Fractals/Computer graphic techniques/3D

Rendering API ( C++, JS ...) Backends (Renderer Back-End Architecture): OpenGL 4.1+ for Linux, macOS and Windows OpenGL ES 3.0+ for Android and iOS Metal for macOS and iOS Vulkan 1.0 for Android, Linux, macOS, and Windows WebGL 2.0 for all platforms Rendering image-order rendering ( CPU-based ray tracing ) object-order rendering ( GPU-based rendering. Faster since we can apply the same instructions, but on different vertices in parallel.) "A single frame in Toy story 4 could take anywhere between 60 to 160 hours to render using CPU based ray tracing."Brendan Galea The Math behind (most) 3D games - Perspective Projection by Brendan Galea Elements mesh texture ( map ) geometric transform pipline 3D graphics have more in common with vector graphics than with raster graphics. The content of an image is specified as a list of geometric objects. The technique is referred to as geometric modeling. Rendering the scene = creating 2D image of 3D object/worldAn Introduction_to_Computer_Graphics by David J. Eck Light and shadow Lights and Shadows by Bartosz Ciechanowski Physically Based Rendering in Filament 3d still images The task of a 3D graphics program is to turn the specification of a 3D environment to 2D pictures. Advanced Graphics Algorithms by Professor Ying Zhu There are two ways to generate such pictures: real-time rendering (interactive graphics applications such as video games or simulations) non-real-time rendering ( non-interactive graphics applications such as film). Programming languages for host programs ( CPU) using API C C++ Special APIs OpenGL WebGl Direct3D Vulkan OpenCl CUDA programming languages for shader programs ( GPU) GLSL ( OpenGl) HLSL ( DirectX) Cg (NVIDIA's shading language) Pipeline or workflow thumb|right|3D Rendering The 3D pipeline contains: a hardware pipeline ( main memory, CPU, a PCI Express bus, GPU, and GPU memory) a software pipeline software pipelines: Host program on CPU ( The 3D programs that run on the CPU ) Shader programs on GPU ( The bulk of the 3D data processing ) The job of the host program includes : Initialization Set up or reconfigure the 3D software pipeline Build shader programs Transfer shader programs to GPU Data management Load 3D data Process the 3D data Update 3D data Transfer the 3D data to GPU Send commands to GPU Process user inputs and update the 3D data Shader programs: vertex shaders fragment shaders geometry shaders Each APi has it's own pipeline mesh MeshLab - the open source system for processing and editing 3D triangular meshes. It provides a set of tools for editing, cleaning, healing, inspecting, rendering, texturing and converting meshes. It offers features for processing raw data produced by 3D digitization tools/devices and for preparing models for 3D printing. Converting 2D images to 3D 2D fractals mapped onto a Riemann sphere For height of each pixel one can use : distance to boundary : "I'm using the distance estimate method (DEM) as the basis of my height values. (inverted, the log, scaled and streched, etc.)" Duncan C Duncanc Champney at fractalforums fractional iteration values 3D plot with fractional iteration values by Duncan Champney 3D to 2D project the points in 3D space into cylindrical surface that can be unwrapped, to a flat surfaceronny restrepo blog : Lidar Data to 2D video or animation made from 2D images What is the difference between video and animation ? Software used to do the conversion : answer on fractal forum answer on fractal forum commons help parameter plane One can make videos using : going along some paths on parameter plane ( for example internal and external rays ) Poincaré half-plane metric for zoom animationPoincaré half-plane metric for zoom animation by Claude Heiland-Allen zoom into parameter planeReally Deep Fractal Zoom Movie – Much Faster by Bruce DawsonMaking Mandelbrot Set Movies by Tony FinchMLbrot by Daniel de Rauglaud using automatic determination of Iteration Max numberDiscussion : A way to determine the ideal number of maximum iterations for an arbitrary zoom level in a Mandelbrot fractal changing coloring scheme ( for example color cycling - Fractint) changing some parameters of algorithm, for example : maximal iteration of escape time algorithm bailout value Gif image by jgabase : a wormhole effect on your fractals by changing the bailout dynamicaly path straight line from c=-0.75+i to c=-0.75-i. It is mostly in the exterior of Mandelbrot set ( then Julia set is disconnected with no interior). There is only one point c=-0.75 where c belongs to the boundary of Mandelbrot set ( root point between period 1 and 2 hyperbolic components). In that point Julia set has interior ( parabolic ).Video : "Julia fractal morph: -0.75+i to -0.75-i" on youtube by rrwick from c=-2 to c=1.65 ( real slice of Mandelbrot set ) video on youtube by rrwick around a circle centred at -1 and with a radius of 0.25 around main cardioid video on youtube by rrwick parameter traces a circle centred at -0.29848658+0.65843271i and with a radius of 0.004. On the parameter plane, this does a circle around a point of the Mandelbrot fractal that is radiating 11 strands in a very loose spiral.video on youtube by rrwick races a circle centred at -1.57621921451761 and with a radius of 3.6 x 10^-10. On the parameter plane, this does a circle around a minibrot at that location without passing through the minibrot itself.video on youtube by rrwick References