Flora of New York/Violaceae

Malpighiales (2) Violaceae Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae Malpighiales (1): Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae Malpighiales (3): Salicaceae Salicaceae Family Violaceae The Violaceae (violet family) ... Hybanthus Hybanthus concolor CR-060218-1446.jpg Hybanthus concolor Of the four species of Hybanthus (greenviolets) that are native to North America, only Hybanthus concolor (the eastern greenviolet) has been discovered outside of cultivation in New York. Malpighiales Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Hybanthus Hybanthus Greenviolet 550 1 Hybanthus concolor (T.F.Forst.) Spreng. 1802 Viola concolor T.F.Forst. 1819 Ionidium sprengleianum Roem. & Schult. 1824 Hybanthus concolor Spreng. 1824 Solea concolor Ging. 1878 Ionidium concolor S.Watson 1897 Cubelium concolor Raf. ex Britton & A.Br. Green-violet Eastern greenviolet Nodding violet Hybanthe à fleurs verdâtres Hybanthe Native Vulnerable 8 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 6400 3-4 present in NY present in New York State HYCO6 NN 9472 Hybanthus/concolor 22026 457086 33800333 HYCO6 Hybanthus concolor nymap.svg Hybanthus concolor 0602181445d.jpg Viola The Viola (plant) Viola genus has about 50 species found outside of cultivation in New York. The majority of the species are native to the region, though a few are escaped garden exotics. Violets are often divided into two groups based on the presence of a stem that is shared between the flowers and leaves. "Stemmed" or "caulescent" means that the flowers and leaves share an above-ground stem, whereas "stemless" or "acaulescent" violets have separate petioles (attached to the leaves) and peduncles (attached to the flowers) that arise from an underground rootstock. Marcussen et al.(2022)Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224 separates the genus Viola into two subgenera: subg. Viola containins most of the world's violets, including all those in New York State, while subg. Neoandinium is restricted to rosulate violets growing in the western mountains of South America. Viola subg. Viola The subgeneric organization used here is is largely based on Marcussen (2022),Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224, Ballard (1999).Harvey E. Ballard, Kenneth J. Sytsma and Robert R. Kowal (1999) "Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaeae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 23(4):439-458. and Ballard (2023).Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses (canadensis, rugulosa) stemmed white subsect. Nudicaules (pubescens, eriocarpa, hastata) stemmed yellow subsect. Brevicalcaratae (rotundifolia) stemless yellow sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae (labradorica, rostrata, adunca, striata) subsect. Viola (odorata) sect. Plagiostigma (stemless white) subsect. Stolonosae Blandae group (blanda, incognita) Stolonosae group (lanceolata, miniscula, renifolia, primulifolia) subsect. Patellares (selkirkii) subsect. Bilobatae (hamiltoniana) sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae (stemless blue) Affinis group (affinis) Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla) Palmata group (palmata) Pedatifida group (brittoniana) Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula, hirsutula) Sororia group (sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae) Subsinuata group (subsinuata) subsect. Pedatae (pedata) sect. Melanium (pansies) subsect. Cleistogamae (bicolor) subsect. Bracteolatae (arvensis, tricolor, × wittrockiana) /Viola taxa list Viola sect. Chamaemelanium Viola species in section Chamaemelanium have corollas with a yellow throat and base chromosome number x = 6.Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. The three subsections of sect Chamaemelanium found in New York State are: subsect. Canadenses (stemmed white violet), subsect. Nudicaules (stemmed yellow violets), and subsect. Brevicalcaratae (stemless yellow violets). Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses Viola canadensis - Kew Gardens.jpg Subsection Canadenses contains the stemmed white violet (Viola canadensis). The two species of this subsection (Viola canadensis and Viola rugulosa) are the only northeastern violets besides pansies to have two-toned corollas (white petals with yellow throat).Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Chamaemelanium Canadenses Viola Chamaemelanium Canadenses Stemmed white violets 71 57 Viola canadensis L. 1753. Viola canadensis L. in Sp. Pl.:936 1821. Viola albiflora Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1:241 1836. Lophion canadense Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:517 1838. Viola canadensis var. corymbosa Nutt. in J.Torrey & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1841. Viola scouleri Douglas ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., not validly publ. 1889. Viola canadensis var. scariosa Porter in Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 8:63 1902. Viola eurybiifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:25 1902. Viola discurrens Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1902. Viola negulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1917. Viola canadensis var. pubens Farwell in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248 Canada violet Canadian white violet Tall white violet Violette du Canada Native Secure 9 FACU Perennial Herb-forb Sun 2n = 24 3079 5 present in NY present in New York State VICAC NN 3603 Viola/canadensis 530825 430465 250100904 Viola_canadensis_var._canadensis 33800757 VICAC Viola canadensis var canadensis nymap.svg Dale's Ridge Trail (16) (16916239034).jpg Viola rugulosa Greene Pittonia 5: 26 (1902) 1902. Viola rugulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1902. Viola rydbergii Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):27 1902. Viola neomexicana Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola muriculata Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola geminiflora Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):29 1906. Viola canadensis var. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1906. Viola canadensis ssp. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1916. Lophion rydbergii (Greene) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:478 1918. Lophion rugulosum (Greene) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5:238 1961. Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L.Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. Creepingroot violet N. America native western N. America Excluded 2n = 24 X 315 EXCLUDED 243368-Viola-canadensis-rugulosa No eastern obs. present in NY present in New York State VICAR NN 266939-2 3603 430464 250100904 Viola_canadensis_var._rugulosa 33800371 nymap.svg Canada Violet (3815815705).jpg Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules Viola pubescens 1 (5097999466) (4x3).jpg Viola section Chamaemelanium subsection Nudicaules contains the stemmed yellow violets. The two New York State native species of this section have at times been treated as varieties of Viola pubescens.