Levantine Arabic/Personal pronouns

In Levantine Arabic, pronouns can appear either as independent words or as suffixes, depending on their function. Standalone forms Standalone pronouns are used as subject preceding the verb. When used without a verb the meaning of "to be" is implied. The pronouns can be omitted when the person is obvious by the conjugation of the verb. Masculine Feminine Plural 1st person(I, we) أنا'ana نحنا / إحناniḥna (North)'iḥna (South) 2nd person(you) إنت'inta إنتي'inti إنتو'intu 3rd person(he, she, they) هوhuwwe هيhiyye هن / هنن / همhinne / hinnen (North)humme (South) Suffix forms Suffix pronouns have different functions, depending on what kind of word they are attached to: Show possession if attached to nouns Object if attached to verbs or prepositions Subject if attached to conjunctions Masculine Feminine Plural 1st person(me, my, us, our) ـي / ـني-i-y (after vowel)-ni (after verb) ـنا-na 2nd person(you, your) ـك-ak-k (after vowel) ـك-ek-ki (after vowel) ـكن / ـكم-kon (North)-kom (South) 3rd person(him, his, her, them, their) ـه-osilent after vowel ـا / ـها-(h/w/y)a (North)-ha (South) ـن / ـهم-(h/w/y)on (North)-hom (South) Some suffix pronouns have a different pronunciation if they are attached to a word ending in a vowel. The suffix of the 1st person singular has a different form when attached to verb. The suffix of the 3rd person masculine singular is silent after a vowel, but it has effect on the stress and vowel length. Examples (South Levantine) Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions Verbs Consonant Tāʼ marbūṭah Vowel Consonant Vowel Example ar بدّar bidd ar صاحبar ṣāḥeb ar مدرسةar madrase ar أبو'ar abu ar شفتar šuft ar شفتيar šufti 1st singular ar بدّيar bidd-i ar صاحبيar ṣāḥb-i ar مدرستيar madrast-i ar أبويar 'abū-y ar شفتنيar šufᵉt-ni ar شفتينيar šuftī-ni plural ar بدناar bid-na ar صاحبناar ṣāḥeb-na ar مدرستناar madraset-na ar أبوناar 'abū-na ar شفتناar šufᵉt-na ar شفتيناar šuftī-na 2nd masculine ar بدّكar bidd-ak ar صاحبكar ṣāḥb-ak ar مدرستكar madrast-ak ar أبوكar 'abū-k ar شفتكar šuft-ak ar شفتيكar šuftī-k feminine ar بدّكar bidd-ek ar صاحبكar ṣāḥb-ek ar مدرستكar madrast-ek ar أبوكar 'abū-ki ar شفتكar šuft-ek ar شفتيكar šuftī-ki plural ar بدكمar bid-kom ar صاحبكمar ṣāḥeb-kom ar مدرستكمar madraset-kom ar أبوكمar 'abū-kom ar شفتكمar šufᵉt-kom ar شفتيكمar šuftī-kom 3rd masculine ar بدّهar bidd-o ar صاحبهar ṣāḥb-o ar مدرستهar madrast-o ar أبوهar 'abū ar شفتهar šuft-o ar شفتيهar šuftī feminine ar بدهاar bid-ha ar صاحبهاar ṣāḥeb-ha ar مدرستهاar madraset-ha ar أبوهاar 'abū-ha ar شفتهاar šufᵉt-ha ar شفتيهاar šuftī-ha plural ar بدهمar bid-hom ar صاحبهمar ṣāḥeb-hom ar مدرستهمar madraset-hom ar أبوهمar 'abū-hom ar شفتهمar šufᵉt-hom ar شفتيهمar šuftī-hom