wdt:P31 wd:Q55488. # is a railway station ?station wdt:P131* ?city. ?station wdt:P625 ?location FILTER( ?city IN(wd:Q84, wd:Q90) ). # in London or Paris SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en,fr". } } isBLANK The isBLANK( variable ) expression checks if a value is an "unknown value". Demonstrates "unknown value" handling SELECT ?human ?humanLabel WHERE { ?human wdt:P21 ?gender FILTER isBLANK(?gender) . SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" } } Wikidata value can also have special value "no value". With normal triples this simply results in the absence of a result. persons who were stateless (country of citizenship: no value) for some time (start time and end time qualifiers) SELECT ?person ?personLabel ?start ?end WHERE { ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5; p:P27 [ a wdno:P27; # no value for country of citizenship pq:P580 ?start; pq:P582 ?end ]. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } ORDER BY DESC(?end - ?start) The prefix wdno: selects the "no value" node. The code a is a special word. Functions on strings STRLEN The function STRLEN( string ) returns the length of a string. For instance STRLEN(?name) where ?name is "ABC" will return 3. SUBSTR The function SUBSTR( string, beginposition, stringlength ) returns a substring of a string beginning at the position marked by beginposition, and will have a length as indicated. For instance SUBSTR( ?name,2,3 ) where ?name = "ABCDEFGH" will return "BCD". A substring without length like SUBSTR( ?name,2 ) will return "BCDEFGH". UCASE The function UCASE( string ) returns the string in Upper case. For instance a string "Abc" will be returned as "ABC". LCASE The function LCASE( string ) returns the string in Lower case. For instance a string "Abc" will be returned as "abc". STRSTARTS The function STRSTARTS( string, comparestring ) checks if the string starts with the compare string. For instance STRSTARTS( "ABCDEFGH", "ABC" ) returns true, indicating that the string starts with "ABC". STRENDS The function STRENDS( string, comparestring ) checks if the string ends with the compare string. For instance STRENDS( "ABCDEFGH", "FGH" ) returns true, indicating that the string ends with "FGH". CONTAINS The function CONTAINS( string, comparestring ) checks if the string contains the compare string. For instance CONTAINS( "ABCDEFGH", "DEF" ) returns true, indicating that the string contains "DEF". STRBEFORE The function STRBEFORE( string, comparestring ) returns the part of the string before the compare string. For instance STRBEFORE( "ABCDEFGH", "DEF" ) returns "ABC". If the compare string is not found it returns "". STRAFTER The function STRAFTER( string, comparestring ) returns the part of the string after the compare string. For instance STRAFTER( "ABCDEFGH", "DEF" ) returns "GH". If the compare string is not found, it returns "". ENCODE_FOR_URI The function ENCODE_FOR_URI( string ) converts the special characters in the string, to be able to use it in an web URL. For instance ENCODE_FOR_URI( "ABC DËFGH" ) returns "ABC%20D%C3%8BFGH". The reverse of this function is wikibase:decodeUri( string ). CONCAT The function CONCAT( string1, string2 ... ) returns the concatenation of 2 or more strings. For instance CONCAT( "ABCDEFGH", "XYZ" ) returns "ABCDEFGHXYZ". LANGMATCHES The function LANGMATCHES( languagetag, languagerange ) checks if the language tag matches the language range. For example this code FILTER LANGMATCHES( LANG(?label), "fr" ). filters labels in the french language. It is similar to FILTER (LANG(?label) = "fr"). with the difference that the LANGMATCHES filter will also output language tags with regions, e.g. "fr-BE" while (FILTER (LANG(?label) = "fr"). will only output the strings with the exact tag "fr". A language range of "*" matches any non-empty language-tag string. REGEX The function REGEX( string, pattern, flag ) checks if the string matches the pattern. It is mostly used in a FILTER clause like FILTER REGEX( string, pattern ).. The pattern may contain different special characters. Blazegraph instances such as the Wikidata Query Service interpret the pattern as a Java Pattern,The Wikidata Query Service uses a Wikimedia fork of Blazegraph that depends on OpenJDK 8. Other instances may run different versions of Java with different levels of Unicode support. which is a subset of ICU regular expressions. The table below lists the most common special characters: Special characters Meaning (a|b) a or b [abc] Range (a or b or c) [^abc] Not (a or b or c) [a-q] Lower case letter from a to q [A-Q] Upper case letter from A to Q [0-7] Digit from 0 to 7 . Wildcard: Matches any single character except \n.     