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Chamaemelanium Nudicaules Viola Stemmed yellow violets 71 2 Chamaemelanium Nudicaules Viola pubescens Aiton Hort. Kew. 3: 290 (1789) 1789. Viola pubescens Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290 1803. Viola pensylvanica Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1818. Viola pubescens var. eriocarpon Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:150 1862. Viola uniflora var. pubescens (Aiton) Regel in Bull.Soc.Imp.Naturalistes Moscou 1895. Viola pubescens var. glabriuscula A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1):202 1914. Crocion pubescens (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:215 1923. Viola pubescens var. peckii House in Bull. NYS Mus. Nat. Hist. 1939. Viola pubescens var. typica Grover in Ohio J. Sci., not validly publ. Downy yellow violet Hairy yellow violet Yellow forest violet Hairy yellow forest violet Violette pubescente Native Secure 7 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 12 S5 6386 45 counties 45 counties 1467430-Viola-pubescens 10 counties 10 counties 5331338 present in NY present in New York State VIPUP2 NN 266880-2 3621 viola/pubescens 530837 408340 250100946 33800816 Viola pubescens var pubescens nymap.svg Viola pubescens - Smooth Yellow Violet (2x3).jpg Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5: 75 (1822) 1822. Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:75 1901. Viola scabriuscula (Torr. & A.Gray) Shafer in Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1:27 1914. Crocion eriocarpum (Schwein.) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:214 1921. Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand in Rhodora 23:275 1938. Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:142 1940. Viola eriocarpa f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Deam in Fl. Indiana 1941. Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpoa (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald in Rhodora 1967. Viola pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) B.Boivin in Phytologia Smooth yellow violet Smoothish yellow violet Yellow forest violet Common yellow violet Violette scabre Native Unranked 7 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 12 SNR 6382 37 counties 37 counties 544286-Viola-eriocarpa 36 counties 36 counties 7133268 present in NY present in New York State VIPUS NN 265895-2 3619 viola/pubescens 531467 408340 250100947 Viola_pubescens_var._scabriuscula Viola pubescens var scabriuscula nymap.svg Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula - Flickr - treegrow (1) (2x3).jpg Viola hastata Michx. 1803. Viola hastata Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1813. Viola trifida Spreng. in Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1:22 1819. Viola ciliata Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1822. Viola hirta Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:50, nom. illeg. Halberd-leaf yellow violet Halberdleaf yellow violet Halberd-leaved yellow violet Spearleaf Violet Silverleaf Violet N. America native southern U.S. Excluded Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 12 X 625 EXCLUDED 129361-Viola-hastata No NY observation Observations in adjacent Warren County, Pennsylvania 5331331 Not present in NY present in adjacent counties in Pennsylvania VIHA2 N0 3606 22086 430535 250100919 33800404 nymap.svg Halberd-Leaf Violet (4526399519) (2x3).jpg Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae Round-leaf Yellow Violet (4506716756).jpg Viola rotundifoliaround-leaved yellow violet Viola subsection Brevicalcaratae contains the stemless yellow violet Viola rotundifolia.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Chamaemelanium Brevicalcaratae Viola Stemless yellow violets 71 57 Chamaemelanium Brevicalcaratae Viola rotundifolia Michx. 1803. Viola rotundifolia Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:150 1813. Viola clandestina Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173 Roundleaf yellow violet Early yellow violet Eastern round-leaved violet Round-leaved yellow violet Violette à feuilles rondes Violette feuille-ronde Native Secure 7 FAC Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 12 S5, G5 3092 34 counties Collected from 34 New York counties 126864-Viola-rotundifolia 52 counties Observed in 52 NY counties 5331203 present in NY present in New York State VIRO2 NN 5BHH8 30045402-2 0001144686 3623 9519 Viola/rotundifolia 22159 430452 Viola_rotundifolia 33800475 Viola rotundifolia nymap.svg Round-leaf Yellow Violet (4506081247).jpg Viola sect. Viola Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae Viola rostrata s2.jpg Viola rostrata Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae are the rostrate violets.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Viola Rostratae Viola Violet 71 57 VIOLA 53 Viola Rostratae Viola labradorica Schrank 1813. Viola debilis Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174, nom. illeg. 1818. Viola labradorica Schrank in Denkschr. Königl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 1822. Viola punctata Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:67, nom. illeg. 1823. Viola conspersa Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1:44 1824. Viola muhlenbergiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297 1824. Viola muhlenbergii Torr. in Fl. N. Middle United States 1:256 1830. Viola muhlenbergiana var. minor Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer., Bot. N. Brit. Amer. 1:78 1886. Viola canina var. muhlenbergii (Torr.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292 1901. Viola leucopetala Greene in Ottawa Naturalist 15(9):191 1949. Viola adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fernald in Rhodora 51:57 Alpine violet American dog violet Labrador violet Violette décombante Violette du labrador Native Unranked 4 FAC Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 20 SNR 6388 47 counties 133393-Viola-labradorica ~30 counties present in NY present in New York State VILA10 NN 868477-1 3609 41725 Viola_labradorica nymap.svg Viola labradorica.jpg Viola rostrata rostrata Muhl. ex Pursh 1813. Viola rostrata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174 1914. Lophion rostratum (Muhl. ex Pursh) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216 1915. Viola rostrata fo. phelpsiae Fernald in Rhodora 17:180 1917. Viola rostrata var. elongata Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:249 1917. Viola rostrata var. phelpsiae (Fernald) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:259 1939. Viola rostrata fo. trirostrata Grover in Ohio J. Sci. 39:147 Long-spurred violet Long-spur violet Violette rostrée Violette à long éperon Violette long éperon Native Secure 6 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 20 S5, G5 3091 40 counties Collected from 40 New York State counties 126516-Viola-rostrata ~50 counties Observed in about 50 NYS counties present in NY present in New York State VIRO NN 5BHH6 77225769-1 0001144839 3622 9518 22158 433556 250100959 Viola_rostrata nymap.svg Viola rostrata SCA-1457p.jpg Viola adunca adunca Sm. 1818. Viola adunca Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 63 1886. Viola canina var. adunca (Sm.