Lombard/Phonology of the Milanese dialect in the New Lombard Orthography

Grapheme Phonology Examples Translation into English a /a/ articiochartichoke b /b/ /p/ at the end of the word basell goeubstep hunchbacked c /t͡ʃ/ before "e" or "i" or at the end of the word after consonant /k/ before "a", "o", "oeu", "u" or any consonant ciciarada canchat dog ch /k/ before e, i or at the end of the word chicheracoffee cup cc /t͡ʃ/ at the end of the wordrarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivation tuccmuccià(derived from mucc)allaccumulate d/d/ /t/ at the end of the word/ː/ at the end of past participles...or.../i/ at the end of past pasrticiples in some dialectal variant outside Milan dent mondmangiadtooth world ate e /e/ /ɛ/ Ø for feminine plurals -er is not pronounced at the end of the word for verbs in the infinitive of the third conjugation temp insema montagnevessertime together mountains to be f /f/ fioeulson g /d͡ʒ/ before "e" or "i" /ɡ/ before "a", "o", "oeu", "u" or any consonant gesa magonchurch dejection gh /ɡ/ before e or "i" /k/ at the end of the word ghellcent gg /d͡ʒ/ at the end of the word; rarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivation oeuggveggia(derivato da vegg)eyeold (feminine)gn/ɲ/tegnìto keep, to hold h ∅ (attention: it is used at the beginning of all forms of the verb “havé”) gh'hoohave i /i//j/ after consonant, before vowel ∅ between "sc", "sg", "s'c", "s'g", "g", "c" and vowel/:/ at the end of plurals that end with "l" in the singular after "oeu" intreghariaciamàfioeuientire, wholeairto call, to asksons j/ʎ/ between "i" and "a", not always between "e" e "a" /j/ in the other cases famija tajàfamily to cut l /l/ ∅ at the end of the word after oeu lassà pedrioeulto leave,to let funnel ll/ll/ in the middle of the word /l/ even at the end of the word (the double "l" is written at the end of the word when the accent is on the last syllable and the vowel that precedes is short) balla basellball step m /m/ before bound consonant, nasalization of the preceding vowel mur compràwall to buy n /n/ At the end of the word or before bound consonant, nasalization of the preceding vowel (can [kãː]))(except for the pronominal particle "en" in the form of a suffix and after "e") /ŋ/ before the velar consonants /k/ e /ɡ/ nivola mont parlamenconcacloud mount to tell me about ithollownn/n/ - at the end of the word rarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivationdannanniversari(derived from "ann")damageanniversary o/ɔ/ /u/, /o/comod tosacomfortable girloeu/ø/poeuthen p /p/ paspeace q /k/ before u + vowel quatàto cover r /r/ (/ː/ sometimes at the end of the word after "e" (senter [senˈteː])-er is not pronounced at the end of the word for the verbs of the third conjugation in the infinitive form ceregh senter vessercleric path to berr/r/ - short preceeding vowelcarr (vs. car)wagon s /s/ at the beginnig of the world /z/ intravocalic or at the end of the word setàss nasto sit nose sh (possible only in words derived from English for reasons of etymology) /ʃ/ marshalles Marshallese ss /s/ pessfishsc/t͡ʃ/ - before e, iscernìto chooses'c/ʃt͡ʃ/mes'ciàto mixsg/d͡ʒ/ before e or i often and in any case always at the beginning of the word /ʒ/ before e or i rarely in the middle of the world /d͡ʒ/ o /ʒ/ depending on the word at the end of the word (more often /ʒ/)sgiornada resgiora lesg / lavesgdaytime landlady legge / small puddles'g/ʃd͡ʒ/s'giafonslapt/t/tollincrown corku/y/ /w/ dopo <q>cuna aquacrib waterv/v/ ∅ intravocalic between "a" and "o", "o" and "a", "o" and "e" or "u" and "i"vun tavolMantovaruvinaonetableMantovaruinz/s/ or /z/ depending on the word at the beginning of the word or after consonant /z/ intravocalic or at the end of the wordzuca mez ghezpumpkin means, half, middle green lizardzz/s/mazzàto kill