Latin/Lesson 3-Passive

See discussion for a tutorial on the passive voice and how to use it in Latin, including external links which explain future, imperfect, and present indicative passive verb forms. I consider commercial textbooks to be inadequate, so I do not believe that this article can wait. Here are the conjugations for the imperfect passive tenses. The basic rules for going to passive are the following ones. 1. In the first person, add -r if the active ending is a vowel, otherwise change the final constant to an -r. Examples: paro (I prepare) → paror (I am being prepared) aperiebam (I was opening) → aperiebar (I was being opened) defendemus (we will defend) → defendemur (we will be defended) tenebimus (we will hold) → tenebimur (we will be held) 2. In the third person, add -ur. Examples: parat (he prepares) → paratur (he is being prepared) aperiebat (he was opening) → aperiebatur (he was being opened) defendent (they will defend) → defendentur (they will be defended) tenebunt (they will hold) → tenebuntur (they will be held) 3. In the second person, things get more complicated. For the plural, replace "tis" with "mini". Note the exception in "ferre", where "fertis" becomes "ferimini". In the word "ferre", the "rm" letter combination consistently gets separated (ferimus instead of fermus, ferimur instead of fermur and ferimini instead of fermini). For the singular present, take out the active ending, add the thematic vowel (a from -are, e from -ere, i from -ire and nothing from -re, as in ferre) of the verb's infinitive ending and add -ris. Examples: paras (you prepare) → pararis (you are being prepared) tenes (you are holding) → teneris (you are being held) defendis (you are defending) → defenderis (you are being defended) audis (you are listening) → audiris (you are being listened to) defendetis (you will defend) → defendemini (you are being defended) amabis (you will love) → amaberis (you will be loved) Note the -eris ending in the future passive. The future active bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt looks like the third conjugation so the passive bor, beris, bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur looks like the third conjugation. The imperfect passive is bar, baris, batur, bamur, bamini, bantur. Conjugation in the Present Passive 1st 2nd 3rd mixed 4th Irregular Infinitive: amare terrere legere capere audire ferre Singular 1st person: amor terreor legor capior audior feror 2nd person: amaris terreris legeris caperis audiris ferris 3rd person: amatur terretur legitur capitur auditur fertur Plural 1st person: amamur terremur legimur capimur audimur ferimur 2nd person: amamini terremini legimini capimini audimini ferimini 3rd person: amantur terrentur leguntur capiuntur audiuntur feruntur Conjugation in the Imperfect Passive 1st 2nd 3rd mixed 4th Irregular Infinitive: amare terrere legere capere audire ferre Singular 1st person: amabar terrebar legebar capiebar audiebar ferebar 2nd person: amabaris terrebaris legebaris capibaeris audiebaris ferebaris 3rd person: amabatur terrebatur legebatur capiebatur audiebatur ferebatur Plural 1st person: amabamur terrebamur legebamur capiebamur audiebamur ferebamur 2nd person: amabamini terrebamini legebamini capiebamini audiebamini ferebamini 3rd person: amabantur terrebantur legebantur capiebantur audiebantur ferebantur Conjugation in the Future Passive 1st 2nd 3rd mixed 4th Irregular Infinitive: amare terrere legere capere audire ferre Singular 1st person: amabor terrebor legar capiar audiar ferar 2nd person: amaberis terreberis legeris capieris audieris fereris 3rd person: amabitur terrebitur legetur capietur audietur feretur Plural 1st person: amabimur terrebimur legemur capiemur audiemur feremur 2nd person: amabimini terrebimini legemini capiemini audiemini feremini 3rd person: amabuntur terrebuntur legentur capientur audientur ferentur