Canadian LGBT History/Inter-war Canada/Overview

left|thumb|upright|World War I poster for 1918– Canadian victory bond drive, depicts three French women pulling a plow. {The Canadian Forces and civilian participation in the First World War helped to foster a sense of British-Canadian nationhood. The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the First World War came during the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele battles and what later became known as "Canada's Hundred Days". Cook Tim 'A Proper Slaughter': The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy Canadian Military History 8 2 7–24 Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies 1999 http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%208/Issue%202/Cook%20-%20A%20Proper%20Slaughter%20-%20The%20March%201917%20Gas%20Attack%20at%20Vimy%20Ridge.pdf 2010-04-10 PDF http://web.archive.org/web/20080528010443/http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%208/Issue%202/Cook%20-%20A%20Proper%20Slaughter%20-%20The%20March%201917%20Gas%20Attack%20at%20Vimy%20Ridge.pdf 2008-05-28 The reputation Canadian troops earned, along with the success of Canadian flying aces including William George Barker and Billy Bishop, helped to give the nation a new sense of identity and pride.Bashow, Lieutenant-Colonel David. "The Incomparable Billy Bishop: The Man and the Myths." Canadian Military Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, Autumn 2002, pp. 55–60. Retrieved: September 1, 2008. The War Office in 1922 reported approximately 67,000 killed and 173,000 wounded during the war. This excludes civilian deaths in war time incidents like the Halifax Explosion.Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 The War Office War Office 1922 Reprinted by Naval & Military Press 1847346812 237 Support for Great Britain during the First World War caused a major political crisis over conscription, with Francophones, mainly from Quebec, rejecting national policies.http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=278 The Conscription Crisis of 1917 Histori.ca 1917-08-29 2010-08-10 During the crisis large numbers of enemy aliens (especially Ukrainians and Germans) were put under government controls.http://www.lermuseum.org/ler/mh/wwi/homefront1917.html Military History: First World War: Homefront, 1917 Lermuseum.org 2010-08-10 The Liberal party was deeply split, with most of its Anglophone leaders joining the unionist government headed by Prime Minister Robert Borden, the leader of the Conservative party.http://books.google.ca/books?id=IftRWNt_0bcC&lpg=PA57&dq=Conscription%20Crisis%20of%201917%20%20Liberal%20party%20was%20deeply%20split&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=true Canada and Quebec: one country, two ... UBC Press 0774806532 1998 52 2010-08-10 The Liberals regained their influence after the war under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie King, who served as prime minister with three separate terms between 1921 and 1949.Robert Craig Brown Ramsay Cook Canada, 1896–1921 A Nation Transformed McClelland & Stewart 1974 ch 13 0771022689 As a result of the First World War, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority; it became an independent member of the League of Nations.http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/LeagueofNation.htm Canada and the League of Nations Faculty.marianopolis.edu 2007 2010-08-10 In 1931 the Statute of Westminster gave each dominion (which included Canada and Newfoundland) the opportunity for almost complete legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom.http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/1931.htm The Statute of Westminster Marianopolis College Claude Bélanger 2001 2010-04-10 While Newfoundland never adopted the statute, for Canada the Statute of Westminster has been called its declaration of independence.Norman Hillmer, Statute of Westminster: Canada's Declaration of Independence, Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-04-20. The great depression in Canada during the interwar period affected all parts of daily life.Robert Lewis, "The Workplace and Economic Crisis: Canadian Textile Firms, 1929–1935," Enterprise and Society Sept. 2009, Vol. 10 Issue 3, pp 498–528 It hit especially hard in western Canada, where a full recovery did not occur until the Second World War began in 1939. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.The On-to-Ottawa Trek http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/onottawa.html The University of Calgary (The Applied History Research Group) 1997 2010-04-12 The period also saw the rise of a small Communist Party of Canada, who opposed Canada's entry into Second World War and was subsequently banned under the Defence of Canada Regulations of the War Measures Act in 1940. right|thumb|upright|Canadian crew of a Sherman tank in Vaucelles, France, after D-day south of Juno Beach, June 1944 Canada's involvement in the Second World War began when Canada declared war on Nazi Germany on September 10, 1939, one week after the United Kingdom. The Battle of the Atlantic began immediately, and from 1943 to 1945 was led by Leonard W. Murray, from Nova Scotia. The Canadian army was involved in the defence of Hong Kong, the Dieppe Raid in August 1942, the Allied invasion of Italy, and the Battle of Normandy. Axis U-boats operated in Canadian and Newfoundland waters throughout the war, sinking many naval and merchant vessels.http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/1131599-7568616/vol1num1art5.pdf PDF The Battle of the Atlantic Canadian Naval Review 2005 2010-08-24 The Canadian mainland was also attacked when the Japanese submarine I-26 shelled the Estevan Point lighthouse on Vancouver Island.http://books.google.ca/books?id=M_cxp_BgPmwC&lpg=PA122&dq=The%20Canadian%20mainland%20was%20also%20attacked%20when%20the%20Japanese%20submarine%20I-26%20shelled%20the%20Estevan%20Point%20lighthouse%20on%20Vancouver%20Island&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=true Sutebusuton: a Japanese village on the British Columbia coast Mitsuo Yesaki Peninsula Pub 122 0968679935 2003 2010-08-24 The Conscription Crisis of 1944 greatly affected unity between French and English-speaking Canadians, though was not as politically intrusive as that of the First World War.Journeys: A History of Canada R D Francis Richard Jones Donald B Smith http://books.google.ca/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&lpg=PA428&dq=Conscription%20Crisis%20of%201944%20vs%201917&pg=PA428#v=onepage&q&f=true Nelson Education 2009 428 9780176442446 2010-09-28 Of a population of approximately 11.5 million, 1.1 million Canadians served in the armed forces in the Second World War.Allies in wartime: the Alaska-Siberia airway during World War II Alexander Dolitsky 95 Juneau, Alaska – Alaska-Siberia Research Center 2007 9780965389167 Many thousands more served with the Canadian Merchant Navy.Corvettes Canada: Convoy Veterans of WWII Tell Their True Stories Mac Johnston http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ig-A36yZ4rMC&lpg=PT24&dq=merchant%20marines%20in%20canada%20death%20toll%20during%20wwII&pg=PT24#v=onepage&q&f=true Wiley 2008 13–15 9780470154298 2010-04-11 In all, more than 45,000 died, and another 55,000 were wounded.Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia Stanley Sandler ABC CLIO http://books.google.ca/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Ground%20warfare%3A%20an%20international%20encyclopedia.&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=true Volume 1, 159–160 2002 1-57607-733-0 2011-01-13Office of the Premier http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/archive/2001-2005/2003OTP0034-000464.htm PROVINCE DONATES $1 Million TO HONOUR WW II VETERANS .news.gov.bc.ca 2003 2010-08-08 References