Cherokee/Verbs

As this page is under construction, it may be useful for now to refer to the "Verbs (Raw)" tab in this sheet: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16I5CmBxTY2gb1n9HzMMqW1RuwvyBNrB7rJ5R6tgZUxw/edit?usp=sharing On Memorization It is useful to memorize bare roots of verbs. It is also useful to memorize the conjugation class of each verb. Regarding memorizing exceptions ... There may be exceptions in individual verbs, mostly in regards to tone or vowel length in a particular suffix. The use of the minor high (H2) in stems also depends on the specific stem. However, it is probably not worth your time to stress over such details, for there is considerable dialectal and idiolectal (i.e. personal) variation in the realm of verb conjugation, and in general, in Cherokee. I would recommend trying to memorize and internalize just the typical stems suffixes (and not the exceptions). Key +KeySymbolMeaningNotesi̊major highUsing "i" to demonstrate. The vowel with the circle diacritic carries a major high (H1) toneme. Read more about H1and other tones here, on the Tone in Cherokee page (listed under the Phonology heading in the Grammar section on the main page).íother highUsing "i" to demonstrate. The vowel with the acute accent carries a high tone. In citing suffixes and even some verb roots this refers to a high tone not attributed to the major high. It could be the minor high (H2) or a random high tone associated with the suffix or verb.:previous vowel lengthensLengthening of the previous vowel (which would be found in the pronominal or reflexive/middle prefix) is considered equivalent to a phoneme (meaningful sound-related element) in the Cherokee.Otransitive ("Object")Used to clarify the meaning of certain verbs whose transitivity is ambiguous in English, as transitive (object-taking). For example, "rip" may refer to a piece of paper ripping, or someone ripping something. With the specification "rip O," it becomes clear that it refers to someone ripping something rather than something ripping itself or being ripped (which would be the intransitive version).(i)intransitiveUsed to clarify that the verb is considered intransitive, i.e. the opposite of "O".revreversiveVerb uses a reversive derivational suffix.(bi)aspiration NAAspiration consideration is not applicable due to the set B verb being intransitive.lrlowfall resonant aspiration classgsspecial glottal aspiration class General Patterns of the Conjugation Classes Conjugation class is a property of each verb that identifies which suffixes are attached to the root to create the five stems of the verb. The table below lists the usual suffixes for the five stems for each conjugation class. +Typical Stem Suffixes for the Conjugation ClassesConjugation ClassPresent ContinuousImmediateIncompletiveCompletiveDeverbal NounMajor High on Infinitive1aíhaiisgvvhvhdno1bihaisgahnohd1ci̊qv̊–gai̊–sgå–no̊–d List of Verbs In the Set column, only set A ga- verbs and set B verbs are marked. If unmarked, set A a- is assumed. This is because set A a- verbs are the most common. The Special column identifies necessary information for using the verb. The Notes column is for information that may be useful but is not strictly necessary. +List of Verbs (All)PrefixesSetRootSpecialConjugationMeaningNotesali-dl1aboil (i)ali + dl(a)nå–gal1abe lightningga:jagal1arip Ogaqniiy1acatch, arrest O; play catcheråagoon1atarget-practice (i)daaliiyo̊os1achange >socksåasees1awithdraw O, pull out (>drawer)atlawiidgs1atake off flying, fly awaydagaleenpl only1a(they) separateakwiygs1apay (>money)alå–sgal1aplay ball (i)aleen1abegin Oal[i]-sdeel1ahelp (generally) (i)adaa-jagal1arip (i)ad-aleen1abegin (i)badeetiy(bi)1ahave a birthday (i)adiid1arise from a prone positionbwaduul1awant Ogahnå–sdeedllr1aroot out Ogahne̊egwadlr1apry Ohwahtlr1afind S/ANhwiidlr1atake S s.w.hyanlr1acall, invite; receive, get ANhyvsgiiylr1achoke Odg[a]htllh1ashell >corndkaneehylr1auntie Orevgvvhal1acut, slice Sconfirm Sgal1atake LG out of a containerganå–hwtasp?1afind FLganå–wiid1atake AN/FL s.w.ganeehwaht1afind LQganeehwid1atake LQ s.w.gane̊egal1apeel, skin Oganvvgal1aclean Osdeel1ahelp Odl1adraw LQ out of containergavhdluwv1asharpen Oylr?1apick up LGyvvhwahtlr1afind LG1b1b1b1b