Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/siegel

The problem is that we are exploring environments based upon irrational numbers through computer machinery which works with finite rationals ! ( Alessandro Rosa ) thumb|right|Rotation around fixed point thumb|right|Irrational rotation thumb|right|Real numbers with no unusually-accurate dyadic rational approximations. The red circles surround the real numbers that are approximated to within error by a dyadic rational of the form For numbers in the fractal Cantor set outside the circles, all dyadic rational approximations have larger errors. "A Siegel disk is a (maximal) domain on which a holomorphic map is conjugated to a rotation, whose angle divided by one turn is called the rotation number." A CheritatAbout Zhang’s premodels for Siegel disks of quadratic rational maps. by Arnaud Cheritat CNRS, Univ. Toulouse Feb. 2011 For Siegel disc wikipedia : siegel discencyclopedia of math : Siegel disc ( see discrete case ) parameter c : should be on boundary of hyperbolic component of Mandelbrot set ( internal radius = 1) internal angle should be irrational number between 0 and 1 .More Fun With Irrational Internal Angles by Faber McMullen Because set of irrationals is uncountablewikipedia : Irrational number so the number of Julia sets with Siegel disc is infinite. Definitions Center Center of Siegel disc is an irrationally indifferent periodic point. Mane's theorem : "... appart from its center, a Siegel disk cannot contain any periodic point, critical point, nor any iterated preimage of a critical or periodic point. On the other hand it can contain an iterated image of a critical point." Siegel disks by Xavier Buff and Arnaud Ch ́ritat e Univ. Toulouse Roma, April 2009 Center component of Julia set In case of c on boundary of main cardioid center component of Julia set is a component containing Siegel disc ( and its center). Critical orbit is a boundary of Siegel disc and center component. All other components are preimages of this component ( see animated image using inverse iterations ). Domain By a classical (nontrivial) result of C.L. Siegel, for certain irrational values of the quadratic polynomial is locally linearizable at 0. That is, there exists a local conformal change of coordinate near zero on which this quadratic polynomial becomes the linear map . The maximal domain on which one has such a linearization is called the Sigel disk of that quadratic polynomial. There are fascinating, and mysterious, relations between the arithmetic properties of and the geometry of the Siegel disks. Davoud CheraghiDavoud Cheraghi home page Radius Conformal radius Conformal radius wikipedia : Conformal radiusscholarpedia : Quadratic Siegel disks In mathematics, the conformal radius is a way to measure the size of a simply connected planar domain D viewed from a point z in it. As opposed to notions using Euclidean distance (say, the radius of the largest inscribed disk with center z), this notion is well-suited to use in complex analysis, in particular in conformal maps and conformal geometry. Definition Given a simply connected domain D ⊂ C, and a point z ∈ D, by the Riemann mapping theorem there exists a unique conformal map f : D → D onto the unit disk (usually referred to as the uniformizing map) with f(z) = 0 ∈ D and f′(z) ∈ R+. The conformal radius of D from z is then defined as The simplest example is that the conformal radius of the disk of radius r viewed from its center is also r, shown by the uniformizing map x ↦ x/r. See below for more examples. One reason for the usefulness of this notion is that it behaves well under conformal maps: if φ : D → D′ is a conformal bijection and z in D, then . The conformal radius can also be expressed as where is the harmonic extension of from to . Inner radius Inner radius of Siegel Disc = radius of inner circle, where inner circle with center at fixed point is the biggest circle inside Siegel Disc.scholarpedia : Quadratic_Siegel_disks minimal distance between center of Siel Disc and critical orbit Code for computing internal radius : Maxima CAS code Here orbit is a list of complex points z. f(z,c):=z*z+c $ GiveCriticalOrbit(c,iMax):= block( ER:2.0, /* Escape Radius */ z:0+0*%i, /* first point = critical point */ orbit:[z], if (abs(z)>ER) then return(orbit), i:0, loop, /* compute forward orbit */ z:rectform(f(z,c)), orbit:endcons(z,orbit), i:i+1, if ((abs(z)<ER) and (i<iMax)) then go(loop), return(orbit) )$ /* find fixed point alfa */ GiveFixed(c):= float(rectform((1-sqrt(1-4*c))/2))$ /* distance between point z and fixed point zf */ GiveDistanceFromCenterTo(z):= abs(z-zf)$ /* inner radius of Siegel Disc ; criticla orbit is a boundary of SD */ GiveInnerRadiusOf(orbit):=lmin(map(GiveDistanceFromCenterTo,orbit))$ /* outer radius of Siegel Disc ; criticla orbit is a boundary of SD */ GiveOuterRadiusOf(orbit):=lmax(map(GiveDistanceFromCenterTo,orbit))$ /*------------ const ---------------------------------*/ c:0.113891513213121 +0.595978335936124*%i; /* fc(z) = z*z + c */ NrPoints:400000; /* ----------- main ---------------------------------------------------*/ zf:GiveFixed(c); /* fixed point = center of Siegel disc */ orbit:GiveCriticalOrbit(c,NrPoints)$ innerRadius: GiveInnerRadiusOf(orbit) ; outerRadius: GiveOuterRadiusOf(orbit) ; C code double GiveInternalSiegelDiscRadius(complex double c, complex double a) { /* compute critical orbit and finds smallest distance from fixed point */ int i; /* iteration */ double complex z =0.0; /* critical point */ /* center of Siegel disc = a */ double d; // distance double dMin = 2.0; for (i=0;i<=40000 ;i++) /* to small number of iMax gives bad result */ { z = z*z + c; /* */ d = cabs(z - a); if (d < dMin) dMin = d; /* smallest distance */ } return dMin; } Outer radius Outer radius of Siegel Disc = radius of outer circle. Outer circle with center at fixed point is minimal circle containing Siegel disc. C code : double GiveExternalSiegelDiscRadius(complex double c, complex double a) { /* compute critical orbit and finds smallest distance from fixed point */ int i; /* iteration */ double complex z =0.0; /* critical point */ /* center of Siegel disc = a */ double d; // distance double dMax = 0.0; for (i=0;i<=40000 ;i++) /* to small number of iMax gives bad result */ { z = z*z + c; /* */ d = cabs(z - a); if (d > dMax) dMax = d; /* biggest distance */ } return dMax; } Folding Folding in scholarediaImage InfoldingSiegelDisk.gif from Scholarpedia Siegel disk implosion " ... an arbitrary small change of the multiplier of the Siegel point may lead to an implosion of the Siegel disk - its inner radius collapses to zero " Computability of Julia sets by Mark Braverman, Michael Yampolsky Examples : from Golden Mean Siegel Disc with rotation number = [0;1,1,1,1,1, ...]= 0.618033988957902 to parabolic Julia set with rotation number (internal angle) = 5/8 = [0;1,1,1,1,1] SEMI-CONTINUITY OF SIEGEL DISKS UNDER PARABOLIC IMPLOSION : P(n) = [0, 2, 2, n + r] with r = (√5−1)/ 2 , the first three images show the Siegel disk of P(n) for n = 10, 500, 10000, and the last is the virtual Siegel disk of p/q = 2/5 they tend to. Here P(n) > p/q.SEMI-CONTINUITY OF SIEGEL DISKS UNDER PARABOLIC IMPLOSION by ARNAUD CHERITAT Types for c : on boundary of main cardioid are siegel discs around fixed point alfa on boundary of period n component are periodic Siegel discs around n-periodic points These Siegel Discs are : bounded (because the Julia set is bounded) not smooth (differentiable) in general Around fixed point Julia set consist of infinitely many curves bounding open regions maps each region into "larger" one, until the region containing the fixed point is reached inside component containing Siegel disc rotates points on invariant loops around the fixed pointFractal Geometry Mathematical Foundations and Applications, 2nd Edition Kenneth Falconer so in other words : " has infinitely many components. One of these contains the alpha fixed point. It is mapped to itself by . This is the Siegel disk." "The Siegel disk is one component and it has infinitely many preimages. If you zoom in to z = 0 with large nmax, you shall see that there are two components touching at z=0". ( Wolf Jung ) Visualisation Distance between points of forward orbit Visualisation of dynamical plane : critical orbit by forward iteration of critical point Julia set by boundary of center component by drawing of critical orbit whole Julia set by inverse iteration of critical orbit interior whole interior by average velocity by Chris King Siegel disc orbits by forward iteration of point inside or on boundary of Siegel DiscA tutorial on the visualization of forward orbits associated with Siegel disks in the quadratic Julia sets by G.Todd Miller Average velocity by Chris King Discrete Velocity of non-attracting Basins and Petals: Compute, for the points that don't escape, the average discrete velocity on the orbitCombined Methods of Depicting Julia Sets by Chris King Optimisation See also general methods Trick 1 If point ( z0 or its forward image zn) is inside inner circle then it is interior point. Examples Methods Continued fractions t = [3,2,1000,1,.] = 0.28573467254058817026888613062003 . It gives c = -0.096294753554390530825955047963 + 0.648802699422348309293468536773iMore Fun With Irrational Internal Angles by Faber known aproximations of irrational numbers 1/pi eulers number golden ratio roots of numbers, like square roots: sqrt(2), sqrt(3), sqrt(5), sqrt(7), sqrt(8), sqrt(15), sqrt(21), sqrt(35), sqrt(49), SQRT(65), sqrt(99), SQRT(100), SQRT(101), SQRT(121), sqrt(200), sqrt(278), cubic roots, cbrt(3), logarithms, like descendants of above numbers: like 1/pi sum of irrational and rational number : if t is an irrational number and r is a rational the t+r is irrational fast converging series Irrationality of Fast Converging Series of Rational Numbers By Daniel Duverney Sequences Sequence of Continued fraction:NON-COMPUTABLE JULIA SETS by M. BRAVERMAN, M. YAMPOLSKY [1, 1, 1, . . .] [1, 1, 1, 20, 1, . . .] [1, 1, 1, 20, 1, 1, 1, 30, 1, . . .] sequence from Siegel disk to Lea-Fatou flower: plain digitated virtual Leau-Fatou flower cf(t) t c(t) internal adress center z period inner R outer R[0; 1, 1, 1,...] 