Handbook of Management Scales/Masculinity

Masculinity (CR = 0.82) Description Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudence. A new 40-item scale is developed to measure these personal cultural orientations. Much effort has been invested in ensuring validity, reliability, and cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the new scale. Definition Masculinity represents the expression of assertiveness, self-confidence, aggression, and ambition. Items Women are generally more caring than men. (0.78) Men are generally physically stronger than women. (0.76) Men are generally more ambitious than women. (0.74) Women are generally more modest than men. (0.72) Source Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806