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292 1897. Viola subvestita Greene in Erythea 5:39 1900. Viola montanensis Rydb. in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:263 1901. Viola bellidifolia Greene in Pittonia 4:292 1936. Viola adunca ssp. typica M.S.Baker in Madroño 3:233, not validly publ. 1949. Viola cascadensis M.S.Baker in Leafl. W. Bot. 5:173 Sand violet Hookedspur violet Western dog violet Native Likely secure 8 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 20,30,40 S4, G5 3090 4 53328-Viola-adunca 4 counties Observed in 4 New York State counties present in NY present in New York State VIADA NN 265687-2 430887 Viola_adunca Viola adunca var adunca NY-dist-map.png Viola adunca 5819.JPG Viola striata Aiton 1789. Viola striata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290 1803. Viola debilis Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:150 1822. Viola ochroleuca Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:69 1822. Viola repens Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:70 1824. Viola lewisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:298 1874. Viola striata var. lutescens Alph.Wood ex N.Coleman in Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan 1914. Lophion striatum (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216 1918. Viola conspersa var. masonii Farw. in Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248 1924. Viola conspersa fo. masonii (Farw.) House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928. Viola striata fo. albiflora Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:67 1930. Viola debilis fo. muhlenbergii Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68 1966. Viola adunca fo. masonii (Farw.) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 93:437 Striped cream violet Cream-white violet Pale violet Native Unranked 5 FACW Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 20 SNR 6380 20 counties Collected from 20 New York State counties present in NY present in New York State VIST3 NN 22171 430455 Viola_striata nymap.svg Viola striata kz02 (2x3).jpg Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard Viola labradorica Viola striata 1989. Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard in Michigan Botanist 28:217 Hybrid American dog violet  & striped cream violet Native Unranked 3083 U present in NY present in New York State VIEC NN 938908-1 505710 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × malteana House Viola labradorica Viola rostrata 1924. Viola × malteana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:511 Hybrid American dog violet  & long-spur violet Native Unranked 3099 U present in NY present in New York State VIMA4 NN 22106 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola 20210320Viola odorata3.jpg Viola odorata Viola odorata (English violet) is the only NY-listed species in subsection Viola that is not native to North America, where it has been cultivated as an ornamental since the end the 19th century.Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. It is cultivated in Europe for the perfume and liqueur industries. R. John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Viola odorata Linnaeus. Flora of North America, Volume 6. 5 November 2020 Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Viola Viola Viola Violet 71 57 VIOLA 53 Viola Viola Viola odorata odorata L. Sp. Pl.: 934 (1753) 1753. Viola odorata L. in Sp. Pl.: 934 1764. Viola martia Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd.: t.622, opus utique rej. 1766. Viola officinalis Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 2:431 1768. Viola odora Neck. in Delic. Gallo-Belg.: 367, orth. var. 1821. Viola odorata var. alba Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:668 1829. Viola martii ssp. odorata (L.) Schimp. & Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 3:1036, nom. illeg. 1897. Viola thomsonae Chapm. in Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3:34 1898. Viola hirta ssp. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:404 1898. Viola hirta var. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:405 1901. Viola odorata fo. albiflora Neuman in Sver. Fl.:268, nom. illeg. 1926. Viola gonzalii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:135 1926. Viola odorata proles barcinonensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:136 2014. Viola odorata fo. albiflora (Pančić) Niketić in Bot. Serbica 38:226 2015. Viola taynensis Elisafenko in Rastitel’nyj mir Aziatskoj Rossi 1(17):24 English violet Sweet violet Common violet Violette odorante Introduced Europe Occasionally cultivated X Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 20 SNA, GNR 3087 14 counties 14 counties 55845-Viola-odorata 22 counties 22 counties 5331181 present in NY present in New York State VIOD XX 868828-1 3614 Viola/odorata Viola_odorata Viola odorata NY-dist-map.png 20150421Viola odorata1 (2x3).jpg Viola sect. Plagiostigma Section Plagiostigma Godr. contains the stemless white violets. Its subsections in the Northeast are: Bilobatae, Patellares, and Stolonosae.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae Viola blanda WFNY-139B.png Viola blanda Section Plagiostigma subsection Stolonosae.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Plagiostigma Stolonosae Viola Stemless white violets 71 57 Plagiostigma Stolonosae Blandae Viola blanda Willd. 1804. Viola blanda Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:t.24, nom. cons. 1826. Viola amoena Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:144, nom. illeg. 1831. Viola leconteana G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1: 324 1873. Viola burtonii Reeks in List Fl. Pl. Ferns Newfoundland: 2, nom. provis. 1888. Viola blanda var. amoena Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. in Prelim. Cat.:6 1899. Viola alsophila Greene in Pittonia 4:7, nom. superfl. Sweet white violet Large-leaf white violet Willdenow's violet Woodland-white violet Violette méconnue Native Secure 6 FACW Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 44, 48 S5, G5 6389 42 counties collected from 42 counties 127684-Viola-blanda ~40 counties Observed in about 40 NY counties present in NY present in New York State VIBL NN 30018739-2 3601 9480 Viola/blanda 22050 430440 Viola_blanda nymap.svg Viola blanda (2x3).jpg Viola incognita Brainerd 1886. Viola blanda var. palustriformis A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255 1905. Viola incognita Brainerd in Rhodora 7:248 1911. Viola incognita var. forbesii Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38:8 Large-leaved white violet Largeleaf white violet Common sweet white violet Native Secure FACW Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 44, 48 S5, GNR 7838 17 counties 1392340-Viola-incognita 4 counties 266660-2 3608 Viola_blanda nymap.svg Viola incognita iNat-74037718 (2x3).jpg Viola Stemless white violets 71 57 Plagiostigma Stolonosae Stolonosae Viola minuscula Greene 1824 Viola rotundifolia Michx. pallens Banks ex Ging. in DC. 1895 Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd 1905 Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd 1906 Viola minuscula Greene 1925 Viola blanda Willd. macloskeyi (F.E. Lloyd) Jeps. 1938 Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd subreptans J.Rousseau 1953 Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd pallens (Banks ex Ging.) M.S. Baker 1961 Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Hitchc. 