Special characters Meaning * 0 or more + 1 or more ? 0 or 1 {3} Exactly 3 {3,} 3 or more {3,5} 3, 4 or 5 (pattern) Matches pattern and saves the match \1 Retrieves the saved match (?:pattern) Matches pattern but does not save the match     Special characters Meaning ^ Start of string, or start of line in multi-line pattern \A Start of string \b \B Word boundary / Not word boundary \d \D Digits [0-9] / Nondigit characters [^0-9] \p{ name } Matches any single character in the Unicode general category or named block specified by name \w \W The characters [A-Za-z0-9_] / None of the characters [A-Za-z0-9_] \< Start of word \> End of word $ End of string, or end of line in multi-line pattern \Z End of string The flag is optional. Flag "i" means the match is case-insensitive. Names of human settlements ending in "-ow" or "-itz" in Germany defaultView:Map SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel ?coord WHERE { ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972; # instance/subclass of human settlement wdt:P17 wd:Q183; # Germany rdfs:label ?itemLabel; wdt:P625 ?coord; FILTER (LANG(?itemLabel) = "de"). FILTER REGEX (?itemLabel, "(ow itz)$"). } LIMIT 1000 Examples title might be a rhyme FILTER(REGEX(?title, "^\\w*(\\w{3})(\\W+\\w*\\1)+$", "i") && !REGEX(?title, "^(\\w+)(\\W+\\1)+$", "i")). title is an alliteration FILTER(REGEX(STR(?title), "^(\\p{L})\\w+(?:\\W+\\1\\w+){2,}$", "i")). PS: A single \ is used as an escape symbol in strings, so \\ is used to indicate a single \. REPLACE The function REPLACE( string, pattern, replacement, flag ) returns the string after replacing all occurrences of pattern in string with replacement. pattern is interpreted the same way as in REGEX. The replacement can contain $n or ${name}, which are replaced by the corresponding numbered or named capture group in the pattern. An optional flag affects the regular expression pattern, just as with the flag argument to REGEX(). For example, REPLACE( "ABCDEFGH", "DEF", "_def_" ) returns "ABC_def_GH". REPLACE( "ABCDEFGH", "[AEIOU]", "" ) removes all the vowels from the original string. Functions on numbers ABS The function ABS( number ) returns the absolute value of a number. For instance, ABS( -1 ) returns 1. ROUND The function ROUND( number ) returns the rounded value of a number. For instance, ROUND( 1.4 ) returns 1, while ROUND( 1.6 ) returns 2. CEIL The function CEIL( number ) returns the largest number (round up). For instance, both CEIL( 1.4 ) and CEIL( 1.6 ) return 2. FLOOR The function FLOOR( number ) returns the smallest number (round down). For instance, both FLOOR( 1.4 ) and FLOOR( 1.6 ) return 1. RAND The function RAND( ) returns a random value between 0 and 1. For instance, RAND( ) returns 0.7156405780739334. COUNT, MIN, MAX, AVG and SUM The functions COUNT, MIN, MAX, AVG, and SUM can only be used as Aggregate functions. average age of painters by century SELECT ?century (AVG(?age) AS ?average_age) (ROUND(AVG(?age)) AS ?rounded_average_age) WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5. # is a human ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q1028181. # occupation painter ?item wdt:P569 ?born. ?item wdt:P570 ?died. FILTER( ?died > ?born ). BIND( (?died - ?born)/365.2425 AS ?age ) BIND( FLOOR(YEAR(?born)/100)*100 AS ?century ) } GROUP BY ?century ORDER BY ?century For instance, BIND( MAX( ?var1, ?var2 ) AS ?max) does NOT work. Instead, use the expression BIND( IF( ?var1>?var2, ?var1, ?var2 ) AS ?max). Functions on dates and times NOW The function NOW( ) returns the current date and time. With constructions like NOW() + "P1D"^^xsd:duration it is possible to add or subtract days from the current date. NOW() + "P1M"^^xsd:duration will add 1 month. NOW() + "P1Y"^^xsd:duration will add 1 year. You can add or subtract any combination of years, months, days and even hours, minutes and seconds using "P1Y1M1DT0H0M0.000S"^^xsd:duration. YEAR, MONTH and DAY The function YEAR( datevalue ) returns the year of the date value. The functions MONTH and DAY return the month or day. HOURS, MINUTES and SECONDS The function HOURS( datevalue ) returns the hour of the date value. The functions MINUTES and SECONDS returns the minutes or seconds. Currently Wikidata does not hold date values in hour, minutes or seconds. TIMEZONE and TZ The function TIMEZONE( datevalue ) returns the time zone of the date value. Currently in Wikidata all dates have a TIMEZONE of "PT0S" for UTC. Other valid values would be between -PT14H and PT14H indicating