Persian/Lesson 6

In this lesson, you will learn how to build noun phrases with اضافه ezâfe and with demonstrative adjectives. Dialogue: اسم شما چی است؟ esm-e šomâ ci-st? ... and... are talking.... ... X آقای شهیدی استاد من است. âqâ-ye Šahidi ostâd-e man e. Mr. Shahidi is my professor. ... Y اگر استاد من آقای انور باشد ...âgar ostâd-e man âqâ-ye anwâr-e bâsd-e. If my professor Enver ... X اسم شما چی است؟ esm-e somâ ci-st? What is your name? ... Y اسم من پاری است Esm-e mane pari aste My name is Pari Explanation Shahidi and Enver Vocabulary آقا âqâ /ɒːˈɣɒː/ Mr. استاذ ostâd /oˈstɒːd/ professor ی ye, e of (see explanation of ezâfe below) اسم esm name Ezâfe the door of the house در (دروازه) خانه در door در (دروازه) of خانه خانه house An important part of Persian grammar is the handy little linking element called اضافه ezâfe addition. It is used to extend a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase by adding an unstressed particle similar English “of”, followed by other words like adjectives, nouns, pronouns, and full phrases. After a consonant, the ezâfe particle is pronounced as an unstressed ‹e› in standard Persian and is not usually written. On the right, در dar door is extended by the ezâfe particle and the noun خانه xune house, making the Persian phrase در خانه dar-e xune the door of the house. در dar ends in a consonant, so the ezâfe particle is pronounced ‹e› and is not written. my house خانه (خانهٔ) من خانه xune house ye of من man me After a vowel, the ezâfe particle is pronounced as unstressed ‹ye› and may be written as ی or, after a silent ه, it may be written as a miniature superscript ی that looks like a hamze diacritic, i.e. as هٔ. Usually, though, it is only written after a vowel when extra clarity is wanted; otherwise it is often left unwritten. Older texts صندلئ راحتی sandaliye rāhati easy chair Modern texts صندلی راحتی the woman’s scarf روسری زن روسری rusari scarf ی ye of زن zan woman When ezâfe extends one noun by adding another, it often indicates that the first noun's referent belongs to the second one's, as shown on the right in the Persian phrase روسری (چادر) زن rusari-ye zan the woman’s scarf. In older texts, ezâfe after ی is often represented by a small superscripted ی that resembles hamze ( ء ), so you may see words like روسرئ (چادر) زن, but today, یی (and thus روسری (چادر) زن) is more common. Colloquially, short forms are used even after vowels. Adding a noun with ezâfe is not only used for ownership. It may indicate a family relationship: ناصر خسرو nâser-e xosrow Nasir, [son] of Khusraw پدر و مادر من و شما pedar o mâdar e man o šomâ mother and father of me and you It may indicate composition or purpose: کاسه مسی kâse-ye messey the bowl [made] of copper, the copper bowl آب زندگی âb-e zendegi the water of life It may also used for apposition: آقای پیمان âqâ-ye peymân the gentleman Peyman, Mr. Peyman روز جمعه ruz-e jom’e the day Friday شهر تهران šahr-e tehrân the city of Tehran the big door در (دروازه) بزرک در dar door e [that is] بزرک bozorg big Ezâfe is also used to add an adjective, as in the phrase در (دروازه) بزرک dar e bozorg the big door, shown on the right. The particle in such constructions is not usually translated into English as a separate word, but it may be thought of as “that is”. آب گرم âb-e garm water [that is] warm, warm water on (the face of) the wall بر روی دیوار بر bar on روی ruy face e of دیوار divâr wall Ezâfe is also used with certain nouns that have preposition-like meaning. In the example on the right and the one below, the nouns روی ruy face and زیر zir underside are used like prepositions with the help of ezâfe: از زیر میز az zir-e miz from the underside of the table Ezâfe is also used to add prepositional phrases, e.g. بعد از ba’d az ... after ...: روز بعد از آن اتفاق ruz-e ba’d az un ettefâq the day after that accident the big door of my house 50% در بزرک خانه من در dar door e [that is] بزرک bozorg big e of خانه xune house ye of من man me A noun phrase created with ezâfe may be extended with ezâfe again, as shown on the right. Demonstrative Adjectives این کتاب this book این in this کتاب ketâb book آن پسر that boy آن un that پسر pesar boy As the dialogues in the previous lessons have shown, Persian does not have a word that corresponds to the English definite article “the”. To say, “the book”, for example, the noun کتاب ketâb book is normally used alone. Persian does, however, have the demonstrative adjectives این in this and آن un that. These two words, unlike typical adjectives, are used before the noun with no intervening particle, as shown in the examples on the right. Demonstrative contractions: اینجا injâ here آنجا ânjâ there, colloquially pronounced ‹unjâ› چنین conin like this, colloquially pronounced ‹cenin› چنین conân like that, colloquially pronounced ‹cenun› همین hamin this [very] same همان hamân that [very] same, colloquially ‹hamun› کجا kojâ where Demonstrative pronouns: آنها unhâ those there or just "those", special case where ها is always joined اینها inhâ these here, second special case where ها ‹hâ› is always joined Exercises Ezâfe | 1. Translate the following sentences into English: |- |the boy's hair موی پسر mu hair -ye of pesar boy the garden gate در باغ ‎ در dar gate -e of ‎ باغ bâq garden the Arabic woman زن عربی ‎ زن zan woman e [who is] ‎ عربی arabi Arabic Daneshju-ye irani: “The Iranian student” man-e bicâra (poor me) [Not really a qualifying adjective here] |- | Create Persian sentences with this formula: [...] دوست من است. [...] dust-e man e. [...] is a friend of mine. |- | Introduce yourself by your first name by replacing “[...]” in one of the sentences below with your first name. If your name ends in a consonant, use this: اسم من [...] است. اسم شما چی است؟ esm-e man [...] e. esm-e šomâ ci-st? My name is [...]. What is your name? If your name ends in a vowel, use this (note, the final ‹e› above becomes ‹s›): اسم من [...] است. اسم شما چی است؟ esm-e man [...] s. esm-e šomâ ci-st? My name is [...]. What is your name? Introduce yourself by your full name using the same formula. |- | Translate the following sentences into Persian: Hassan's house حسن حسن Hassan-e xune |- | 2. Using the vocabulary below make 5 simple sentences using ezâfe: |- | {{Persian/vocab-list ‎|نمک|namak||salt| ‎|نمكدان|||zoutvat|Fa-نمكدان.ogg }} |} Demonstrative adjectives | Translate the following phrases into Persian. |- |this book این کتاب‌ in ketâb that girl آن دختر ân doxtar این گل this flower 6 Persian/Lesson 7 Lesson 7 ( ۷ ), Simple past tense Is this correct in all dialects?