0.618033988957902 -0.390540870218399-0.586787907346969i -0.368684439039160-0.337745147130762i 1 0.25 0.4999[0;3,2,1000,1...].28573467254058820.113891513213121+0.595978335936124i -0.111322907374331+0.487449700270424i1 .1414016645283217 .5285729063154562 values t = 0.3119660900888915 = [0, 3, 4, 1, 6, 1, 1, 65, 7, 1, 2, 63] ; c = -0.01183223669 + 0.63816572702*%i Mandelbrot Sequences and Orbits by Stefan Forcey t = 0.3572354109849235 = [0, 2, 1, 3, 1, 54, 2, 1, 17, 1, 1, 1, 12, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2] ; c = -0.256625459 + 0.6345309*%i t = 0.3573615246360573 = [0, 2, 1, 3, 1, 22, 1, 1, 4, 1, 5, 1, 4, 3, 2, 21] ; c = -0.257341 + 0.634456*%i Boundary of main cardioid examples by Jay HillJay Hill : JuliaSetsOrbitsSiegelDisks.txt Parametrization The boundary of main cardioid is described by 2 simultaneous equations : describing fixed point ( period 1 ) under f describing multipliermultiplier in wikipedia ( stability ) of fixed point ( it should be indifferent) where : First equation : Second equation : As a result one gets function describing relation between parameter c and internal angle t : It is used for computing : c point of boundary of main cardioid when t is irrational number then filled Julia set has Siegel disc One can compute boundary point c of period 1 hyperbolic component ( main cardioid) for given t using t = atan2(); // is the argument in radians. cx = 0.5*cos(t) - 0.25*cos(2*t); cy = 0.5*sin(t) - 0.25*sin(2*t); New parameter can be computed after increasing t using arbitrary step: t += 0.01; // It is increased by 0.01 so 1/628 turns. // From the new t the new parameter c is computed .. near Liouville numbers t = 0.7656250596046448 gives : c = 0.294205040086005 -0.448819580822501*i on the main cardioid c = -0.975495621741693 -0.248796172491005*i on the period 2 component c = -0.219419079596579 +0.741123657495634*i on the period 3 component along internal ray 1/3 c = -1.749557112879525 -0.008859942836393*i on the small period 3 cardioid on the main antenna where ! denotes factorial. Image : DarkHeart by Chris King Maxima cas code: f(n) := n^-1 + n^-2 +n^-6 +n^-24; %i2) f(2); 12845057 (%o2) -------- 16777216 (%i3) float(f(2)); (%o3) 0.7656250596046448 (%i4) float(f(3)); (%o4) 0.445816186560468 (%i5) f(3); 125911658926 (%o5) ------------ 282429536481 (%i6) f(5); 14308929443359376 (%o6) ----------------- 59604644775390625 (%i7) f(6); 921453486852538369 (%o7) ------------------- 4738381338321616896 (%i8) f(7); 31280196802261814842 (%o8) --------------------- 191581231380566414401 (%i9) f(8); 664100801052053340161 (%o9) ---------------------- 4722366482869645213696 (%i10) 8^24; (%o10) 4722366482869645213696 radians 1/(2*pi) = 0.1591549430918953 2/(2*pi) = 0.3183098861837907 3/(2*pi) = 0.477464829275686 4/(2*pi) = 0.6366197723675814 5/(2*pi) = 0.7957747154594768 6/(2*pi) = 0.954929658551372 Images: examples by Kerry Mitchell examples by Kerry Mitchell the Golden Mean right|thumb|approximated of golden mean by finite continued fractions rotation number t is the Golden Mean ( exactly Golden ratio conjugate,Golden ratio at wikipedia compare Julia set for Golden Mean which is disconnected Julia set Golden Ratio Julia Set video by fractal Continued_fraction expansion :wikipedia : Continued_fraction In Maxima CAS : (%i2) a:[0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%o2) [0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%i3) t:cfdisrep(a) (%o3) 1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1)))))))))))))))))))))) (%i4) float(t) (%o4) 0.618033988957902 (%i5) l:%e^(2*%pi*%i*t) (%o5) %e^(-(17711*%i*%pi)/23184) (%i6) c:(l*(1-l/2))/2 (%o6) ((1-%e^(-(17711*%i*%pi)/23184)/2)*%e^(-(17711*%i*%pi)/23184))/2 (%i7) float(rectform(c)) (%o7) -.5867879078859505*%i-.3905408691260131 so Compare with : Quadratic Julia sets depicted by combined methodsCombined Methods of Depicting Julia Sets by Chris King Golden mean Siegel disk by Curtis T McMullen Golden mean Siegel disk by Curtis T McMullen Siegel Disk Fractal by Jim Muth Siegel disc by Jim Muth Siegel disk by Davoud CheraghiSiegel discs by Davoud Cheraghi a better Siegel disk program in Mathematica From Roger Bagulaa better Siegel disk program in Mathematica From Roger Bagula Xander's image Xander's blog Images by Arnaud ChéritatGalerie II : Dynamique holomorphe et analyse complexe by Arnaud Chéritat irrational by Faber Rays landing on the critical point There are 2 rays landing on the critical point z=0 with angles:OLD AND NEW ON QUADRATIC SIEGEL DISKS by SAEED ZAKERI HereRotation Sets and Polynomial Dynamics by Zakeri where the powers of 2 form the Fibonacci sequence :integer sequence id=A000045 These rays are preimages of ray which land on the critical value. digitated algorithm goes like this : start with rational number p/q ( q is a number of digits find continous fraction of p/q using for example : wolfram alpha lets choose  2/7 = [0; 3, 2] for n from 0 to 10 compute rotation number = t(n) = [0;3, 2 , 10^n, golden_ratio] for each t compute multiplier m = e^(2*pi*i*t) and  c = (m*(1-m/2))/2, for each c draw critical orbit  1/2 [0;2,10^0, GoldenRatio] = 0.3819660112501051517954131656343618822796908201942371378645513772947395371810975502927927958106088625wolframalpha : continued+fraction[0;2,1,GoldenRatio] [0;2,10^1, GoldenRatio] = 0.4775140100981009996157078147705459192853678713412804123092036673992538239565035505055878663397199776 [0;2,10^2, GoldenRatio] = 0.4975276418049443654168822249489777631733396751888937557910272646236455872099717190261209452982670182 [0;2,10^3, GoldenRatio] = 0.4997502791963461829064406841975638383643273854865268095992275328965717970298619920531024931799175222 [0;2,10^4, GoldenRatio] = 0.4999750027947725068093934556288852812751613102402893275180237493139184231871314468863992103480081398 [0;2,10^5, GoldenRatio] = 0.4999975000279505372222411883578948194038778053684924551662056284491619191237767514609446551752982620 [0;2,10^6, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999997500002795081846878230972820064874630120375394060599983649731088601118927011908445914889153575 [0;2,10^7, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999750000027950846593747720590697092705648336656666550099352279885262457471130077351190950368647 [0;2,10^8, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999975000000279508494062473746989708466400627903143635595029928608488311534417391176743667414601 [0;2,10^9, GoldenRatio] = 0.4999999997500000002795084968749737124005323296851266699307427070578490529472905394986264318888387868 [0;2,10^10, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999750000000027950849715622371205464056480586232583076030201151399460674665945145904063730995 [0;2,10^11, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999975000000000279508497184348712051181647153557573019083692657334910230489541137897282568504 [0;2,10^12, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999997500000000002795084971871612120511470579770310133815923588852631868226288826667637222837 [0;2,10^13, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999750000000000027950849718744246205114671208526574427310807059077461659968395909016599809 [0;2,10^14, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999975000000000000279508497187470587051146708626348091578511118332834054112155667123629005 [0;2,10^15, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999997500000000000002795084971874733995511467085917589150515616367008796489196018543201296 [0;2,10^16, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999999750000000000000027950849718747368080114670859141302328629213837245072986771954833911 [0;2,10^17, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999999975000000000000000279508497187473708926146708591409564368639443385654331302200729603 [0;2,10^18, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999999997500000000000000002795084971874737117386467085914095297794629164357828552071705414 [0;2,10^19, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999999999750000000000000000027950849718747371201989670859140952943357115116628413693411086 [0;2,10^20, GoldenRatio] ≈ 0.4999999999999999999975000000000000000000279508497187473712048021708591409529430112233513589149747868 ... [0;2] = 1/2 = 0.5 using quad double precision : t(0) = 3.81966011250105151795413165634361882279690820194237137864551377e-01 ; c = -3.90540870218400050669762600713798485817583715938583500790716491e-01 ; 5.86787907346968751196714643055715840096745752123320842032245424e-01 t(1) = 4.77514010098100999615707814770545919285367871341280412309203667e-01 ; c = -7.35103725789203166246364354183070697092321099215970115885457098e-01 ; 1.40112549815936743590686010452273467218741353649054870130630558e-01 t(2) = 4.97527641804944365416882224948977763173339675188893755791027265e-01 ; c = -7.49819025417749776930986763368388660297294249313031793877713589e-01 ; 1.55327228158391795314525351457527867568101147692293037994954915e-02 t(3) = 4.99750279196346182906440684197563838364327385486526809599227533e-01 ; c = -7.49998153581339423261635407668242134664913541791449158951684018e-01 ; 1.56904047490965613194389295941701415441031256575211288282884094e-03 t(4) = 4.99975002794772506809393455628885281275161310240289327518023749e-01 ; c = -7.49999981498629125645545136832080395069079925634197165921129604e-01 ; 1.57062070991569266952536106210409130728490029437750411952649155e-04 t(5) = 4.99997500027950537222241188357894819403877805368492455166205628e-01 ; c = -7.49999999814949055379035496840776829777984829652802229165703441e-01 ; 1.57077876479293075511736069683515881947782844720535147967721515e-05 t(6) = 4.99999750000279508184687823097282006487463012037539406059998365e-01 ; c = -7.49999999998149453312747388186444210086067957518121660969151546e-01 ; 1.57079457059156244743576144811256589754652192800174232944684020e-06 t(7) = 4.99999975000002795084659374772059069709270564833665666655009935e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999981494495885914313759501577872560098720076587742563e-01 ; 1.57079615117453182906803046090425827728536858759594155863970088e-07 t(8) = 4.99999997500000027950849406247374698970846640062790314363559503e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999814944921617531908891370473818724298060108792696e-01 ; 1.57079630923285982648802540286825950414334929521039394902627564e-08 t(9) = 4.99999999750000000279508496874973712400532329685126669930742707e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999998149449178933702694145524879491347408142864355e-01 ; 1.57079632503869293681972526129998193269783324874397448954896142e-09 t(10) = 4.99999999975000000002795084971562237120546405648058623258307603e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999981494491752095410030080568840077963364830374e-01 ; 1.57079632661927625095878938346134344643704271149725816320948648e-10 t(11) = 4.99999999997500000000027950849718434871205118164715355757301908e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999814944917483712483337770357969922549543000e-01 ; 1.57079632677733458240375473417333652732358282974043728923647563e-11 t(12) = 4.99999999999750000000000279508497187161212051147057977031013382e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999998149449174799883216409502184216102177862e-01 ; 1.57079632679314041554856185862662707966424239622019267641300599e-12 t(13) = 4.99999999999975000000000002795084971874424620511467120852657443e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999981494491747961590547126303840172625197e-01 ; 1.57079632679472099886304567696577418001577729533565273081497266e-13 t(14) = 4.99999999999997500000000000027950849718747058705114670862634809e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999814944917479578663854294268739087328e-01 ; 1.57079632679487905719449408985862706763478042275954257084690447e-14 t(15) = 4.99999999999999750000000000000279508497187473399551146708591759e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999998149449174795749396925973912562169e-01 ; 1.57079632679489486302763893145850173816965190682509858763917154e-15 t(16) = 4.99999999999999975000000000000002795084971874736808011467085914e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999999981494491747957456727642770350276e-01 ; 1.57079632679489644361095341562159509904086589961983101670245908e-16 t(17) = 4.99999999999999997500000000000000027950849718747370892614670859e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999999999814944917479574530034810734727e-01 ; 1.57079632679489660166928486403793549406616456447514036426396814e-17 t(18) = 4.99999999999999999750000000000000000279508497187473711738646709e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999999999998149449174795745263106490379e-01 ; 1.57079632679489661747511800887956984415807620355720412842525869e-18 t(19) = 4.99999999999999999975000000000000000002795084971874737120198967e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999999999999981494491747957452593823287e-01 ; 1.57079632679489661905570132336373328227316118501557102010628498e-19 t(20) = 4.99999999999999999997500000000000000000027950849718747371204802e-01 ; c = -7.49999999999999999999999999999999999999814944917479574525900991e-01 ; 1.57079632679489661921375965481214962611572862167871366529561451e-20 5.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e-01 c = -7.50000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e-01 ; 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e+00 1/3 thumb|right|Infolding Siegel Disk near 1/3 1/3 = [0; 3] = 0.3333333..... = 0.(3) /* Maxima CAS batch file */ kill(all)$ remvalue(all)$ /* a = [1, 1, ...] = golden ratio */ g: float((1+sqrt(5))/2)$ GiveT(n):= float(cfdisrep([0,3,10^n,g]))$ GiveC(t):= block( [l, c], l:%e^(2*%pi*%i*t), c : (l*(1-l/2))/2, c:float(rectform(c)), return(c) )$ compile(all)$ for n:0 step 1 thru 10 do ( t:GiveT(n), c:GiveC(t), print("n=" ,n ," ; t= ", t , "; c = ", c) ); The result : n= 0 t= 0.276393202250021 c = 0.5745454151066983 %i + 0.1538380639536643 n= 1 t= 0.3231874668087892 c = 0.6469145331346998 %i - 0.07039249652637808 n= 2 t= 0.3322326933513446 c = 0.649488031636116 %i - 0.1190170769366243 n= 3 t= 0.3332223278292314 c = 0.6495187369145559 %i - 0.1243960357918423 n= 4 t= 0.3333222232791965 c = 0.6495190496732967 %i - 0.1249395463818514 n= 5 t= 0.3333322222327929 c = 0.6495190528066728 %i - 0.1249939540657306 n= 6 t= 0.3333332222223279 c = 0.6495190528380125 %i - 0.1249993954008478 n= 7 t= 0.3333333222222233 c = 0.6495190528383257 %i - 0.1249999395400275 n= 8 t= 0.3333333322222222 c = 0.6495190528383289 %i - 0.1249999939540021 n= 9 t= 0.3333333332222222 c = 0.649519052838329 %i - 0.1249999993954 n= 10 t= 0.3333333333222222 c = 0.649519052838329 %i - 0.1249999999395399 (%i1) a:[0,3,a,g]; (%o1) [0, 3, a, g] (%i2) cfdisrep(a); 1 (%o2) --------- 1 3 + ----- 1 a + - g (%i3) quad precision (t and c ): // git@gitlab.com:adammajewski/InfoldingSiegelDisk_in_c_1over3_quaddouble.git t(0) = 2.76393202250021030359082633126872376455938164038847427572910275e-01 c = 1.53838063953664121728826496636884090757364247198001213740163411e-01 ; 5.74545415106698547533205192239966882171974656527110206599567294e-01 t(1) = 3.23187466808789167460075188398563024584074865168574811248120429e-01 c = -7.03924965263779817446805013170440359580350303484669206412737432e-02 ; 6.46914533134699876497054948648970463828561836818357035393585013e-01 t(2) = 3.32232693351344645328281111249254263489588693253128095562021379e-01 c = -1.19017076936624259031145944667596002534849695014545153950004772e-01 ; 6.49488031636116063199566861137419722741268462810784951116992269e-01 t(3) = 3.33222327829231396180972123516749255293978654448636072108442295e-01 c = -1.24396035791842227723833496314974550377900499387491577355907843e-01 ; 6.49518736914555954950215798854805983039885153673988260646103979e-01 t(4) = 3.33322223279196467461199806968881974980654735721758806121437081e-01 c = -1.24939546381851514024915251452349793356883503222467666248987991e-01 ; 6.49519049673296680160381595728499835459227600854334414827754792e-01 t(5) = 3.33332222232792869679683559108320427563171464137271516297451542e-01 c = -1.24993954065730675441065991629838614047426783311966520549106346e-01 ; 6.49519052806672859063863722773813069312955136848755592503084124e-01 t(6) = 3.33333222222327929601887145303917917465162347855208962292566660e-01 c = -1.24999395400848041352293443820430989442841091304288844173462574e-01 ; 6.49519052838012418008903728036348898528045582108441153259758357e-01 t(7) = 3.33333322222223279296923970287377310413140932425289152909012301e-01 c = -1.24999939540027553391850682937180513243494903336945859380511500e-01 ; 6.49519052838325819396349608234642964505989043061737603462233217e-01 t(8) = 3.33333332222222232792970144802560581866962241709924341887457124e-01 c = -1.24999993954002182831269818316294274223873134947476282441764677e-01 ; 6.49519052838328953416022146474675036126754173503570601306155105e-01 t(9) = 3.33333333222222222327929702353125377874576632652638574699840874e-01 c = -1.24999999395400212558047347868208906283402972461774034404632366e-01 ; 6.49519052838328984756224669944909300404586792219705302525018521e-01 t(10) = 