the time offset in hours. The function TZ( datevalue ) returns the time zone as a simple literal of the date value. Currently in Wikidata all dates have a TZ of "Z" for UTC. Example with dates Query to find all musicians who have already died calculate their age (full years) at death count how many of them died at each age defaultView:LineChart SELECT ?age (COUNT (DISTINCT ?a) AS ?count) WHERE { ?a wdt:P31 wd:Q5. #instance of human ?a wdt:P106/wdt:P279 wd:Q639669. #occupation a subclass of musician ?a p:P569/psv:P569 ?birth_date_node. ?a p:P570/psv:P570 ?death_date_node. ?birth_date_node wikibase:timeValue ?birth_date. ?death_date_node wikibase:timeValue ?death_date. BIND( YEAR(?death_date) - YEAR(?birth_date) - IF(MONTH(?death_date)<MONTH(?birth_date) (MONTH(?death_date)=MONTH(?birth_date) && DAY(?death_date)<DAY(?birth_date)),1,0) AS ?age ) # calculate the age, precisely to the day (times and timezones ignored) FILTER(?age > 10 && ?age < 100). #ignore outliers, several of which are probably errors } GROUP BY ?age ORDER BY ?age Functions on coordinates geof:distance The function geof:distance returns distance between two points, in kilometers. Example usage: distance between 2 cities SELECT ?city1 ?city1Label ?location1 ?city2 ?city2Label ?location2 ?dist WHERE { VALUES ?city1 { wd:Q84 }. # London VALUES ?city2 { wd:Q90 }. # Paris ?city1 wdt:P625 ?location1. ?city2 wdt:P625 ?location2. BIND(geof:distance(?location1, ?location2) as ?dist) SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } geof:longitude and geof:latitude The functions geof:longitude and geof:latitude convert a well-known text literal (<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#wktLiteral>) of a Point geometry to its longitude and latitude, respectively. Example usage: Museums in Barcelona with coordinates SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?coord ?lon ?lat WHERE { ?item wdt:P131 wd:Q1492; # in the administrative territory of Barcelona wdt:P31 wd:Q33506; # is a museum wdt:P625 ?coord. BIND(geof:longitude(?coord) AS ?lon) BIND(geof:latitude(?coord) AS ?lat) SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } wikibase:geoLongitude and wikibase:geoLatitude It is also possible to retrieve the longitude and latitude of a coordinate node using wikibase:geoLongitude and wikibase:geoLatitude qualifiers. See here for an explanation. Museums in Barcelona with coordinates SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?coord ?lon ?lat WHERE { ?item wdt:P131 wd:Q1492; # in the administrative territory of Barcelona wdt:P31 wd:Q33506; # is a museum p:P625 [ ps:P625 ?coord; psv:P625 [ wikibase:geoLongitude ?lon; wikibase:geoLatitude ?lat; ] ]. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } AUTO_COORDINATES The code BIND("[AUTO_COORDINATES]" as ?loc) returns the current location, if you allow your browser to use it. Drinking establishments near me SELECT DISTINCT ?pub ?pubLabel ?dist WHERE { BIND("[AUTO_COORDINATES]" as ?loc) . SERVICE wikibase:around { ?pub wdt:P625 ?location . bd:serviceParam wikibase:center ?loc. bd:serviceParam wikibase:radius "1" . } FILTER EXISTS { ?pub wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q5307737 } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" } BIND(geof:distance(?loc, ?location) as ?dist) } ORDER BY ?dist Geometry values Geometry values can also be constructed in SPARQL using functions like CONCAT() and STRDT() – see this map of Czech railway lines for an example of LINESTRING() geometry. defaultView:Map SELECT ?line ?coord1 ?coord2 ?comm1 ?comm1Label ?comm2 ?comm2Label WHERE { ?comm1 p:P31/ps:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q55488 ; wdt:P17 wd:Q213 ; wdt:P625 ?coord1 ; wdt:P197 ?comm2 . MINUS { ?comm1 p:P31 [ ps:P31 wd:Q55488 ; pq:P582 [] ] } . MINUS { ?comm2 p:P31 [ ps:P31 wd:Q55488 ; pq:P582 [] ] } . MINUS { ?comm1 p:P31 [ ps:P31 wd:Q928830 ] } . MINUS { ?comm2 p:P31 [ ps:P31 wd:Q928830 ] } . ?comm2 wdt:P625 ?coord2 . ?comm1 p:P625 [ ps:P625 []; psv:P625 [ wikibase:geoLongitude ?coord1lon; wikibase:geoLatitude ?coord1lat; ] ] . ?comm2 p:P625 [ ps:P625 []; psv:P625 [ wikibase:geoLongitude ?coord2lon; wikibase:geoLatitude ?coord2lat; ] ] . BIND(CONCAT('LINESTRING (', STR(?coord1lon), ' ', STR(?coord1lat), ',', STR(?coord2lon), ' ', STR(?coord2lat), ')') AS ?str) . BIND(STRDT(?str, geo:wktLiteral) AS ?line) . service wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en" . } } Aggregate functions See Aggregate functions for COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG, SAMPLE and GROUP_CONCAT References W3.org sparql11-query