1982 Viola blanda Willd. macloskeyi (F.E. Lloyd) A.E. Murray Small white violet Smooth white violet Sweet white violet Northern white violet Macloskey's violet Violette pâle Violette minuscule Violette de macloskey Native Secure 4 2n = 24 3082 48 counties 48 counties present in NY present in New York State VIMAP3 NN 9495 viola/pallens 22105 430470 Viola_macloskeyi 33800427 Viola+macloskeyi Viola%20macloskeyi nymap.svg Small White Violet (4526426227).jpg Viola lanceolata L. 1753. Viola lanceolata L. in Sp. Pl.:934 1839. Viola attenuata Sweet in Hort. Brit., ed. 3:54 Bog white violet Northern Water Violet Lance-leaved violet Lance-leaved water violet Native Secure 7 OBL Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 24 3081 21 counties 128617-Viola-lanceolata 13 counties present in NY present in New York State VILAL NN 868494-1 3610 22095 433557 Viola_lanceolata nymap.svg Viola lanceolata 5497267 (cropped).jpg Viola renifolia A.Gray 1870. Viola renifolia A.Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8:288 1886. Viola blanda var. renifolia (A.Gray) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255 1902. Viola brainerdii Greene in Pittonia 5:89 1899. Viola mistassinica Greene in Pittonia 4:5 1912. Viola renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 14:88 Kidney-leaf white violet Kidney-leaved white violet Northern white violet White violet Violette réniforme Native Secure 8 Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 24 S5, G5 3089 26 counties 170258-Viola-renifolia 7 counties present in NY present in New York State VIRE2 NN 9614 22156 430437 Viola_renifolia nymap.svg Viola renifolia 1215055 (3x4).jpg Viola primulifolia primulifolia L. 1753. Viola primulifolia L. in Sp. Pl.:934 1819. Viola gronovii Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1824. Viola acuta Bigelow in Fl. Boston., ed.2:95 1824. Viola radicans DC. ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297 1829. Viola primulifolia var. villosa Eaton in Man. Bot. N. States, ed.5:443 1838. Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:139 1910. Viola reptabunda Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2:94 1955. Viola primulifolia ssp. villosa (Eaton) N.H.Russell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54:487 Primrose-leaf violet Primrose-leaved violet Native Threatened 10 29409 Viola primulifolia Threatened S2 G5 3108 10 counties Bronx, Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Suffolk, Ulster, Westchester 245813-Viola-primulifolia 5 counties present in NY present in New York State VIPR4 N0 as Viola ×primulifolia L. (pro sp. lanceolata × macloskeyi) 77225245-1 viola/primulifolia 847673 430491 Viola_primulifolia_var._primulifolia 33801586 Viola%20primulifolia nymap.svg Viola primulifolia WFNY-140A.png Viola lanceolata × primulifolia Viola lanceolata × primulifolia Viola lanceolata Viola primulifolia 1910. Viola lanceolata × primulifolia 1924. Viola × modesta House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., illeg. homonym bog white violet violet primrose-leaf violet Native No recent reports 3101 2 counties Nassau, Suffok (1928) present in NY present in New York State VIMO3 N0 22112 430269 33800435 291303-2 nymap.svg Viola × modesta VSI-17.png Viola × mollicula House Viola minuscula Viola primulifolia 1924. Viola × mollicula House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508 small white violet primrose-leaf violet Native Impersistent SNA. GNA 7579 Richmond (1908) Richmond (1908) present in NY present in New York State VIMO4 N0 291305-2 22113 242417465 nymap.svg Viola primulifolia WFNY-140A.png Viola sublanceolata Viola × sublanceolata House (pro. hybr.)Homer D. House (1924) Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, page 508. Viola lanceolata Viola minuscula 1924. Viola × sublanceolata House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508 Lance-leaved violet Lanceleaf violet Primose-leaved violet Violette sublancéolée Native Unranked SNA. GNA 7578 Hamilton County Collected from Hamilton County (1930, 1933) as Viola lanceolata × V. pallens present in NY present in New York State VISU2 NN 291125-2 9537 0 22173 33800488 Viola+x+sublanceolata Viola%20sublanceolata nymap.svg Viola macloskeyi.jpg Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Patellares Viola selkirkii WFNY-139A.png Viola selkirkii Section Plagiostigma subsection Patellares.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Plagiostigma Patellares Viola Stemless white violets 71 57 Patellares Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie 1822 Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie Great-spurred violet Long-spurred violet Selkirk's violet Violette de Selkirk Native Secure 8 3094 5 present in NY present in New York State VISE2 NN Viola/selkirkii 505720 429821 Viola selkirkii nymap.svg Viola selkirkii habitus 1 AB.jpg Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Bilobatae Viola hamiltonia iNat-285046758.jpg Viola hamiltonia Section Plagiostigma subsection Bilobatae (W.Becker) W.Becker contains only Viola arcuata Blume (curved-stemmed violet), a newly discovered introduction to North America, well established in lawns in and around The New York Botanical Garden and in planting beds and pots elsewhere in New York City. These are the first reports of the species in the New World. The Plants of the World Online website (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2025) calls this species Viola hamiltoniana.Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. This introduced violet was also identified in North Carolina.Harvey Ballard, Becky Dill (2024) A New Violet for the Southeastern United States. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Plagiostigma Bilobatae Viola Stemless white violets 71 57 Bilobatae Viola hamiltoniana D.Don 1825. Viola hamiltoniana D.Don in Prodr.Fl.Nepal.:206 1826. Viola arcuata Blume in Bijdr.Fl.Ned.Ind.:58 1829. Viola notoniana Wall. in Numer.List:n.°1449, not validly publ. 1835. Viola distans Wall. in Trans.Med.Soc.Calcutta 7:227 1852. Viola alata Burgersd. in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl.Jungh.:121 1858. Viola verecunda A.Gray in Mem.Amer.Acad.Arts, n.s.6:382 1868. Viola excisa Hance in J.Bot.6:296 1872. Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f. in Fl.Brit.India 1:184, not validly publ. 1910. Viola serpens var. hamiltoniana (D.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson ex H.Boissieu in Bull.Soc.Bot. 1916. Viola lunata Ridl. in Trans.Linn.Soc.London,Bot.9:17 1916. Viola hupeiana W.Becker in Beih.Bot.Centralbl.34(2):232 1922. Viola yakusimana Nakai in Bot.Mag.(Tokyo) 36:35 1935. Viola herbivaga Ridl. in J.Bot.73:17 Hamilton’s violet Curved-stemmed violet Hamilton’s viola Introduced Naturalized Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 24 SNA, GNR 7839 0 counties No herbarium voucher yet in NY 496520-Viola-arcuata Bronx, Kings Bronx, Kings 5664666 Bronx (cult. 1944) Collected from NYBG (1944) 7G42D 868279-1 0001145204 68324 nymap.svg Viola hamiltonia iNat-285046853 (2x3).jpg Viola sect. Nosphinium Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Viola sororia var. affinis WFNY-135B.jpg Viola affinis Leconte (LeConte's violet) from Homer D. House, Wild Flowers of New York, 1918. The taxa of Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae W.Becker are native exclusively to North America (including northern Mexico). They are commonly referred to as the "stemless (or acaulescent) blue violets", as the leaf petioles and flower peduncles arise directly from the rhizome instead of from a shared above-ground stem. Their classification has long been in flux, partially due to apparent introgressive hybridization within the subsection.Nir L. Gil-ad, "Key to the "Stemless Blue" Violets, Subsection Boreali-Americanae, of the Chicago Region - Expert Version", Field Museum Keys to Nature Project, Chicago. Ballard et al. (2023) divided subsect. Borealiamericanae into groups, the New York species of which are:.Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Affinis group (affinis) Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla) Palmata group (palmata) Pedatifida group (brittoniana) Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula) Sororia group (hirsutula, sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae) Subsinuata group (subsinuata) Sororia group Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Sororia Viola sororia Willd. 1806. Viola sororia Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:72 1838. Viola cucullata var. sororia (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:137 1898. Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 25:332 1901. Viola papilionacea var. domestica Pollard in N.L.Britton, Man. Fl. N. States 1901. Viola nodosa Greene in Pittonia 4:296 1902. Viola latiuscula Greene in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14:70 1917. Viola papilionacea var. alba (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 1923. Viola domestica fo. alba Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2:30 1950. Viola alachuana Murrill in Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 12:61 Common blue violet Woolly blue violet Hairy blue violet Downy blue violet Hooded blue violet Common violet Sister violet Violette parente Violette septentrionale Native Secure 3 FAC Annual Perennial Herb-forb Heliophily: 5 2n = 54 S5 6381 61 counties Viola sororia collected from all counties except Seneca 82816-Viola-sororia 59 counties Observed in 59 New York State counties present in NY present in New York State VISO NN 266976-2 67487 9526 viola/sororia 22169 402751 242417476 Viola_sororia 50177214 266976-2 Viola+sororia Viola%20sororia Viola sororia nymap.svg Flickr - Nicholas T - Pool Wildlife Sanctuary (7).jpg Viola septentrionalis Greene 1898. Viola septentrionalis Greene in Pittonia 3:334 1898. Viola macounii Greene in Pittonia 3:335 1901. Viola subviscosa Greene in Pittonia 4:293 1901. Viola fletcheri Greene in Pittonia 4:296 1902. Viola nesiotica Greene in Pittonia 5:102 1940. Viola septentrionalis fo. alba Vict. & J.Rousseau in Contr.Inst.Bot.Univ.Montréal Northern blue violet Northern woodland violet Northern bog violet Violette septentrionale Native Secure 3 FACU Perennial Herb-forb S5, G5 3095 38 counties Collected from 38 New York State Counties 170262-Viola-septentrionalis Steuben, St. Lawrence Steuben, St. Lawrence present in NY present in New York State VISE5 NN 266969-2 9606 viola/septentrionalis 22166 430454 242417476 Viola_septentrionalis 33800481 Viola+septentrionalis Viola%20septentrionalis nymap.svg Viola septentrionalis iNat-126837298 (3x4).jpg Viola novae-angliae House 1904. Viola novae-angliae House in Rhodora 6:226 1992. Viola sororia var. novae-angliae L.E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:44 New England violet New England blue violet Violette de Nouvelle-Angleterre Violette de la Nouvelle-Angleterre Native Endangered 19406 Viola novae-angliae (V. sororia var. grisea) Endangered S1 G4 10 OBL Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 54 S1, G4Q 3084 1 Viola novae-angliae House present in NY present in New York State VINO NN 26000 viola/novae-angliae 170253-Viola-novae-angliae 541754 430562 250100927 Viola_novae-angliae 100363546 Viola+novae-angliae Viola%20novae-angliae nymap.svg Warren (1981-92) Viola novae-angliae iNat-31409829 (3x4).jpg Viola hirsutula Brainerd 1907. Viola hirsutula Brainerd in Rhodora 9:98 1953. Viola hirsutula fo. albicans L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:46 Southern wood violet Southern woodland violet Native Endangered No recent reports 10 FACU Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 54 S1, G4 3076 7 counties present in NY present in New York State VIHI2 N0 22087 430545 Viola_hirsutula Viola%20hirsutula Violet (4527044838) (2x3).jpg Viola villosa Walter Thomas Walter (1740-1789) Flora Caroliniana, secundum systema vegetabilium ... 219. 1788. 1788 Viola villosa Walter 1895 V. palmata L. villosa (Walter) B.L.Rob. Carolina violet N. America native southern U.S. Excluded 2n = 54 X 313 EXCLUDED present in NY present in New York State VIVI3 N0 Southtern US: VA-FL-TX-OK 430533 250100974 Viola_villosa 33800499 Excluded nymap.svg excluded Viola villosa iNat-32108450.jpg Cucullata group Viola cucullata 15-p.bot-viola.cucu-08.jpg Viola cucullata The Cucullata species group in the acaulescent blue violet lineage, sect. Nosphinium W.Becker, subsect. Borealiamericanae (W.Becker) Gil-ad contains the species: Viola communis, V. cucullata, V. domestica, V. nephrophylla, V. pratincola, and V. retusa.Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Cucullata Viola cucullata Aiton 1768. Viola obliqua Hill in Hort. Kew. :316 1789. Viola cucullata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:283 1789. Viola obliqua Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:288 1886. Viola palmata var. cucullata (Aiton) A. Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:254 Marsh blue violet Blue marsh violet Longstem marsh violet Violette cucullée Violette dressée Native Secure 3085 29 counties Collected from 29 New York State counties as of 2-Mar-20025 128040-Viola-cucullata ~30 counties Observed in about 30 New York State counties present in NY present in New York State VICU NN 867972-1 9486 Viola/cucullata 41706 Viola%20cucullata nymap.svg Pensées blanches aquatiques (5757340976).jpg Viola communis Pollard 1814. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173, misapplied 1898. Viola communis Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:336 1903. Viola priceana Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 16:127 1914. Viola familiaris Greene in Cybele Columb. 1:14 1923. Viola domestica var. communis (Pollard) Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 1984. Viola sororia fo. priceana (Pollard) Cooperr. in Michigan Botanist 23: 167 2023. Viola communis fo. priceana (Pollard) H.E.Ballard in J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150:76 Dooryard violet Common blue violet Confederate violet Sadie Price's violet Native Secure FAC Perennial Herb-forb S5, GNR 7844 4 counties New York (2013-15), Orange (1883), Putnam (2007), Suffolk (2008) 1391871-Viola-communis 4 counties Albany, Dutchess, Monroe, Kings /5663261 4 counties Dutchess, Kings, New York, Suffolk 9KY7L 294862-2 67469 Viola_communis nymap.svg Viola sororia priceana, or something - Flickr - peganum (2x3).jpg Viola nephrophylla Greene 1896. Viola nephrophylla Greene in Pittonia 3:144 1896. Viola cognata Greene in Pittonia 3:145 1902. Viola arizonica Greene in Pittonia 5:33 1939. Viola nephrophylla var. arizonica (Greene) Kearney & Peebles in J.Wash.Acad.Sci. 1940. Viola maccabeiana M.S.Baker in Madroño 5: 226 1961. Viola nephrophylla var. cognata (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. Northern bog violet Wanderer violet Sand violet Blue meadow violet Violette néphrophylle Violete des calcaires Native Endangered 19405 Viola nephrophylla Endangered S1 G5 6387 1 present in NY present in New York State VINE NN 266750-2 9496 viola/nephrophylla 22117 430436 242417469 33800028 Viola%20nephrophylla nymap.svg Viola nephrophylla (4720272254) (3x4).jpg Affinis group Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Affinis Viola affinis Leconte 1813. