Polish/Vocative case

The Vocative case in Polish language is used in the following situations: Used when directly addressing or calling someone or something. Piotrze, chodź tutaj! - Piotr, come here! (Piotrze is in the vocative) Mamo, pomóż mi! - Mom, help me! (Mamo is in the vocative) Used in greetings, exclamations, and formal speech. Panie doktorze, mam pytanie. - Doctor, I have a question. (Panie doktorze is in the vocative) Boże, dopomóż mi! - God, help me! (Boże is in the vocative) Used in letters and written correspondence. Drogi Przyjacielu, - Dear Friend, (Przyjacielu is in the vocative) The vocative answers the question of who or what is being addressed (o! or hej!). Singular Noun Declension Gender Ending Examples Masculine -e, -u, -ie Piotrze, chłopcze, synu, przyjacielu, nauczycielu Neuter Same as nominative dziecko, okno, muzeum, imię Feminine -o, -i, -y mamo, siostro, pani, myszy, miłości Adjective Declension Gender Rule Ending Examples Masculine Usually same as nominative -y / -i drogi, dobry, miły Neuter Same as nominative -e dobre, miłe Feminine Same as nominative -a droga, dobra, miła Plural Noun Declension Gender Rule Ending Examples Virile Same as nominative plural -i / -owie chłopcy, nauczyciele, panowie Nonvirile Same as nominative plural -y / -e kobiety, dzieci, okna Adjective Declension Gender Rule Ending Examples Virile Same as nominative plural -i / -y dobrzy, mili Nonvirile Same as nominative plural -e dobre, miłe Pronouns Personal pronouns English Vocative I — you (singular) — he — she — it — we — you (informal plural) — they — Personal pronouns do not have distinct vocative forms in modern Polish. Names, titles, and nouns are usually used instead. Possessive pronouns Gender my, mine your, yours (singular) your, yours (plural) our, oursSingular Masculine mój twój wasz nasz Neuter moje twoje wasze nasze Feminine moja twoja wasza naszaPlural Virile moi twoi wasi nasi Nonvirile moje twoje wasze nasze Interrogative pronouns English Vocative who? — what? — Relative, demonstrative, and intensive pronouns Gender which / who what / what kind this / that self / sameSingular Masculine który jaki ten sam Neuter które jakie to samo Feminine która jaka ta samaPlural Virile którzy jacy ci sami Nonvirile które jakie te same