3.33333333322222222223279297024436353559326388564904699626466712e-01 c = -1.24999999939540021198553937965723010802762347867693302140297851e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985069626700977700316581410665652851539203616381e-01 t(11) = 3.33333333332222222222232792970245268635374696979418341612961499e-01 c = -1.24999999993954002119282885827879858604573185189849864410972761e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072760721293826315500672008735227141791647866e-01 t(12) = 3.33333333333222222222222327929702453591453528488135105883396848e-01 c = -1.24999999999395400211922563503100579972022557444713095237600026e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792061496993373578630511176383107487756736e-01 t(13) = 3.33333333333322222222222223279297024536819635066408216696619311e-01 c = -1.24999999999939540021192199099513183456854230374819467960534760e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792374899025049957498862929395598811798211e-01 t(14) = 3.33333333333332222222222222232792970245369101450445609885075510e-01 c = -1.24999999999993954002119219337443349599800479106023686175774584e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378033045366727085635213738283716661855e-01 t(15) = 3.33333333333333222222222222222327929702453691919604237626654112e-01 c = -1.24999999999999395400211921928019255272520717007610023985861823e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064385569894787301025348531521608111e-01 t(16) = 3.33333333333333322222222222222223279297024536920101142157794353e-01 c = -1.24999999999999939540021192192744674730377477910267401190215182e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064698971926464323481553400821453061e-01 t(17) = 3.33333333333333332222222222222222232792970245369201916521359471e-01 c = -1.24999999999999993954002119219273894965069001852640340429175752e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064702105946781093711913538281273390e-01 t(18) = 3.33333333333333333222222222222222222327929702453692020070313376e-01 c = -1.24999999999999999395400211921927383771427212725879688582341355e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064702137286984261414222937744638416e-01 t(19) = 3.33333333333333333322222222222222222223279297024536920201608234e-01 c = -1.24999999999999999939540021192192738319891924397994124922164696e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064702137600386293091246037537360833e-01 t(20) = 3.33333333333333333332222222222222222222232792970245369202016987e-01 c = -1.24999999999999999993954002119219273831416684471053474052374312e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064702137603520313408016268541086146e-01 1/3 = 3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333e-01 c = -1.25000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e-01 ; 6.49519052838328985072792378064702137603551970178892735520927617e-01 9/13 Example from scholarpediaInfolding Siegel Disk by Arnaud Chéritat fpprec:60; a:[4,4,1,2,4,4,4,4,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]; b:cfdisrep(a); c:bfloat(b); e0:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,c])); e1:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10,c])); e2:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^2,c])); e3:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^3,c])); e4:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^4,c])); e5:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^5,c])); e6:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^6,c])); e7:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^7,c])); e8:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^8,c])); e9:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^9,c])); e10:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^10,c])); d01:e0-e1; d12:e1-e2; d23:e2-e3; d34:e3-e4; d45:e4-e5; d56:e5-e6; d67:e6-e7; d78:e7-e8; d89:e8-e9; d910:e9-e10; plot2d( [discrete, [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], [ e0, e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8, e9, e10] ]); plot2d( [discrete, [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10], [ d01, d12, d23, d34, d45, d56, d67, d78, d89, d910] ]); result : /* http://maxima-online.org/?inc=r972897020*/ (%i1) fpprec:60; (%o1) 60 (%i2) a:[4,4,1,2,4,4,4,4,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]; (%o2) [4, 4, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] (%i3) b:cfdisrep(a); 1 (%o3) 4 + ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 4 + --------------------------------------------------------- 1 1 + ----------------------------------------------------- 1 2 + ------------------------------------------------- 1 4 + --------------------------------------------- 1 4 + ----------------------------------------- 1 4 + ------------------------------------- 1 4 + --------------------------------- 1 1 + ----------------------------- 1 1 + ------------------------- 1 1 + --------------------- 1 1 + ----------------- 1 1 + ------------- 1 1 + --------- 1 1 + ----- 1 1 + - 1 (%i4) c:bfloat(b); (%o4) 4.21317492083944457390374624758406097076199745041327978287391b0 (%i5) e0:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,c])); (%o5) 6.90983385919269333377918690283855111536837789999636063622128b-1 (%i6) e1:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10,c])); (%o6) 6.90940653590858345205900333693231459583929903277216782489572b-1 (%i7) e2:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^2,c])); (%o7) 