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173 1826. Viola affinis Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1902. Viola nepetifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:92 1936. Viola affinis var. chalcosperma Griscom in Rhodora 38: 49 1952. Viola affinis var. subarctica J.Rousseau in Canad. J. Res., Sect. C, Bot. Sci. 28:245 1953. Viola affinis fo. albiflora L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:45 1992. Viola sororia var. affinis (Leconte) L.E.McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:39 1996. Viola sororia ssp. affinis (Leconte) R.J.Little in Phytologia 80:295 Le Conte's violet Sand violet Arizona bog violet Common blue violet Thin-leaved blue violet Violette affine Native Secure FACW Annual Perennial Herb-forb 6399 36 counties 36 counties 142714-Viola-affinis 3 counties present in NY present in New York State VIAF2 NN Viola affinis Leconte (1826) - sand violet 21573 viola/affinis 541752 430559 250100897 33800358 Viola+affinis Viola%20affinis Viola affinis nymap.svg Viola affinis 5496755.jpg Sagittata group Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Sagittata Viola fimbriatula Sm. 1818. Viola fimbriatula Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 16 1818. Viola ovata Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:148 1819. Viola alleghanensis Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1824. Viola ovata var. belvisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:294 1838. Viola sagittata var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:138 1895. Viola sagittata var. hicksii Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 20:326 1896. Viola ovata var. hicksii (Pollard) Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 10:92 1928. Viola fimbriatula fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:66 1931. Viola fimbriatula fo. glabrata Pennell in Bartonia 12:19 1949. Viola fimbriatula fo. umbelliflora Fernald in Rhodora 51:56 1978. Viola sagittata fo. umbelliflora (Fernald) Scoggan in Fl. Canada 1:52 Northern downy violet Arrowleaf violet Arrow-leaved violet Ovate-leaved violet Sand violet Fringed violet Fimbriate violet Violette à feuilles frangées Native Likely secure FAC Perennial Herb-forb S4, G5 6405 30 counties Collected from 30 New York State Counties 359147-Viola-fimbriatula 19 counties Observed in 19 New York State Counties present in NY present in New York State VISAO NN 868156-1 21570 viola/sagittata 541747 430553 Viola%20sagittata nymap.svg Viola sagittata var ovata iNat-135307014 (3x4).jpg Viola sagittata Aiton 1789. Viola sagittata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:287 1796. Viola sagittifolia Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:130 1813. Viola ciliata Muhl. in Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept., not validly publ. 1813. Viola dentata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:172 1898. Viola sagittata var. subsagittata (Greene) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:340 1898. Viola subsagittata Greene in Pittonia 3:315 1903. Viola emarginata var. simulata Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:7 1903. Viola secedens Greene in Pittonia 5:121 1930. Viola sagittata var. secedens (Greene) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68 1930. Viola sagittata fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:127 1931. Viola sagittata var. glabra Pennell in Bartonia 12:19 1959. Viola sagittata fo. carlii Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9 Arrow-leaved violet Fringed violet Violette sagittée Violette sagittée variété sagittée Native Likely secure 3093 16 counties Collected from 16 New York State counties 170259-Viola-sagittata 18 counties Observed in 18 New York State counties present in NY present in New York State VISAS5 NN 869176-1 9522 viola/sagittata 430552 33800818 Viola%20sagittata nymap.svg Viola sagittata (2x3).jpg Palmata group Viola palmata WFNY-134A.jpg Viola palmata The Palmata group contains the several varieties of Viola palmata and Viola stoneana.Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Palmata Viola palmata triloba L. (Schwein.) Ging. 1822. Viola triloba Schwein. in Amer. J.Sci.Arts 5:57 1824. Viola palmata var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:291 1826. Viola congener Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:140 1906. Viola vespertilionis Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:217 1906. Viola ornithodes Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:218 1952. Viola triloba f. albida Steyerm. in Rhodora 54:256 1959. Viola triloba f. annjoae Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9 Palmate-leaf violet Early blue violet Three-lobed violet Wood violet Crowfoot violet Cleft violet Violette palmée violette à feuilles trilobées Native Secure 3110 27 counties Collected from 27 NYS counties 540959-Viola-palmata 8 counties Observed in 8 NYS counties present in NY present in New York State VIPA18 NN as Viola ×palmata L. (pro sp. - brittoniana or pedatifida × affinis or sororia) 868887-1 67473 21552 Viola/palmata 22125 429921 33800446 Viola_palmata Viola%20palmata nymap.svg Viola palmata kz01.jpg Viola palmata palmata L. 1753. Viola palmata L. in Sp. Pl.:933 1867. Viola cucullata var. palmata (L.) A. Gray in Manual, ed.5:78 1899. Viola falcata Greene in Pittonia 4:3 1910. Viola triloba var. dilatata (Elliott) Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:587 Southern three-lobed violet Palmate-leaved violet Violette palmée N. America native Not listed in NY 2n = 54 868887-1 3615 29320 Viola_palmata_var._palmata nymap.svg Viola palmata Fiołek dłoniasty 2022-05-03 01.jpg Viola stoneana House 1905. Viola stoneana House in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 253 Stone's violet N. America native Not listed in NY 0 Not listed 1392247-Viola-stoneana none in NY 869307-1 nymap.svg Viola stoneana - Tanya Riseman - 374209617.jpeg Subsinuata group Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Subsinuata Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene 1898. Viola emarginata var. subsinuata Greene in Pittonia 3:31 1899. Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene in Pittonia 4:4 Palmate-leaved violet Early blue violet Bernard's violet Bernard violet Pale violet Wavy-leaved violet Greene's VioletThe American Violet Society website: Viola subsinuata Wood violet Native Secure FACU Perennial Herb-forb 7152 11 counties present in NY present in New York State VIBE5 N0 as Viola ×bernardii Greene (pro sp. - pedatifida × sororia) 266997-2 29344 viola/subsinuata 507237 430563 250100966 50106815 Viola%20subsinuata nymap.svg Viola subsinuata iNat-127073005 (3x4).jpg Viola baxteri House 1924. Viola baxteri House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:500 Baxter's violet Native Unranked Perennial Herb-forb SNR, GNR 7843 Monroe, Ontario Monroe (1904), Ontario (1916) 1392232-Viola-baxteri Ulster (2022) Ulster (2022) 265752-2 nymap.svg Viola baxteri iNat-10481351 (2x3).jpg Pedatifida group Viola pedatifida var. brittoniana WFNY-136B.jpg Viola brittoniana The three North American violets of this group (Viola brittoniana, Viola pectinata, and Viola pedatifida) have often been grouped together under a common species.Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023. Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violets 71 57 Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Pedatifida Viola brittoniana Pollard 1898. Viola brittoniana Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:332 1992. Viola pedatifida ssp. brittoniana (Pollard) L. E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:22 2010. Viola pedatifida var. brittoniana (Pollard) R.J.Little & L.E.McKinney in J.Bot.Res.Inst.Texas Coastal violet Coast violet Northern coastal violet Britton’s violet Native Endangered 8 FAC Perennial Herb-forb 2n = 54 S1 19399 Viola brittoniana Endangered S1 G4G5 6395 6 counties (1883-1939) Kings (1910), Nassau (1886-1927), Queens (1905-1928), Richmond (1888-1907). Suffolk (1928-1939, Westchester (1883, 1889)) present in NY present in New York State VIBR N0 867789-1 Viola/brittoniana 847682 430548 Viola_brittoniana Viola+brittoniana Viola%20brittoniana nymap.svg Viola brittoniana BB-1913.png Viola pectinata E.P. Bicknell 1904. Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell in Torreya 4: 129 1952. Viola brittoniana var. pectinata (E.P. Bicknell) Alexander in Britton & Brown, Ill.Fl.N.U.S. 1997. Viola brittoniana fo. pectinata (E.P.Bicknell) Gil-ad in Boissiera 53:54 () Pectinate violet Pectinate-leaved Violet Native No recent reports 10 FAC Perennial Herb-forb SH 7583 2 counties Nassau (1903), Richmond (1909-1910) 204434-Viola-pectinata No NY obs. No New York observations 266818-2 Viola_brittoniana nymap.svg Viola brittoniana var pectinata BB-1913.png Viola brittoniana × pectinata Viola brittoniana Viola pectinata Hybrid violet Native Not applicable SNA, GNA 7565 Richmond (1909) Richmond (1909) Staten Island, P. Dowell 6011 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola pedatifida G.Don 1831. Viola pedatifida G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1:320 1838. Viola delphinifolia Nutt. in Torrey & A.Gray, Fl.N.Amer. 1:136 1903. Viola pedatifida var. indivisa Greene in Pittonia 5: 124 1958. Viola viarum f. pilifera E.J.Palmer & Steyerm. in Brittonia 10: 116 1991. Viola palmata var. pedatifida (G.Don) Cronquist in Gleason & Cronquist, Man.Vasc.Pl. Crowfoot violet Larkspur violet Prairie violet Violette pédatifide N. America native In Midwest Not listed in NY 2n = 54. 0 Not listed in NY 170255-Viola-pedatifida No NY obs. No iNat observations in New York State, but RG obs. in Brantford, Ontario 317477-2 3618 Viola_pedatifida Excluded nymap.svg 1024 Arktisch-alpiner Garten Chemnitz-0936.jpg Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae hybrids Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola Stemless blue violet hybrids 71 ? Nosphinium Borealiamericanae Viola × filicetorum Greene Edward Lee Greene Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(16):215–216. 1906. Viola affinis Viola sororia 1906. Viola × filicetorum Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:215 1906. Viola filicetorum var. parthenica Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:216 LeConte's violet common blue violet Native Endangered 7562 3 counties Madison, Onondaga, Richmond present in NY present in New York State VIFI2 N0 265910-2 33800396 22078 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × columbiana House Viola affinis Viola communis 1924. Viola × columbiana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:504 . Viola × consona House Native Unlisted 0 Not listed in NY 291133-2 nymap.svg Viola × hollickii House Viola affinis Viola fimbriatula 1924. Viola × hollickii House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:503 LeConte's violet arrow-leaved violet Native Endangered 7560 Bronx, Richmond Bronx (1916), Richmond (1908, transplanted) present in NY present in New York State VIHO2 N0 291155-2 22088 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × slavinii House (1924) Viola affinis Viola triloba V. × discors House V. × milleri Moldenke Slavin's violet LeConte's violet three-lobe violet Native Endangered 6396 1? present in NY present in New York State VISL N0 22168 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × conjugens Greene (pro sp.) Viola sagittata Viola sororia 1899 V. conjugens Greene 1924 V. × parca House Northern bog violet (hybrid) arrow-leaf violet common blue violet Native No recent reports 3074 H? present in NY present in New York State 6391 U as Viola × parca VICO11 NN 505708 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × populifolia Greene (pro sp. 1898) Viola sororia Viola triloba Peck's violet common blue violet three-lobe violet Native No recent reports 3080 H? present in NY present in New York State VIPO4 NN nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × melissifolia Greene (pro sp. 1902) Viola septentrionalis Viola sororia V. × montivaga House (1924) Northern blue violet common blue violet Native No recent reports 3104 H? present in NY present in New York State nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × ravida House (1924) Viola hirsutula Viola × palmata V. × dissita southern wood violet early blue violet Native Likely extirpated 3106 Zm present in NY present in New York State VIRA3 N0 22154 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × bissellii House (1924) Viola cucullata Viola sororia V. × conturbata House Bissell's violet marsh blue violet common blue violet Native Unranked 3112 U present in NY present in New York State VIBI3 N0 22049 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × consobrina House (1924) Viola affinis Viola hirsutula V. × dowelliana House LeConte's violet southern wood violet Native Impersistent 6398 U present in NY present in New York State VICO4 N0 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × consocia House (1924) Viola affinis Viola cucullata LeConte's violet marsh blue violet Native Unranked 7557 U present in NY present in New York State VICO5 N0 22058 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein. (pro sp. 1929) Viola hirsutula Viola sororia V. × perpera House southern wood violet common blue violet Native Impersistent 3077 Um present in NY present in New York State VICO9 N0 22063 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × mistura House (1924) Viola × palmata Viola sagittata early blue violet arrow-leaf violet Native Impersistent 3107 Um present in NY present in New York State VIMI5 N0 22111 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × mulfordiae Pollard (pro sp. 1902) Viola brittoniana Viola sagittata V. × marylandica House V. × holmiana House northern coastal violet arrow-leaf violet Native Unranked 6394 U present in NY present in New York State VIMU4 N0 505715 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × notabilis Bicknell (pro sp. 1904) Viola brittoniana Viola cucullata northern coastal violet marsh blue violet Native Unranked 6393 U present in NY present in New York State 22118 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × ryoniae House (1924) Viola cucullata Viola × palmata V. × notabilis Bickn. Ryon's violet marsh blue violet early blue violet Native Unranked 3111 U present in NY present in New York State VIRY N0 22161 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola affinis Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell Philip Dowell Viola affinis Viola brittoniana 1910 Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell LeConte's violet northern coastal violet Native Unranked 7556 present in NY present in New York State nymap.svg Viola affinis × brittoniana VSI-11.png Viola affinis V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata Viola affinis Viola sagittata var. ovata 1910 Viola affinis × fimbriatuala Dowell LeConte's violet northern downy violet Native Unranked 7560 U Viola affinis × V. sagittata var. ovata - hybrid violet present in NY present in New York State nymap.svg Viola affinis × sagittata var. ovata VSI-12.png Viola affinis Viola affinis × palmata Dowell Philip Dowell 1910 Viola affinis × palmata Dowell LeConte's violet northern downy violet Native Unranked 7559 U Viola affinis × V. palmata - hybrid violet - Native, S? present in NY present in New York State nymap.svg Viola affinis × palmata VSI-13.png Viola × champlainensis House Homer Doliver House New York State Museum Bulletin 254:504. 