Láadan/Lessons/7

Láadan The Association marker and Beneficiary marker (with, for) Previous Page Next Page The Association marker: -den and -dan [(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Association] The Association marker is used to specify with whom something is done. "-den" is the neutral form, while "-dan" can additionally specify that it is a pleasure to do so. Examples Láadan English Vocab words Bíi lalom le wa. I am singing. lalom = to sing Bóo aril lalom leden. Would you sing with me? le+den = with me The Beneficiary marker: -da [(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Beneficiary] The Beneficiary marker is used to specify for whom something is done for; on whose behalf. The Beneficiary marker also has alternative forms in order to specify purpose: "-dá" for "against one's will", as in forced or coerced, "-daá" for "accidentally", and "-dáa" for "because of an obligation of law or duty that one accepts". For all other situations, "-da" should be used. Examples Láadan English Vocab words Bíi lalom le laneda wa. I am singing for a friend. lan = friend Notes