6.90912381108070743953290526690429251279660195160237673633147b-1 (%i8) e3:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^3,c])); (%o8) 6.90909421331077674912831355964859580252020147075327146840293b-1 (%i9) e4:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^4,c])); (%o9) 6.90909123965376225147306218871548821073377014383362752163859b-1 (%i10) e5:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^5,c])); (%o10) 6.90909094214860373154103745626419162194365585020091374566415b-1 (%i11) e6:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^6,c])); (%o11) 6.90909091239669264887898182284536032143262445829248943506691b-1 (%i12) e7:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^7,c])); (%o12) 6.90909090942148758764580793509997058314465248663422318011972b-1 (%i13) e8:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^8,c])); (%o13) 6.90909090912396694199216055201332263713180254323741379104146b-1 (%i14) e9:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^9,c])); (%o14) 6.9090909090942148760314918534473410035349593667510644807155b-1 (%i15) e10:bfloat(cfdisrep([0,1,2,4,4,10^10,c])); (%o15) 6.90909090909123966942147194332785516326702737819678667743891b-1 (%i16) d01:e0-e1; (%o16) 4.27323284109881720183565906236519529078867224192811325562048b-5 (%i17) d12:e1-e2; (%o17) 2.82724827876012526098070028022083042697081169791088564253857b-5 (%i18) d23:e2-e3; (%o18) 2.95977699306904045917072556967102764004808491052679285309819b-6 (%i19) d34:e3-e4; (%o19) 2.97365701449765525137093310759178643132691964394676434841921b-7 (%i20) d45:e4-e5; (%o20) 2.97505158519932024732451296588790114293632713775974431973635b-8 (%i21) d56:e5-e6; (%o21) 2.97519110826620556334188313005110313919084243105972446795396b-9 (%i22) d67:e6-e7; (%o22) 2.97520506123317388774538973828797197165826625494718990624414b-10 (%i23) d78:e7-e8; (%o23) 2.97520645653647383086647946012849943396809389078262402933403b-11 (%i24) d89:e8-e9; (%o24) 2.97520659606686985659816335968431764863493103259592529156942b-12 (%i25) d910:e9-e10; (%o25) 2.97520661001991011948584026793198855427780327658967717649496b-13 These Siegel disks have 13 digits. SO it will be near t=n/13, probably : this number is irreducible and it's decimal expansion has period 6 wolfram alpha : 9/13 Numerical computations goes near : It is irreducible fraction . It's decimal expansion has period 2 wolfram alpha : 38/55 Important numbers : 8/13 = 0.6153846153846154 = [0; 1, 1, 1, 1, 2] 38/55 = 0.690909090909090(90) = [0; 1, 2, 4, 4] 9/13 = 0.692307692307(692307) = [0; 1, 2, 4] QUADRATIC SIEGEL DISKS WITH SMOOTH BOUNDARIES Example by XAVIER BUFF AND ARNAUD CHERITATSIEGEL DISKS WITH SMOOTH BOUNDARIES ́ ARTUR AVILA, XAVIER BUFF, AND ARNAUD CHERITAT α = ( 5 + 1)/2 = [1, 1, 1, 1, . . .], α(1) = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 25, 1, 1, 1, . . .] α(2) = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 25, 1010 , 1, 1, 1, . . .] 2/7 rotation number t is :Some examples of quadratic polynomial Siegel disks by Davoud Cheraghi In Maxima CAS one can compute it : (%i2) kill(all) (%o0) done (%i1) a:[0,3,2,1000,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%o1) [0,3,2,1000,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%i2) t:cfdisrep(a) (%o2) (1)/(3+(1)/(2+(1)/(1000+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+ (1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) (%i3) float(t) (%o3) .2857346725405882 (%i4) l:%e^(2*%pi*%i*t) (%o4) %e^((2*%i*%pi)/(3+(1)/(2+(1)/(1000+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) (%i5) c:(l*(1-l/2))/2 (%o5) ((1-(%e^((2*%i*%pi)/(3+(1)/(2+(1)/(1000+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))/(2))*%e^((2*%i*%pi)/(3+(1)/(2+(1)/(1000+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+(1)/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))/(2) (%i6) float(rectform(c)) (%o6) .5959783359361234*%i+.1138915132131216 So t = .2857346725405882 c = 0.113891513213121 +0.595978335936124 i How one can find limit of [3,2,1000,1,...] ? Here is explanation of Bill Wood "I don't know if Maxima knows much about the algebra of continued fractions, but it can be of some help hacking out the manipulation details of a derivation. A most useful fact is that [a1, a2, a3, ...] = a1 + 1/[a2, a3, ...] provided the continued fraction converges. If we apply that three times by hand to [3, 2, 1000, 1, 1, ...] we obtain 3 + 1/(2 + 1/(1000 + 1/[1, 1, ...])) Now it is known that [1, 1, ...] converges to the Golden Ratio = (1+sqrt(5))/2. So now we can use Maxima as follows: (%i20) 3+(1/(2+(1/(1000+(1/((1+sqrt(5))/2)))))); 1 (%o20) ---------------------- + 3 1 ------------------ + 2 2 ----------- + 1000 sqrt(5) + 1 (%i21) factor(%o13); 7003 sqrt(5) + 7017 (%o21) ------------------- 2001 sqrt(5) + 2005 (%i22) %o21,numer; (%o22) 3.499750279196346 You set a to [0, 3, 2, 1000, 1, 1, ...], which by our useful fact must be the reciprocal of [3, 2, 1000, 1, 1, ...], and indeed the reciprocal of 3.499750279196346 is 0.2857346725405882, which is what your float(t) evaluates to, so we seem to get consistent results. If all of the continued fractions for the rotation numbers exhibited on the link you provided do end up repeating 1 forever then the method I used above can be used to determine their limits as ratios of linear expressions in sqrt(5)." Bill Wood Check fraction:wolfram alpha : 2/7 2/7 = [0; 3, 2] = 0.285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285... = 0.