1924. Viola affinis Viola septentrionalis 1924 Viola champlainensis House LeConte's violet northern blue violet N. America native Excluded X 624 EXCLUDED present in NY present in New York State VICH5 N0 Vermont only 22055 33800374 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola × redacta House Homer Doliver House New York State Museum Bulletin 254:506. 1924. V. hirsutula V. sagittata var. sagittata 1924 Viola × redacta House 1924 Viola dimissa House southern wood violet arrow-leaf violet N. America native Excluded X 626 Excluded present in NY present in New York State VIRE6 N0 22155 33800471 nymap.svg Ny hybrid.svg Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Pedatae Bird's-foot Violet (Viola pedata) - 4553732536.jpg Viola pedata Malpighiales Violaceae Viola Viola Nosphinium Pedatae Viola Violet 71 57 VIOLA 53 Pedatae Viola pedata pedata L. 1753 Viola pedata L. Viola pedata concolor Holm ex Brainerd Viola pedata lineariloba DC. Viola pedata ranunculifolia DC. Birdfoot violet Bird's-foot violet Crowfoot violet Pansy violet Violette pédalée Violette pied-d'oiseau Native Rare 8 FACU UPL Perennial Herb=forb 2n = 56 S2, G5-TNR 3086 7 counties Albany (1870), Erie (?), Nassau (1886-1939), New York (1888), Queens (1885-97), Richmond (1884-1916), Suffolk (1877-2011) present in NY present in New York State VIPE NN 67475 Viola/pedata 22130 430450 Viola_pedata_var._pedata Viola+pedata Viola%20pedata nymap.svg Viola pedata.jpg Viola sect. Melanium The Viola section Melanium contains plants commonly known as pansies. Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Cleistogamae Viola bicolor (field pansy).jpg Viola bicolor The only North American native pansy is Viola bicolor, which is also the only annual Viola species with cleistogamous (small inconspicuous closed self-pollinating) flowers. It is listed as endangered in New York State. Malpighiales Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Viola MelaniumBioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium Viola Melanium Pansies 71 57 Viola rafinesquei Greene 1813. Viola bicolor Pursh 1819. Viola tenella Raf. in Amer.Monthly Mag. & Crit.Rev.4:191, nom. illeg. 1838. Mnemion tenellum Webb in Iter Hispan.:68 1899. Viola rafinesquei Greene in Pittonia 4:9 1914. Mnemion rafinesquii (Greene) Nieuwl. in Amer.Midl.Naturalist 3:217 1938. Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 40:443 1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. caerulea Moldenke in Phytologia 26:225 1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. minor Moldenke in Phytologia 26:226 American Field Pansy Wild pansy Field pansy Violette de Rafinesque Native Endangered 9 FACU Annual Herb-forb S1, G5 2.144558/Viola_bicolor S1, G5 3098 5 counties Cattaraugus (1943), Dutchess (?), Erie (1863-1932), Niagara (?), Orange (2011) 1393273-Viola-rafinesquei 4 counties Bronx (2021), Kings (2020, 2022), Orange (2016), Queens (2020) present in NY present in New York State VIBI NN 5BGFS 266911-2 viola/bicolor 408342 242417462 Viola_bicolor 33800366 VIBI nymap.svg Viola bicolor - Field Pansy.jpg Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Bracteolatae Atlas roslin pl Fiołek polny 5672 8202.jpg Viola arvensis Section Melanium subsection Bracteolatae contains introduced pansies. Malpighiales Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Viola MelaniumBioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium Viola Melanium Pansies 71 57 Viola arvensis Murray 1770 Viola arvensis Murray 1864 Viola tricolor L. arvensis (Murray) Syme (non V. tricolor var. arvensis Retz. 1795), illegitimate later homonym European field pansy Small wild pansy Violette des champs Introduced Eurasia northern Africa Naturalized X Annual Herb-forb 3097 X present in NY present in New York State VIAR XW Viola/arvensis 41691 242417461 nymap.svg 26 counties ? counties Viola-Arvensis.jpeg Viola tricolor tricolor L. 1753. Viola tricolor L. in Sp. Pl.:935 1780. Viola tricolor ssp. erecta Ehrh. in Hannover. Mag. 18:232, not validly publ. 1787. Ion tricolor Medik. in Malvenfam.:102 1796. Viola versicolor Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton, nom. superfl. 1827. Viola tricolor var. major Roth in Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ., not validly publ. 1836. Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:515 1852. Jacea tricolor (L.) Opiz in Seznam:54 Johnny jumpup Three colored violet Wild pansy European wild pansy Introduced Eurasia Naturalized X 3078 X 55739-Viola-tricolor 5 counties Observed in 5 New York State counties 5331347 present in NY present in New York State VITR XX 77225257-1 Viola/tricolor Viola_tricolor nymap.svg 16 counties ? counties ია კუპფერის Viola kupfferi Kupffer Violet.JPG Viola × wittrockiana Gams G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5: 616 (1925) 1895. Viola hortensis var. grandiflora Wittr. in Acta Horti Berg. 2(7):53 1901. Viola hortensis Wettst. in Wettst. 36:300, Nom. Inval. 1925. Viola × wittrockiana Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5:616 1927. Viola tricolor maxima J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150 1927. Viola tricolor maxima-nigra J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150 1935. Viola maxima in 100, Nom. Inval. Viola altaica Viola tricolor Garden pansy Introduced Eurasia Not naturalized Aritficial hybrid Annual Herb-forb SNA, GNA 7100 Orange (1999) Collected from Orange County (1999) 171203-Viola---wittrockiana 6 counties In about 6 NYS counties 5331389 6 counties In about 6 NYS counties 869552-1 nymap.svg Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Red Cultivar Flower 2000px.jpg Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult. Dwarf pansy Introduced Excluded X 314 EXCLUDED 57634-Viola-kitaibeliana No new-world obs. 5331342 Not present in NY Not present in New York State tricolor Viola/kitaibeliana Excluded nymap.svg Viola kitaibeliana flower.JPG Family Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae (passion-flower family) ... Subfamily Passifloroideae Tribe Passifloreae Passiflora Malpighiales Passifloraceae Passifloroideae Passifloreae Passiflora Passiflora Passionflower 1203 X (excluded species) Passiflora incarnata L. 1753 Passiflora incarnata L. 1787 Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik. 1826 Passiflora kerii Spreng. 1871 Passiflora edulis kerii Spreng. Purple passionflower N. America native Excluded X 770 EXCLUDED present in NY present in New York State PAIN6 N0 26977 24200150 nymap.svg Passiflora incarnata flower.jpg