(28571) /* Maxima CAS batch file */ kill(all)$ remvalue(all)$ /* a = [1, 1, ...] = golden ratio */ g: float((1+sqrt(5))/2)$ GiveT(n):= float(cfdisrep([0,3,2,10^n,g]))$ GiveC(t):= block( [l, c], l:%e^(2*%pi*%i*t), c : (l*(1-l/2))/2, c:float(rectform(c)), return(c) )$ compile(all)$ for n:0 step 1 thru 10 do ( t:GiveT(n), c:GiveC(t), print("n=", n , " ; t= ", t, " ; c = ", c) ); and result : "n="" "0" "" ; t= "" "0.2956859994078892" "" ; c = "" "0.6153124581224951*%i+0.06835556662164869" " "n="" "1" "" ; t= "" "0.2875617458610296" "" ; c = "" "0.599810068302661*%i+0.1057522049785167" " "n="" "2" "" ; t= "" "0.285916253540726" "" ; c = "" "0.5963646240901801*%i+0.1130872227062027" " "n="" "3" "" ; t= "" "0.2857346725405881" "" ; c = "" "0.5959783359361234*%i+0.1138915132131216" " "n="" "4" "" ; t= "" "0.2857163263170416" "" ; c = "" "0.5959392401496606*%i+0.1139727184036316" " "n="" "5" "" ; t= "" "0.2857144897937824" "" ; c = "" "0.5959353258460209*%i+0.1139808467588366" " "n="" "6" "" ; t= "" "0.2857143061224276" "" ; c = "" "0.5959349343683512*%i+0.1139816596727942" " "n="" "7" "" ; t= "" "0.2857142877551018" "" ; c = "" "0.5959348952201112*%i+0.1139817409649742" " "n="" "8" "" ; t= "" "0.2857142859183673" "" ; c = "" "0.5959348913052823*%i+0.1139817490942002" " "n="" "9" "" ; t= "" "0.2857142857346939" "" ; c = "" "0.5959348909137995*%i+0.1139817499071228" " "n="" "10" "" ; t= "" "0.2857142857163265" "" ; c = "" "0.5959348908746511*%i+0.1139817499884153" " or using quad double precision ( qd library) : ./a.out t(0) = 2.95685999407889202537083517598191479880016272621355940112392033e-01 t(1) = 2.87561745861029587995763349374215634699576366286473943622953355e-01 t(2) = 2.85916253540726005296290351777281930430489555597203400050155169e-01 t(3) = 2.85734672540588170268886130620030074831025799037914834916050614e-01 t(4) = 2.85716326317041655001121670485871240052920659174284332597727197e-01 t(5) = 2.85714489793782460278353122604001584582831972498394265344044955e-01 t(6) = 2.85714306122427620319960416932943500595980573209849938259909447e-01 t(7) = 2.85714287755101827223406574888790339883583192331314008460721020e-01 t(8) = 2.85714285918367344802846109454092778340593443209054635310671634e-01 t(9) = 2.85714285734693877529661113954572642424219379874139361821960174e-01 t(10) = 2.85714285716326530612031305016895554055165716643985018539739541e-01 t(11) = 2.85714285714489795918365211009352427817161964062263710683311655e-01 2/7 = 2.85714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714286e-01 2/9 (%i7) cf(2/9); (%o7) [0, 4, 2] (%i8) cf(2/9 + 0.1); (%o8) [0, 3, 9, 1, 2] (%i9) cf(2/9 + 0.01); (%o9) [0, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 4] (%i10) cf(2/9 + 0.001); (%o10) [0, 4, 2, 11, 1, 9, 8] (%i11) cf(2/9 + 0.0001); (%o11) [0, 4, 2, 123, 81] (%i12) cf(2/9 + 0.00001); (%o12) [0, 4, 2, 1234, 8, 10] (%i13) cf(2/9 + 0.000001); (%o13) [0, 4, 2, 12345, 4, 3, 1, 4] (%i14) cf(2/9 + 0.0000001); (%o14) [0, 4, 2, 123456, 2, 1, 8] (%i15) cf(2/9 + 0.00000001); (%o15) [0, 4, 2, 1234567, 2] (%i16) cf(2/9 + 0.000000001); (%o16) [0, 4, 2, 12345678] (%i17) cf(2/9 + 0.0000000001); (%o17) [0, 4, 2, 123456806] (%i18) cf(2/9 + 0.00000000001); (%o18) [0, 4, 2, 1234571860] (%i19) cf(2/9 + 0.000000000001); (%o19) [0, 4, 2, 12345935203] (%i20) cf(2/9 + 0.0000000000001); (%o20) [0, 4, 2, 123453937153] (%i21) cf(2/9 + 0.00000000000001); (%o21) [0, 4, 2, 1234539371537] (%i22) cf(2/9 + 0.000000000000001); (%o22) [0, 4, 2, 12794317123211] (%i23) Questions is it possible to find function which maps circle to Siegel disc ? what happens between virtual Siegel disk and parabolic critical orbit ? which external rays ( parameter rays) land on the Siegel points c ? Rays for irrational angle ? What are the angles of external rays that land on the Cremer and Siegel parameter points c ? Those that do not belong to any closed wake. They are irrational and I guess there is not much more known. You can approximate them with angles of suitable wakes ... This something analogous to the construction of the middle-1/3 standard Cantor set by removing open intervals successively. Start with [0,1]. Remove (1/3, 2/3). Remove (1/7, 2/7) and (5/7, 6/7) ... There is a Cantor set of angles remaining, which are the angles of all rays landing at the main cardioid. The rational angles belong to roots and the irrational angles to Siegel and Cremer parameters. Moreover, each rational angle is a boundary point of an interval removed after finitely many steps. So in the following construction of removing closed intervals, you do not get a Cantor set, and only the irrational angles remain: Start with [0,1]. Remove [1/3, 2/3]. Remove [1/7, 2/7] and [5/7, 6/7] Further reading cylinder reormalization Arnaud Chéritat : presentation Rome, Avril 2009 : Siegel disks Boundaries of Siegel disks - numerical studies of their dynamics and regularity by Rafael de la Llave, Nikola P. Petrov Fixed points and circle maps by Ricardo Pérez-Marco fractint- Julia Sets, Orbits,Siegel Disks youtube: Collapse of a Siegel Disk Gary by Welz small divisorsAn Introduction To Small Divisors by S. Marmi video : john-milnor small-denominators Chronology of the KAM Theorem and the Outer Billiards Map References Local connectivity of some Julia sets containing a circle with an irrational rotation. / Petersen, Carsten Lunde. In: Acta Mathematica, Vol. 177, No. 2, 1996, p. 163-224. Building blocks for quadratic Julia sets. Article in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 351(3):1171-1201 · January 1999 DOI: 10.1090/S0002-9947-99-02346-6